[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2896},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation":3,"\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fc_io":909,"\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fc_io-surround":2892},[4,36,56,96,230,270,414,457,508,583,649,685,767,864,900,904],{"title":5,"icon":6,"path":7,"stem":8,"children":9},"附录","i-lucide-bookmark","\u002Fappendix","appendix",[10,12,16,20,24,28,32],{"title":5,"path":7,"stem":11,"icon":6},"appendix\u002Findex",{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15,"icon":6},"命令行界面","\u002Fappendix\u002Fcli","appendix\u002Fcli",{"title":17,"path":18,"stem":19,"icon":6},"代码风格","\u002Fappendix\u002Fcoding_style","appendix\u002Fcoding_style",{"title":21,"path":22,"stem":23,"icon":6},"关键字列表","\u002Fappendix\u002Fkeyword","appendix\u002Fkeyword",{"title":25,"path":26,"stem":27,"icon":6},"运算符优先级和结合方向","\u002Fappendix\u002Foperator","appendix\u002Foperator",{"title":29,"path":30,"stem":31,"icon":6},"预处理指令","\u002Fappendix\u002Fpreprocessor","appendix\u002Fpreprocessor",{"title":33,"path":34,"stem":35,"icon":6},"值类别","\u002Fappendix\u002Fvalue_category","appendix\u002Fvalue_category",{"title":37,"icon":38,"path":39,"stem":40,"children":41},"第〇章 基本概念","i-lucide-monitor","\u002Fch00","ch00",[42,44,48,52],{"title":37,"path":39,"stem":43,"icon":38},"ch00\u002Findex",{"title":45,"path":46,"stem":47,"icon":38},"计算机","\u002Fch00\u002Fcomputer","ch00\u002Fcomputer",{"title":49,"path":50,"stem":51,"icon":38},"编程","\u002Fch00\u002Fprogramming","ch00\u002Fprogramming",{"title":53,"path":54,"stem":55,"icon":38},"编程语言","\u002Fch00\u002Fprogramming_language","ch00\u002Fprogramming_language",{"title":57,"icon":58,"path":59,"stem":60,"children":61},"第一章 感性认识 C++ 程序","i-lucide-book-open","\u002Fch01","ch01",[62,64,68,72,76,80,84,88,92],{"title":57,"path":59,"stem":63,"icon":58},"ch01\u002Findex",{"title":65,"path":66,"stem":67,"icon":58},"赋值和分支","\u002Fch01\u002Fassignment_and_if","ch01\u002Fassignment_and_if",{"title":69,"path":70,"stem":71,"icon":58},"最麻烦的门槛","\u002Fch01\u002Fenvironment","ch01\u002Fenvironment",{"title":73,"path":74,"stem":75,"icon":58},"第一个 C++ 程序","\u002Fch01\u002Ffirst_program","ch01\u002Ffirst_program",{"title":77,"path":78,"stem":79,"icon":58},"输入","\u002Fch01\u002Finput","ch01\u002Finput",{"title":81,"path":82,"stem":83,"icon":58},"综合运用","\u002Fch01\u002Fintegrated_use","ch01\u002Fintegrated_use",{"title":85,"path":86,"stem":87,"icon":58},"循环","\u002Fch01\u002Floop","ch01\u002Floop",{"title":89,"path":90,"stem":91,"icon":58},"更多的输出","\u002Fch01\u002Fmore_output","ch01\u002Fmore_output",{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95,"icon":58},"总结","\u002Fch01\u002Fsummary","ch01\u002Fsummary",{"title":97,"path":98,"stem":99,"children":100,"icon":102},"第二章 理性认识 C++ 程序","\u002Fch02","ch02\u002Findex",[101,103,149,188,227],{"title":97,"path":98,"stem":99,"icon":102},"i-lucide-code",{"title":104,"icon":105,"path":106,"stem":107,"children":108},"第 1 部分 数据成分","i-lucide-database","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Findex",[109,110,114,118,122,126],{"title":104,"path":106,"stem":107,"icon":105},{"title":111,"path":112,"stem":113,"icon":105},"初识数组","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Farray_glance","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Farray_glance",{"title":115,"path":116,"stem":117,"icon":105},"常量","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fconstant","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fconstant",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"icon":105},"声明语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fdeclaration_statement","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fdeclaration_statement",{"title":123,"path":124,"stem":125,"icon":105},"只读变量","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Freadonly_variable","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Freadonly_variable",{"title":127,"icon":128,"path":129,"stem":130,"children":131},"类型系统","i-lucide-dna","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Findex",[132,133,137,141,145],{"title":127,"path":129,"stem":130,"icon":128},{"title":134,"path":135,"stem":136,"icon":128},"布尔类型","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Fboolean_type","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Fboolean_type",{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140,"icon":128},"字符类型","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Fcharacter_type","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Fcharacter_type",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144,"icon":128},"浮点类型","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Ffloat_type","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Ffloat_type",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148,"icon":128},"整型","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Finteger_type","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Finteger_type",{"title":150,"icon":151,"path":152,"stem":153,"children":154},"第 2 部分 运算成分","i-lucide-calculator","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Findex",[155,156,160,164,168,172,176,180,184],{"title":150,"path":152,"stem":153,"icon":151},{"title":157,"path":158,"stem":159,"icon":151},"算术运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Farithmetic_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Farithmetic_operator",{"title":161,"path":162,"stem":163,"icon":151},"赋值运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fassignment_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fassignment_operator",{"title":165,"path":166,"stem":167,"icon":151},"位运算符（选读）","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fbit_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fbit_operator",{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171,"icon":151},"关系运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fcomparison_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fcomparison_operator",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175,"icon":151},"算术类型隐式转换","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fimplicit_conversion","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fimplicit_conversion",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179,"icon":151},"自增减运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fincdec_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fincdec_operator",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183,"icon":151},"逻辑运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Flogical_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Flogical_operator",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"icon":151},"其它常用运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fother_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fother_operator",{"title":189,"icon":190,"path":191,"stem":192,"children":193},"第 3 部分 