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程序设计》。这两本书都将 C++11 “新”标准放在全书结尾作为高级进阶内容，我认为这样是不对的。新标准的存在，不是 1 + 1 的“加法”，而是 1 = 2 的“赋值”。新的东西应该融洽地与原有标准一起存在。",[922,982,983],{},"在函数式部分之前，我插入了两个小章节。",[922,985,986],{},"《链接》是国内教材几乎不提及的，《常用库介绍》则是一个大杂烩。引入链接的原因是纯粹实践性的；许多学生不清楚如何多文件编译 C++ 程序——直到大三才知道！我意识到国内的教材仿佛有一个暗暗的指向，就是信息学竞赛和算法竞赛。这些竞赛是不要求任何实践的，它们只用提交一个单文件就够了。但这个世界上更多的代码不是独立存在的，而是作为一整个项目的一部分被链接起来的。我听说北大之后的《程设》课程开始使用 Qt 作为项目框架，或许能帮助他们对这方面有一些了解。",[922,988,989,990,993],{},"至于《常用库介绍》，则是一个大杂烩。最初，这个章节只是应急用的：有一些本应学习“C 风格部分”的学生需要进行文件系统操作和文件读写，于是我紧急地添加了这样一个章节。但后来我发现，我在开始函数式的介绍之前，还有许多前置的知识（就如同引用必须在 OO 之前介绍一样），这其中就包括著名的智能指针。移动语义这个语法，也只能作为智能指针的报幕了。说到这里，你也会注意到我采用了 C++17 的值语义，绝不同于网上的大部分文章。这也是整本教材的“新”之体现。我在计划中的“错误处理”章节，打算讲 C 风格的错误码、OO 风格的异常、函数式的 ",[933,991,992],{},"std::expected","（这是 C++23 诶！）等等……总之，我在这一部分会将大量的琐碎内容扔进来。我也知道，这一部分的阅读体验可能很糟糕，但本人真的能力有限，我不知道还能怎样写。",[922,995,996],{},"函数式编程这一章是非常糟糕的，糟糕透顶。核心原因是 C++ 离函数式编程语言差着十万八千里，在已有知识体系内讲明白实在太困难了。我这一章的第一个里程碑是 STL 算法。我希望 C++20 引入的、非常棒的基于范围的 STLv2 算法能够推广开来。这些算法写起来是有“函数式味道”的，但不算理论上的函数式。我自认为我比较成功地通过“基础语法”和“STL算法”两个部分把这一点讲明白。但后续——下一个里程碑该如何编写呢？我还不知道。《C++ 函数式编程》这本书里还有大量的内容没有被讲到……",[926,998,999],{"id":999},"关于如何学习",[922,1001,1002],{},"所以，这个教程算不上好。我只能说，整本教材至少在前八章是复合北大信科的教学路线的，并保证内容足够“新”。其它的事情，我没有能力去做。但我仍然希望我的教程能够转换学生的观念：从“源自‘实然’的学习”转换到“源自‘应然’的学习”。",[922,1004,1005],{},"“应然”和“实然”是两个哲学术语，我这里误用了它们。所谓的“应然”，就是语言标准或语言参考，而“实然”则是编译器的汇编结果。谭浩强那个年代的 C\u002FC++ 学习，都是从实然出发的。换而言之，它们是这样学习的：",[1007,1008,1009,1013,1016,1019],"ul",{},[1010,1011,1012],"li",{},"编写一段代码",[1010,1014,1015],{},"观察编译器的输出",[1010,1017,1018],{},"摸索到语言的规律",[1010,1020,85],{},[922,1022,1023],{},"这种学习方法是 OK 的，但不好，至少不适用于 C++。大部分编程语言都有多个实现：",[1007,1025,1026,1029,1032,1035,1038,1041,1044,1047],{},[1010,1027,1028],{},"C: GCC\u002FClang\u002FTCC\u002FICC",[1010,1030,1031],{},"C++: GCC\u002FClang\u002FMSVC\u002FICC",[1010,1033,1034],{},"JavaScript: 浏览器\u002FNodeJS",[1010,1036,1037],{},"Rust: Rustc\u002FGCC",[1010,1039,1040],{},"C#: .NET Framework\u002FMono",[1010,1042,1043],{},"Java: Oracle\u002FOpenJDK",[1010,1045,1046],{},"Python: CPython\u002FPyPy",[1010,1048,1049],{},"…",[922,1051,1052],{},"这也是语言标准存在的意义：尽可能保证所有的实现表现行为是一致的。基于实然的学习方法，最多只能学到某一个特定编译器的行为，但无法保证最后写出的代码是通用可靠的。而谭浩强写出的代码，在今天就已经不可靠了。这也是为什么我反对基于实然的学习方法。",[922,1054,1055],{},"基于应然的学习，则是从语言标准提炼、简化出的一般规则。我为了编写这本教材，几乎翻遍了 CppReference 上的所有章节，就是为了保证教授的内容不是依赖于特定编译器的，而是标准所允许的。我在文中也经常提起“这是未定义行为”“具体行为是未指明的”“这或许不符合标准”之类的文字来强调这个事实。除了链接章节，我在文中尽可能少地提到汇编代码。毕竟不是所有的 C++ 程序都是编译到汇编的，通过汇编学习是非常没有道理的。",[1057,1058,1059],"blockquote",{},[922,1060,1061],{},"有些编程语言只有单一实现（比如 TypeScript），那么这时按照实然来学习或许是可接受的。",[918,1063,1064],{"id":1064},"参考文献",[1007,1066,1067,1070,1073,1080,1087,1094,1097,1100,1109,1116],{},[1010,1068,1069],{},"谭浩强《C++ 程序设计》",[1010,1071,1072],{},"郭炜《新标准 C++ 程序设计》",[1010,1074,1075,1076,1079],{},"Scott Meyers, ",[977,1077,1078],{},"Effective C++"," （第 3 版，侯捷 译）",[1010,1081,1082,1083,1086],{},"Stephen