控制成分","i-lucide-git-branch","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Findex",[194,195,199,203,207,211,215,219,223],{"title":189,"path":191,"stem":192,"icon":190},{"title":196,"path":197,"stem":198,"icon":190},"复合语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fcompound_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fcompound_statement",{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"icon":190},"for 语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Ffor_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Ffor_statement",{"title":204,"path":205,"stem":206,"icon":190},"if 语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fif_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fif_statement",{"title":208,"path":209,"stem":210,"icon":190},"跳转语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fjump_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fjump_statement",{"title":212,"path":213,"stem":214,"icon":190},"空语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fnull_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fnull_statement",{"title":216,"path":217,"stem":218,"icon":190},"作用域","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fscope","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fscope",{"title":220,"path":221,"stem":222,"icon":190},"switch 语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fswitch_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fswitch_statement",{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226,"icon":190},"while 语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fwhile_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fwhile_statement",{"title":93,"path":228,"stem":229,"icon":102},"\u002Fch02\u002Fsummary","ch02\u002Fsummary",{"title":231,"icon":232,"path":233,"stem":234,"children":235},"第三章 过程式编程","i-lucide-function-square","\u002Fch03","ch03",[236,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267],{"title":231,"path":233,"stem":237,"icon":238},"ch03\u002Findex","i-lucide-square-function",{"title":240,"path":241,"stem":242,"icon":232},"函数","\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction","ch03\u002Ffunction",{"title":244,"path":245,"stem":246,"icon":232},"函数的定义、声明和调用","\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_definition","ch03\u002Ffunction_definition",{"title":248,"path":249,"stem":250,"icon":232},"函数的执行","\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_execution","ch03\u002Ffunction_execution",{"title":252,"path":253,"stem":254,"icon":232},"初识函数","\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_glance","ch03\u002Ffunction_glance",{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"icon":232},"递归","\u002Fch03\u002Frecursion","ch03\u002Frecursion",{"title":260,"path":261,"stem":262,"icon":232},"重新认识 C++ 程序","\u002Fch03\u002Freview_cpp","ch03\u002Freview_cpp",{"title":264,"path":265,"stem":266,"icon":232},"再谈作用域","\u002Fch03\u002Fscope_again","ch03\u002Fscope_again",{"title":93,"path":268,"stem":269,"icon":232},"\u002Fch03\u002Fsummary","ch03\u002Fsummary",{"title":271,"icon":272,"path":273,"stem":274,"children":275},"第四章 POD 类型与结构","i-lucide-layers","\u002Fch04","ch04",[276,278,301,316,320,338,365,392,407,410],{"title":271,"path":273,"stem":277,"icon":272},"ch04\u002Findex",{"title":279,"icon":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"数组","i-lucide-grid","\u002Fch04\u002Farray","ch04\u002Farray\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297],{"title":279,"path":281,"stem":282,"icon":280},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288,"icon":280},"二维数组","\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002F2d_array","ch04\u002Farray\u002F2d_array",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292,"icon":280},"数组的定义和初始化","\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_init","ch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_init",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296,"icon":280},"数组的用途","\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_usage","ch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_usage",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300,"icon":280},"C 风格字符串","\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002Fc_string","ch04\u002Farray\u002Fc_string",{"title":302,"icon":303,"path":304,"stem":305,"children":306},"迁移到 C 语言","i-lucide-arrow-right-left","\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c","ch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Findex",[307,308,312],{"title":302,"path":304,"stem":305,"icon":303},{"title":309,"path":310,"stem":311,"icon":303},"需要注意的 C 特性","\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_feature","ch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_feature",{"title":313,"path":314,"stem":315,"icon":303},"C 输入输出","\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_io","ch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_io",{"title":317,"path":318,"stem":319,"icon":272},"枚举","\u002Fch04\u002Fenum","ch04\u002Fenum",{"title":321,"path":322,"stem":323,"children":324,"icon":326},"输入输出成分","\u002Fch04\u002Fio","ch04\u002Fio\u002Findex",[325,327,330,334],{"title":321,"path":322,"stem":323,"icon":326},"i-lucide-terminal",{"title":77,"path":328,"stem":329,"icon":326},"\u002Fch04\u002Fio\u002Finput","ch04\u002Fio\u002Finput",{"title":331,"path":332,"stem":333,"icon":326},"输入失败状态","\u002Fch04\u002Fio\u002Finput_fail","ch04\u002Fio\u002Finput_fail",{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337,"icon":326},"输出","\u002Fch04\u002Fio\u002Foutput","ch04\u002Fio\u002Foutput",{"title":339,"icon":340,"path":341,"stem":342,"children":343},"链表","i-lucide-list","\u002Fch04\u002Flist","ch04\u002Flist\u002Findex",[344,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":339,"path":341,"stem":342,"icon":340},{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348,"icon":340},"new[] 和 delete[]","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Farr_new_del","ch04\u002Flist\u002Farr_new_del",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352,"icon":340},"链表的增删","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Flist_add_del","ch04\u002Flist\u002Flist_add_del",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356,"icon":340},"链表的构建","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Flist_construct","ch04\u002Flist\u002Flist_construct",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360,"icon":340},"安全性","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Fsafety","ch04\u002Flist\u002Fsafety",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364,"icon":340},"存储期","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Fstorage_duration","ch04\u002Flist\u002Fstorage_duration",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369,"icon":371},"指针","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Findex",[370,372,376,380,384,388],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"icon":371},"i-lucide-dot",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375,"icon":371},"何为指针","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379,"icon":371},"指针和数组","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_and_array","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_and_array",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"icon":371},"指针的定义 