Prata, ",[977,1084,1085],{},"C++ Primer Plus"," （第 6 版，张海龙 袁国忠 译）",[1010,1088,1089,1090,1093],{},"Bjarne Stroustrup, ",[977,1091,1092],{},"The C++ Programming Language"," （第 4 版）",[1010,1095,1096],{},"Harold Abelson 等《计算机程序的构造和解释》（第 2 版，裘宗燕 译）",[1010,1098,1099],{},"Ivan Cukic《C++ 函数式编程》（程继洪等 译）",[1010,1101,1102],{},[1103,1104,1108],"a",{"href":1105,"rel":1106},"https:\u002F\u002Fzh.cppreference.com",[1107],"nofollow","cppreference.com",[1010,1110,1111],{},[1103,1112,1115],{"href":1113,"rel":1114},"http:\u002F\u002Feel.is\u002Fc++draft\u002F",[1107],"Draft C++ Standard",[1010,1117,1118],{},"若干知乎回答与文章；作者 @d41d8c，@Mick23571（C++ 标准委员会成员）",[918,1120,1122],{"id":1121},"致谢-acknowledgements","致谢 Acknowledgements",[1007,1124,1125,1133,1136,1144,1147,1150,1153,1156,1159,1162,1165],{},[1010,1126,1127,1128],{},"北京大学软件研究所副教授　　　　",[1103,1129,1132],{"href":1130,"rel":1131},"http:\u002F\u002Fsei.pku.edu.cn\u002F~lige\u002Findex_zh.html",[1107],"李　戈",[1010,1134,1135],{},"北京大学基础实验教学研究所讲师　郭　炜",[1010,1137,1138,1139],{},"北京大学王选计算机研究所副教授　",[1103,1140,1143],{"href":1141,"rel":1142},"http:\u002F\u002F39.96.165.147\u002Fpeople\u002Fliujiaying.html",[1107],"刘家瑛",[1010,1145,1146],{},"北京大学 2019 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　张钰麟",[1010,1148,1149],{},"北京大学 2019 级元培学院本科生　　　　　　潘宏弢",[1010,1151,1152],{},"北京大学 2019 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　曲思睿",[1010,1154,1155],{},"北京大学 2019 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　庄敏学",[1010,1157,1158],{},"北京大学 2019 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　娄宇珂",[1010,1160,1161],{},"北京大学 2019 级心理与认知科学学院本科生　李柄辉",[1010,1163,1164],{},"北京大学 2019 级数学学院本科生　　　　　　申峻旭",[1010,1166,1167],{},"北京大学 2016 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　李　拙",[922,1169,1170],{},"感谢以下同学对本项目的支持：",[1007,1172,1173,1176,1179,1182,1185],{},[1010,1174,1175],{},"北京大学 2019 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　赵一鸣（陕）",[1010,1177,1178],{},"北京大学 2021 级元培学院本科生　　　　　　肖茜之",[1010,1180,1181],{},"北京大学 2021 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　李兆彬",[1010,1183,1184],{},"北京大学 2020 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　王子昊",[1010,1186,1187],{},"北京大学 2019 级信息科学技术学院本科生　　郭　易",[922,1189,1190],{},"感谢开源社区提供的以下优秀项目：",[1007,1192,1193,1201,1208,1215,1223,1230],{},[1010,1194,1195,1200],{},[1103,1196,1199],{"href":1197,"rel":1198},"https:\u002F\u002Fv2.vuepress.vuejs.org",[1107],"Vuepress"," 及各种第三方插件",[1010,1202,1203],{},[1103,1204,1207],{"href":1205,"rel":1206},"https:\u002F\u002Fvuejs.org",[1107],"Vue",[1010,1209,1210],{},[1103,1211,1214],{"href":1212,"rel":1213},"https:\u002F\u002Fcodemirror.net\u002F",[1107],"CodeMirror",[1010,1216,1217,1222],{},[1103,1218,1221],{"href":1219,"rel":1220},"https:\u002F\u002Fgodbolt.org",[1107],"Compiler Explorer"," 的开放 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