Ⅰ","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_def","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_def",{"title":385,"path":386,"stem":387,"icon":371},"指针的定义 Ⅱ","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_def_2","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_def_2",{"title":389,"path":390,"stem":391,"icon":371},"指针的简单使用","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_usage","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_usage",{"title":393,"path":394,"stem":395,"children":396,"icon":398},"结构体","\u002Fch04\u002Fstruct","ch04\u002Fstruct\u002Findex",[397,399,403],{"title":393,"path":394,"stem":395,"icon":398},"i-lucide-box",{"title":400,"path":401,"stem":402,"icon":398},"结构体的定义","\u002Fch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_def","ch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_def",{"title":404,"path":405,"stem":406,"icon":398},"结构体的使用","\u002Fch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_usage","ch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_usage",{"title":93,"path":408,"stem":409,"icon":272},"\u002Fch04\u002Fsummary","ch04\u002Fsummary",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"icon":272},"联合体","\u002Fch04\u002Funion","ch04\u002Funion",{"title":415,"icon":416,"path":417,"stem":418,"children":419},"第五章 初探面向对象","i-lucide-copy","\u002Fch05","ch05",[420,422,426,430,434,438,442,446,450,454],{"title":415,"path":417,"stem":421,"icon":416},"ch05\u002Findex",{"title":423,"path":424,"stem":425,"icon":416},"构造函数","\u002Fch05\u002Fconstructor","ch05\u002Fconstructor",{"title":427,"path":428,"stem":429,"icon":416},"复制构造函数","\u002Fch05\u002Fcopy_constructor","ch05\u002Fcopy_constructor",{"title":431,"path":432,"stem":433,"icon":416},"预置构造函数","\u002Fch05\u002Fdefaulted_constructor","ch05\u002Fdefaulted_constructor",{"title":435,"path":436,"stem":437,"icon":416},"例子：简单的字符串","\u002Fch05\u002Feasy_string","ch05\u002Feasy_string",{"title":439,"path":440,"stem":441,"icon":416},"收尾工作","\u002Fch05\u002Fmisc","ch05\u002Fmisc",{"title":443,"path":444,"stem":445,"icon":416},"重载","\u002Fch05\u002Foverload","ch05\u002Foverload",{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449,"icon":416},"引用","\u002Fch05\u002Freference","ch05\u002Freference",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"icon":416},"浅复制与深复制","\u002Fch05\u002Fshallow_deep_copy","ch05\u002Fshallow_deep_copy",{"title":93,"path":455,"stem":456,"icon":416},"\u002Fch05\u002Fsummary","ch05\u002Fsummary",{"title":458,"icon":459,"path":460,"stem":461,"children":462},"第六章 运算符重载","i-lucide-component","\u002Fch06","ch06",[463,465,469,473,477,481,485,489,493,497,501,504],{"title":458,"path":460,"stem":464,"icon":459},"ch06\u002Findex",{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"icon":459},"赋值运算符重载","\u002Fch06\u002Fassignment_overload","ch06\u002Fassignment_overload",{"title":470,"path":471,"stem":472,"icon":459},"赋值与初始化","\u002Fch06\u002Fassignment_vs_construct","ch06\u002Fassignment_vs_construct",{"title":474,"path":475,"stem":476,"icon":459},"类型转换重载","\u002Fch06\u002Fcast_overload","ch06\u002Fcast_overload",{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"icon":459},"只读成员函数","\u002Fch06\u002Fconst_member_function","ch06\u002Fconst_member_function",{"title":482,"path":483,"stem":484,"icon":459},"友元","\u002Fch06\u002Ffriend","ch06\u002Ffriend",{"title":486,"path":487,"stem":488,"icon":459},"类外定义成员函数","\u002Fch06\u002Fnoninline_member_function","ch06\u002Fnoninline_member_function",{"title":490,"path":491,"stem":492,"icon":459},"非成员的运算符重载","\u002Fch06\u002Fnonmember_operator","ch06\u002Fnonmember_operator",{"title":494,"path":495,"stem":496,"icon":459},"特殊运算符重载","\u002Fch06\u002Fspecial_operator_overload","ch06\u002Fspecial_operator_overload",{"title":498,"path":499,"stem":500,"icon":459},"静态成员","\u002Fch06\u002Fstatic_member","ch06\u002Fstatic_member",{"title":93,"path":502,"stem":503,"icon":459},"\u002Fch06\u002Fsummary","ch06\u002Fsummary",{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507,"icon":459},"`this` 指针","\u002Fch06\u002Fthis","ch06\u002Fthis",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511,"children":512,"icon":190},"第七章 继承与多态","\u002Fch07","ch07\u002Findex",[513,514,541,545,549,580],{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511,"icon":190},{"title":515,"icon":516,"path":517,"stem":518,"children":519},"继承关系","i-lucide-share","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Findex",[520,521,525,529,533,537],{"title":515,"path":517,"stem":518,"icon":516},{"title":522,"path":523,"stem":524,"icon":516},"关于成员名","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fabout_member_name","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fabout_member_name",{"title":526,"path":527,"stem":528,"icon":516},"派生类的构造","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fderived_constructor","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fderived_constructor",{"title":530,"path":531,"stem":532,"icon":516},"继承中的隐式转换","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fimplicit_cast_in_inheritance","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fimplicit_cast_in_inheritance",{"title":534,"path":535,"stem":536,"icon":516},"其它小问题","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fmisc","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fmisc",{"title":538,"path":539,"stem":540,"icon":516},"保护成员","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fprotected_member","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fprotected_member",{"title":542,"path":543,"stem":544,"icon":190},"多重继承","\u002Fch07\u002Fmi","ch07\u002Fmi",{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548,"icon":190},"简单的对象关系","\u002Fch07\u002Fobject_relationships","ch07\u002Fobject_relationships",{"title":550,"icon":551,"path":552,"stem":553,"children":554},"多态","i-lucide-refresh","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Findex",[555,556,560,564,568,572,576],{"title":550,"path":552,"stem":553,"icon":551},{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559,"icon":551},"抽象类","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fabstract_class","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fabstract_class",{"title":561,"path":562,"stem":563,"icon":551},"C++ 风格类型转换","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fcpp_cast","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fcpp_cast",{"title":565,"path":566,"stem":567,"icon":551},"`override` 与 `final`","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Foverride_and_final","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Foverride_and_final",{"title":569,"path":570,"stem":571,"icon":551},"RTTI","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Frtti","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Frtti",{"title":573,"path":574,"stem":575,"icon":551},"虚析构函数","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fvirtual_destructor","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fvirtual_destructor",{"title":577,"path":578,"stem":579,"icon":551},"虚函数","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fvirtual_function","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fvirtual_function",{"title":93,"path":581,"stem":582,"icon":190},"\u002Fch07\u002Fsummary","ch07\u002Fsummary",{"title":584,"icon":585,"path":586,"stem":587,"children":588},"第八章 模板基础","i-lucide-layout-template","\u002Fch08","ch08",[589,591,595,599,603,607,646],{"title":584,"path":586,"stem":590,"icon":585},"ch08\u002Findex",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594,"icon":585},"类模板","\u002Fch08\u002Fclass_template","ch08\u002Fclass_template",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598,"icon":585},"默认实参","\u002Fch08\u002Fdefault_argument","ch08\u002Fdefault_argument",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602,"icon":585},"函数模板","\u002Fch08\u002Ffunction_template","ch08\u002Ffunction_template",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"icon":585},"非类型模板参数","\u002Fch08\u002Fnontype_template_param","ch08\u002Fnontype_template_param",{"title":608,"icon":609,"path":610,"stem":611,"children":612},"STL 容器和迭代器","i-lucide-container","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Findex",[613,614,618,622,626,630,634,638,642],{"title":608,"path":610,"stem":611,"icon":609},{"title":615,"path":616,"stem":617,"icon":609},"容器适配器","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fadaptors","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fadaptors",{"title":619,"path":620,"stem":621,"icon":609},"迭代器的概念","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_concept","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_concept",{"title":623,"path":624,"stem":625,"icon":609},"初识迭代器","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_glance","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_glance",{"title":627,"path":628,"stem":629,"icon":609},"迭代器的用途","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_usage","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_usage",{"title":631,"path":632,"stem":633,"icon":609},"`std::map`","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fmap","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fmap",{"title":635,"path":636,"stem":637,"icon":609},"其它顺序容器","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fother_sequence","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fother_sequence",{"title":639,"path":640,"stem":641,"icon":609},"`std::set`","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fset","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fset",{"title":643,"path":644,"stem":645,"icon":609},"`std::vector`","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fvector","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fvector",{"title":93,"path":647,"stem":648,"icon":585},"\u002Fch08\u002Fsummary","ch08\u002Fsummary",{"title":650,"icon":651,"path":652,"stem":653,"children":654},"第九章 链接","i-lucide-link","\u002Fch09","ch09",[655,657,661,665,669,673,677,681],{"title":650,"path":652,"stem":656,"icon":651},"ch09\u002Findex",{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660,"icon":651},"C 中的链接","\u002Fch09\u002Fc_linking","ch09\u002Fc_linking",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664,"icon":651},"多文件编译实践","\u002Fch09\u002Fcompile_multiple_files","ch09\u002Fcompile_multiple_files",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668,"icon":651},"模板中的友元","\u002Fch09\u002Ffriend_in_template","ch09\u002Ffriend_in_template",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672,"icon":651},"内联","\u002Fch09\u002Finline","ch09\u002Finline",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"icon":651},"单一定义原则","\u002Fch09\u002Fodr","ch09\u002Fodr",{"title":678,"path":679,"stem":680,"icon":651},"符号和连接","\u002Fch09\u002Fsymbol_and_linkage","ch09\u002Fsymbol_and_linkage",{"title":682,"path":683,"stem":684,"icon":651},"模板的链接","\u002Fch09\u002Ftemplate_linking","ch09\u002Ftemplate_linking",{"title":686,"icon":687,"path":688,"stem":689,"children":690},"第十章 常用库介绍 \u003CBadge type=\"warning\" text=\"TBC\" \u002F>","i-lucide-hard-drive","\u002Fch10","ch10",[691,694,717,732,736,740],{"title":692,"path":688,"stem":693,"icon":687},"第十章 常用库介绍","ch10\u002Findex",{"title":695,"icon":696,"path":697,"stem":698,"children":699},"代数数据类型","i-lucide-shapes","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Findex",[700,701,705,709,713],{"title":695,"path":697,"stem":698,"icon":696},{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704,"icon":696},"顶类型 `std::any`","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt\u002Fany","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Fany",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708,"icon":696},"底类型","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt\u002Fnoreturn","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Fnoreturn",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"icon":696},"通用积类型 `std::tuple`","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt\u002Ftuple","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Ftuple",{"title":714,"path":715,"stem":716,"icon":696},"通用和类型 `std::variant`","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt\u002Fvariant","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Fvariant",{"title":718,"icon":719,"path":720,"stem":721,"children":722},"文件读写","i-lucide-file-text","\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io","ch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Findex",[723,724,728],{"title":718,"path":720,"stem":721,"icon":719},{"title":725,"path":726,"stem":727,"icon":719},"C 风格输入输出","\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fc_io","ch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fc_io",{"title":729,"path":730,"stem":731,"icon":719},"流式输入输出","\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fstream","ch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fstream",{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"icon":687},"文件系统","\u002Fch10\u002Ffilesystem","ch10\u002Ffilesystem",{"title":737,"path":738,"stem":739,"icon":687},"伪随机数生成","\u002Fch10\u002Frandom","ch10\u002Frandom",{"title":741,"path":742,"stem":743,"children":744,"icon":746},"移动语义与智能指针","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Findex",[745,747,751,755,759,763],{"title":741,"path":742,"stem":743,"icon":746},"i-lucide-pointer",{"title":748,"path":749,"stem":750,"icon":746},"`std::move` 与转发引用","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fmove_and_forward","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fmove_and_forward",{"title":752,"path":753,"stem":754,"icon":746},"所有权","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fownership","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fownership",{"title":756,"path":757,"stem":758,"icon":746},"右值引用","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Frvalue_reference","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Frvalue_reference",{"title":760,"path":761,"stem":762,"icon":746},"`std::shared_ptr`","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fshared_ptr","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fshared_ptr",{"title":764,"path":765,"stem":766,"icon":746},"特殊成员函数","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fspecial_member_function","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fspecial_member_function",{"title":768,"icon":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"第十一章 函数式编程","i-lucide-sparkles","\u002Fch11","ch11",[773,775,794,821,825],{"title":768,"path":770,"stem":774,"icon":769},"ch11\u002Findex",{"title":776,"icon":777,"path":778,"stem":779,"children":780},"语法进阶","i-lucide-graduation-cap","\u002Fch11\u002Fadvanced","ch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Findex",[781,782,786,790],{"title":776,"path":778,"stem":779,"icon":777},{"title":783,"path":784,"stem":785,"icon":777},"实参依赖查找","\u002Fch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fadl","ch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fadl",{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"icon":777},"可调用","\u002Fch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fcallable","ch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fcallable",{"title":791,"path":792,"stem":793,"icon":777},"预置比较","\u002Fch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fdefaulted_compare","ch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fdefaulted_compare",{"title":795,"icon":796,"path":797,"stem":798,"children":799},"语法基础","i-lucide-book-text","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Findex",[800,801,805,809,813,817],{"title":795,"path":797,"stem":798,"icon":796},{"title":802,"path":803,"stem":804,"icon":796},"闭包","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Fclosure","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Fclosure",{"title":806,"path":807,"stem":808,"icon":796},"函数也即对象","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Ffunction_as_object","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Ffunction_as_object",{"title":810,"path":811,"stem":812,"icon":796},"高阶函数","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Fhigher_order_function","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Fhigher_order_function",{"title":814,"path":815,"stem":816,"icon":796},"Lambda 表达式","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Flambda","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Flambda",{"title":818,"path":819,"stem":820,"icon":796},"Lambda 表达式捕获","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Flambda_capture","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Flambda_capture",{"title":822,"path":823,"stem":824,"icon":769},"`std::sort`","\u002Fch11\u002Fstd_sort","ch11\u002Fstd_sort",{"title":826,"icon":827,"path":828,"stem":829,"children":830},"STL 算法","i-lucide-sort-asc","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Findex",[831,832,836,840,844,848,852,856,860],{"title":826,"path":828,"stem":829,"icon":827},{"title":833,"path":834,"stem":835,"icon":827},"迁移到 STLv1","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fcompare_with_legacy","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fcompare_with_legacy",{"title":837,"path":838,"stem":839,"icon":827},"复制","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fcopy","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fcopy",{"title":841,"path":842,"stem":843,"icon":827},"筛选","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Ffilter","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Ffilter",{"title":845,"path":846,"stem":847,"icon":827},"其它算法","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fothers","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fothers",{"title":849,"path":850,"stem":851,"icon":827},"初识范围","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Frange","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Frange",{"title":853,"path":854,"stem":855,"icon":827},"归约","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Freduce","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Freduce",{"title":857,"path":858,"stem":859,"icon":827},"排序","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fsort","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fsort",{"title":861,"path":862,"stem":863,"icon":827},"变换","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Ftransform","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Ftransform",{"title":865,"icon":866,"path":867,"stem":868,"children":869},"第十二章 模板","i-lucide-git-fork","\u002Fch12","ch12",[870,873,877,881,885],{"title":871,"path":867,"stem":872,"icon":866},"第十二章 模板进阶","ch12\u002Findex",{"title":874,"path":875,"stem":876},"C++20 概念","\u002Fch12\u002Fconcepts","ch12\u002Fconcepts",{"title":878,"path":879,"stem":880},"模板元编程","\u002Fch12\u002Fmetaprogramming","ch12\u002Fmetaprogramming",{"title":882,"path":883,"stem":884},"模板特化与偏特化","\u002Fch12\u002Fspecialization","ch12\u002Fspecialization",{"title":886,"icon":887,"path":888,"stem":889,"children":890},"静态派发","i-lucide-route","\u002Fch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch","ch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Findex",[891,892,896],{"title":886,"path":888,"stem":889},{"title":893,"path":894,"stem":895},"定制点","\u002Fch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Fcustomize_point","ch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Fcustomize_point",{"title":897,"path":898,"stem":899},"类型擦除","\u002Fch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Ftype_erasure","ch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Ftype_erasure",{"title":901,"path":902,"stem":903,"icon":6},"后记","\u002Fpostscript","postscript",{"title":905,"path":906,"stem":907,"icon":908},"技术信息","\u002Ftechnical_info","technical_info","i-lucide-info",{"id":910,"title":725,"body":911,"description":921,"extension":2886,"links":2887,"meta":2888,"navigation":2889,"path":726,"seo":2890,"stem":727,"__hash__":2891},"docs\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fc_io.md",{"type":912,"value":913,"toc":2879},"minimark",[914,918,922,933,941,954,978,999,1052,1070,1094,1207,1213,1216,1230,1388,1404,1416,1580,1585,1588,1598,1691,1708,1899,1913,2100,2103,2126,2136,2163,2169,2327,2333,2362,2379,2397,2445,2448,2622,2643,2844,2875],[915,916,725],"h1",{"id":917},"c-风格输入输出",[919,920,921],"p",{},"为兼容 C 语言，C++ 仍然提供了 C 风格的输入输出库。",[923,924,925],"warning",{},[919,926,927,928,932],{},"如无特殊情形，",[929,930,931],"strong",{},"建议总是使用 C++ 风格的流式输入输出","。",[934,935,937],"h2",{"id":936},"stdfile",[938,939,940],"code",{},"std::FILE",[919,942,943,944,946,947,950,951,953],{},"虽然 C 语言没有面向对象的语法，但你仍然可以写出面向对象风格的代码。C 风格输入输出就是这样的一个例子。它的基础是结构体 ",[938,945,940],{},"（在 C 语言中，是 ",[938,948,949],{},"FILE","；下简称 ",[938,952,949],{},"）。",[919,955,956,958,959,962,963,965,966,968,969,971,972,974,975,977],{},[938,957,949],{}," 类似于 ",[938,960,961],{},"std::*fstream","，包含了关于文件读写的所有信息。但我们并不清楚 ",[938,964,949],{}," 的布局；我们甚至看不到 ",[938,967,949],{}," 的定义。但这无妨，在使用 ",[938,970,949],{}," 的过程中并不会用到 ",[938,973,949],{}," 类型，而是指向 ",[938,976,949],{}," 的指针。",[919,979,980,981,984,985,988,989,991,992,995,996,998],{},"首先，使用 ",[938,982,983],{},"std::fopen"," （在 C 中是 ",[938,986,987],{},"fopen","，下类似不再赘述）函数来创建一个 ",[938,990,949],{}," 对象。它会返回一个 ",[938,993,994],{},"FILE*"," 供你使用。",[938,997,987],{}," 的声明是：",[1000,1001,1006],"pre",{"className":1002,"code":1003,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"language-cpp shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","FILE* fopen(const char* filename, const char* mode);\n","cpp","",[938,1007,1008],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,1010,1013,1016,1020,1024,1028,1031,1034,1038,1041,1044,1046,1049],"span",{"class":1011,"line":1012},"line",1,[1009,1014,949],{"class":1015},"sBMFI",[1009,1017,1019],{"class":1018},"spNyl","*",[1009,1021,1023],{"class":1022},"s2Zo4"," fopen",[1009,1025,1027],{"class":1026},"sMK4o","(",[1009,1029,1030],{"class":1018},"const",[1009,1032,1033],{"class":1018}," char*",[1009,1035,1037],{"class":1036},"sHdIc"," filename",[1009,1039,1040],{"class":1026},",",[1009,1042,1043],{"class":1018}," const",[1009,1045,1033],{"class":1018},[1009,1047,1048],{"class":1036}," mode",[1009,1050,1051],{"class":1026},");\n",[1053,1054,1055],"blockquote",{},[919,1056,1057,1058,1061,1062,1065,1066,1069],{},"在 C99 中，",[938,1059,1060],{},"filename"," 和 ",[938,1063,1064],{},"mode"," 具有 ",[938,1067,1068],{},"restrict"," 限定。",[919,1071,1072,1073,1075,1076,1078,1079,1082,1083,1082,1086,1089,1090,1093],{},"其中，",[938,1074,1060],{}," 是存储打开文件名的 C 风格字符串，",[938,1077,1064],{}," 是 ",[938,1080,1081],{},"\"r\""," 或 ",[938,1084,1085],{},"\"w\"",[938,1087,1088],{},"\"rb\""," ",[938,1091,1092],{},"\"wb\""," 等，指示打开文件的方式是“读”还是“写”，是否是二进制模式。比如：",[1000,1095,1097],{"className":1002,"code":1096,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"#include \u003Ccstdio> \u002F\u002F C 风格 IO 库\n                  \u002F\u002F C 中为 \u003Cstdio.h>\nint main() {\n    \u002F\u002F 以读取模式打开文件 \"a.txt\"\n    std::FILE* fp = std::fopen(\"a.txt\", \"r\");\n    \u002F\u002F 随后，操作 fp 以读取其内容...\n}\n",[938,1098,1099,1119,1125,1140,1146,1195,1201],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,1100,1101,1105,1108,1112,1115],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,1102,1104],{"class":1103},"s7zQu","#include",[1009,1106,1107],{"class":1026}," \u003C",[1009,1109,1111],{"class":1110},"sfazB","cstdio",[1009,1113,1114],{"class":1026},">",[1009,1116,1118],{"class":1117},"sHwdD"," \u002F\u002F C 风格 IO 库\n",[1009,1120,1122],{"class":1011,"line":1121},2,[1009,1123,1124],{"class":1117},"                  \u002F\u002F C 中为 \u003Cstdio.h>\n",[1009,1126,1128,1131,1134,1137],{"class":1011,"line":1127},3,[1009,1129,1130],{"class":1018},"int",[1009,1132,1133],{"class":1022}," main",[1009,1135,1136],{"class":1026},"()",[1009,1138,1139],{"class":1026}," {\n",[1009,1141,1143],{"class":1011,"line":1142},4,[1009,1144,1145],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 以读取模式打开文件 \"a.txt\"\n",[1009,1147,1149,1152,1155,1158,1160,1163,1166,1169,1171,1173,1175,1178,1181,1183,1185,1188,1191,1193],{"class":1011,"line":1148},5,[1009,1150,1151],{"class":1015},"    std",[1009,1153,1154],{"class":1026},"::",[1009,1156,949],{"class":1157},"sTEyZ",[1009,1159,1019],{"class":1026},[1009,1161,1162],{"class":1157}," fp ",[1009,1164,1165],{"class":1026},"=",[1009,1167,1168],{"class":1015}," std",[1009,1170,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1172,987],{"class":1022},[1009,1174,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1176,1177],{"class":1026},"\"",[1009,1179,1180],{"class":1110},"a.txt",[1009,1182,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1184,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1186,1187],{"class":1026}," \"",[1009,1189,1190],{"class":1110},"r",[1009,1192,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1194,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1196,1198],{"class":1011,"line":1197},6,[1009,1199,1200],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 随后，操作 fp 以读取其内容...\n",[1009,1202,1204],{"class":1011,"line":1203},7,[1009,1205,1206],{"class":1026},"}\n",[919,1208,1209,1210,1212],{},"当持有了指向 ",[938,1211,949],{}," 的指针后，就可以开始读文件或写文件了。",[934,1214,1215],{"id":1215},"格式化读写",[919,1217,1218,1219,1222,1223,1226,1227,1229],{},"还是从格式化读写说起。类似 ",[938,1220,1221],{},"scanf","，使用 ",[938,1224,1225],{},"fscanf"," 格式化地读。特别地，第一参数是 ",[938,1228,994],{},"，指示从哪个文件格式化读取：",[1000,1231,1233],{"className":1002,"code":1232,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"#include \u003Ccstdio>\nint main() {\n    \u002F\u002F 以读取模式打开文件 \"a.txt\"\n    std::FILE* fp = std::fopen(\"a.txt\", \"r\");\n    \n    int a, b, c;\n    \u002F\u002F 从 a.txt 中读取三个空白字符分隔的整数\n    std::fscanf(fp, \"%d%d%d\", &a, &b, &c);\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n",[938,1234,1235,1246,1256,1260,1298,1303,1324,1329,1377,1383],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,1236,1237,1239,1241,1243],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,1238,1104],{"class":1103},[1009,1240,1107],{"class":1026},[1009,1242,1111],{"class":1110},[1009,1244,1245],{"class":1026},">\n",[1009,1247,1248,1250,1252,1254],{"class":1011,"line":1121},[1009,1249,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,1251,1133],{"class":1022},[1009,1253,1136],{"class":1026},[1009,1255,1139],{"class":1026},[1009,1257,1258],{"class":1011,"line":1127},[1009,1259,1145],{"class":1117},[1009,1261,1262,1264,1266,1268,1270,1272,1274,1276,1278,1280,1282,1284,1286,1288,1290,1292,1294,1296],{"class":1011,"line":1142},[1009,1263,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,1265,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1267,949],{"class":1157},[1009,1269,1019],{"class":1026},[1009,1271,1162],{"class":1157},[1009,1273,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,1275,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,1277,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1279,987],{"class":1022},[1009,1281,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1283,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1285,1180],{"class":1110},[1009,1287,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1289,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1291,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,1293,1190],{"class":1110},[1009,1295,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1297,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1299,1300],{"class":1011,"line":1148},[1009,1301,1302],{"class":1157},"    \n",[1009,1304,1305,1308,1311,1313,1316,1318,1321],{"class":1011,"line":1197},[1009,1306,1307],{"class":1018},"    int",[1009,1309,1310],{"class":1157}," a",[1009,1312,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1314,1315],{"class":1157}," b",[1009,1317,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1319,1320],{"class":1157}," c",[1009,1322,1323],{"class":1026},";\n",[1009,1325,1326],{"class":1011,"line":1203},[1009,1327,1328],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 从 a.txt 中读取三个空白字符分隔的整数\n",[1009,1330,1332,1334,1336,1338,1340,1343,1345,1347,1351,1353,1355,1358,1361,1363,1365,1368,1370,1372,1375],{"class":1011,"line":1331},8,[1009,1333,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,1335,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1337,1225],{"class":1022},[1009,1339,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1341,1342],{"class":1157},"fp",[1009,1344,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1346,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,1348,1350],{"class":1349},"swJcz","%d%d%d",[1009,1352,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1354,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1356,1357],{"class":1026}," &",[1009,1359,1360],{"class":1157},"a",[1009,1362,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1364,1357],{"class":1026},[1009,1366,1367],{"class":1157},"b",[1009,1369,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1371,1357],{"class":1026},[1009,1373,1374],{"class":1157},"c",[1009,1376,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1378,1380],{"class":1011,"line":1379},9,[1009,1381,1382],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F [...]\n",[1009,1384,1386],{"class":1011,"line":1385},10,[1009,1387,1206],{"class":1026},[919,1389,1390,1391,1089,1394,1089,1397,1400,1401,1403],{},"所有的占位符规定（如 ",[938,1392,1393],{},"%d",[938,1395,1396],{},"%c",[938,1398,1399],{},"%s","）都和 ",[938,1402,1221],{}," 相同。",[919,1405,1406,1407,1222,1410,1413,1414,932],{},"类似 ",[938,1408,1409],{},"printf",[938,1411,1412],{},"fprintf"," 格式化地写。同样第一参数是 ",[938,1415,994],{},[1000,1417,1419],{"className":1002,"code":1418,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"#include \u003Ccstdio>\nint main() {\n    \u002F\u002F 以写入模式打开文件 \"b.txt\"\n    std::FILE* fp = std::fopen(\"b.txt\", \"w\");\n    \n    int a = 42, b = 56, c = 71;\n    \u002F\u002F 写入 a b c 三个整数到 b.txt\n    std::fscanf(fp, \"%d %d %d\\n\", a, b, c);\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n",[938,1420,1421,1431,1441,1446,1486,1490,1525,1530,1572,1576],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,1422,1423,1425,1427,1429],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,1424,1104],{"class":1103},[1009,1426,1107],{"class":1026},[1009,1428,1111],{"class":1110},[1009,1430,1245],{"class":1026},[1009,1432,1433,1435,1437,1439],{"class":1011,"line":1121},[1009,1434,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,1436,1133],{"class":1022},[1009,1438,1136],{"class":1026},[1009,1440,1139],{"class":1026},[1009,1442,1443],{"class":1011,"line":1127},[1009,1444,1445],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 以写入模式打开文件 \"b.txt\"\n",[1009,1447,1448,1450,1452,1454,1456,1458,1460,1462,1464,1466,1468,1470,1473,1475,1477,1479,1482,1484],{"class":1011,"line":1142},[1009,1449,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,1451,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1453,949],{"class":1157},[1009,1455,1019],{"class":1026},[1009,1457,1162],{"class":1157},[1009,1459,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,1461,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,1463,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1465,987],{"class":1022},[1009,1467,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1469,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1471,1472],{"class":1110},"b.txt",[1009,1474,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1476,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1478,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,1480,1481],{"class":1110},"w",[1009,1483,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1485,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1487,1488],{"class":1011,"line":1148},[1009,1489,1302],{"class":1157},[1009,1491,1492,1494,1497,1499,1503,1505,1508,1510,1513,1515,1518,1520,1523],{"class":1011,"line":1197},[1009,1493,1307],{"class":1018},[1009,1495,1496],{"class":1157}," a ",[1009,1498,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,1500,1502],{"class":1501},"sbssI"," 42",[1009,1504,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1506,1507],{"class":1157}," b ",[1009,1509,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,1511,1512],{"class":1501}," 56",[1009,1514,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1516,1517],{"class":1157}," c ",[1009,1519,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,1521,1522],{"class":1501}," 71",[1009,1524,1323],{"class":1026},[1009,1526,1527],{"class":1011,"line":1203},[1009,1528,1529],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 写入 a b c 三个整数到 b.txt\n",[1009,1531,1532,1534,1536,1538,1540,1542,1544,1546,1548,1551,1553,1556,1558,1560,1562,1564,1566,1568,1570],{"class":1011,"line":1331},[1009,1533,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,1535,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1537,1225],{"class":1022},[1009,1539,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1541,1342],{"class":1157},[1009,1543,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1545,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,1547,1393],{"class":1349},[1009,1549,1550],{"class":1349}," %d",[1009,1552,1550],{"class":1349},[1009,1554,1555],{"class":1157},"\\n",[1009,1557,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1559,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1561,1310],{"class":1157},[1009,1563,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1565,1315],{"class":1157},[1009,1567,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1569,1320],{"class":1157},[1009,1571,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1573,1574],{"class":1011,"line":1379},[1009,1575,1382],{"class":1117},[1009,1577,1578],{"class":1011,"line":1385},[1009,1579,1206],{"class":1026},[919,1581,1582,1583,1403],{},"所有的占位符规定都和 ",[938,1584,1409],{},[934,1586,1587],{"id":1587},"无格式化读写",[919,1589,1590,1591,1061,1594,1597],{},"函数 ",[938,1592,1593],{},"fread",[938,1595,1596],{},"fwrite"," 实现无格式化的读写。",[1000,1599,1601],{"className":1002,"code":1600,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"char* fread(void* buffer, unsigned size, unsigned count, std::FILE* stream);\nchar* fwrite(const void* buffer, unsigned size, unsigned count, std::FILE* stream);\n",[938,1602,1603,1649],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,1604,1605,1608,1611,1613,1616,1619,1621,1624,1627,1629,1631,1634,1636,1638,1640,1642,1644,1647],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,1606,1607],{"class":1018},"char*",[1009,1609,1610],{"class":1022}," fread",[1009,1612,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1614,1615],{"class":1018},"void*",[1009,1617,1618],{"class":1036}," buffer",[1009,1620,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1622,1623],{"class":1018}," unsigned",[1009,1625,1626],{"class":1036}," size",[1009,1628,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1630,1623],{"class":1018},[1009,1632,1633],{"class":1036}," count",[1009,1635,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1637,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,1639,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1641,949],{"class":1015},[1009,1643,1019],{"class":1018},[1009,1645,1646],{"class":1036}," stream",[1009,1648,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1650,1651,1653,1656,1658,1660,1663,1665,1667,1669,1671,1673,1675,1677,1679,1681,1683,1685,1687,1689],{"class":1011,"line":1121},[1009,1652,1607],{"class":1018},[1009,1654,1655],{"class":1022}," fwrite",[1009,1657,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1659,1030],{"class":1018},[1009,1661,1662],{"class":1018}," void*",[1009,1664,1618],{"class":1036},[1009,1666,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1668,1623],{"class":1018},[1009,1670,1626],{"class":1036},[1009,1672,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1674,1623],{"class":1018},[1009,1676,1633],{"class":1036},[1009,1678,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1680,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,1682,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1684,949],{"class":1015},[1009,1686,1019],{"class":1018},[1009,1688,1646],{"class":1036},[1009,1690,1051],{"class":1026},[919,1692,1693,1695,1696,1699,1700,1703,1704,1707],{},[938,1694,1593],{}," 向 ",[938,1697,1698],{},"stream"," 从指代的文件读取 ",[938,1701,1702],{},"size * count"," 个字节，并存储到 ",[938,1705,1706],{},"buffer"," 所指向的位置上。",[1000,1709,1711],{"className":1002,"code":1710,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"#include \u003Ccstdio>\nint main() {\n    std::FILE* fp = std::fopen(\"a.bin\", \"r\");\n    \n    \u002F\u002F 从 fp 读取 sizeof(int) 个字节，\n    \u002F\u002F 将内容读到 a 的存储空间\n    int a;\n    std::fread(&a, sizeof(a), 1, fp);\n\n    \u002F\u002F 类似，但读取到 b[0] b[1] b[2]\n    int b[3];\n    std::fread(&b, sizeof(int), 3, fp);\n\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n",[938,1712,1713,1723,1733,1772,1776,1781,1786,1794,1827,1833,1838,1854,1884,1889,1894],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,1714,1715,1717,1719,1721],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,1716,1104],{"class":1103},[1009,1718,1107],{"class":1026},[1009,1720,1111],{"class":1110},[1009,1722,1245],{"class":1026},[1009,1724,1725,1727,1729,1731],{"class":1011,"line":1121},[1009,1726,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,1728,1133],{"class":1022},[1009,1730,1136],{"class":1026},[1009,1732,1139],{"class":1026},[1009,1734,1735,1737,1739,1741,1743,1745,1747,1749,1751,1753,1755,1757,1760,1762,1764,1766,1768,1770],{"class":1011,"line":1127},[1009,1736,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,1738,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1740,949],{"class":1157},[1009,1742,1019],{"class":1026},[1009,1744,1162],{"class":1157},[1009,1746,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,1748,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,1750,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1752,987],{"class":1022},[1009,1754,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1756,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1758,1759],{"class":1110},"a.bin",[1009,1761,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1763,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1765,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,1767,1190],{"class":1110},[1009,1769,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1771,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1773,1774],{"class":1011,"line":1142},[1009,1775,1302],{"class":1157},[1009,1777,1778],{"class":1011,"line":1148},[1009,1779,1780],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 从 fp 读取 sizeof(int) 个字节，\n",[1009,1782,1783],{"class":1011,"line":1197},[1009,1784,1785],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 将内容读到 a 的存储空间\n",[1009,1787,1788,1790,1792],{"class":1011,"line":1203},[1009,1789,1307],{"class":1018},[1009,1791,1310],{"class":1157},[1009,1793,1323],{"class":1026},[1009,1795,1796,1798,1800,1802,1805,1807,1809,1812,1814,1817,1820,1822,1825],{"class":1011,"line":1331},[1009,1797,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,1799,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1801,1593],{"class":1022},[1009,1803,1804],{"class":1026},"(&",[1009,1806,1360],{"class":1157},[1009,1808,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1810,1811],{"class":1026}," sizeof(",[1009,1813,1360],{"class":1157},[1009,1815,1816],{"class":1026},"),",[1009,1818,1819],{"class":1501}," 1",[1009,1821,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1823,1824],{"class":1157}," fp",[1009,1826,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1828,1829],{"class":1011,"line":1379},[1009,1830,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},true,"\n",[1009,1834,1835],{"class":1011,"line":1385},[1009,1836,1837],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 类似，但读取到 b[0] b[1] b[2]\n",[1009,1839,1841,1843,1845,1848,1851],{"class":1011,"line":1840},11,[1009,1842,1307],{"class":1018},[1009,1844,1315],{"class":1157},[1009,1846,1847],{"class":1026},"[",[1009,1849,1850],{"class":1501},"3",[1009,1852,1853],{"class":1026},"];\n",[1009,1855,1857,1859,1861,1863,1865,1867,1869,1871,1873,1875,1878,1880,1882],{"class":1011,"line":1856},12,[1009,1858,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,1860,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1862,1593],{"class":1022},[1009,1864,1804],{"class":1026},[1009,1866,1367],{"class":1157},[1009,1868,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1870,1811],{"class":1026},[1009,1872,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,1874,1816],{"class":1026},[1009,1876,1877],{"class":1501}," 3",[1009,1879,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1881,1824],{"class":1157},[1009,1883,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1885,1887],{"class":1011,"line":1886},13,[1009,1888,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,1890,1892],{"class":1011,"line":1891},14,[1009,1893,1382],{"class":1117},[1009,1895,1897],{"class":1011,"line":1896},15,[1009,1898,1206],{"class":1026},[919,1900,1901,1903,1904,1906,1907,1909,1910,1912],{},[938,1902,1596],{}," 将 ",[938,1905,1706],{}," 地址开始的 ",[938,1908,1702],{}," 个字节的内容写入到 ",[938,1911,1698],{}," 所指代的文件。",[1000,1914,1916],{"className":1002,"code":1915,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"#include \u003Ccstdio>\nint main() {\n    std::FILE* fp = std::fopen(\"b.bin\", \"w\");\n\n    \u002F\u002F 将 a 的二进制存储写入到 \"b.bin\"\n    int a = 42;\n    std::fwrite(&a, sizeof(a), 1, fp);\n\n    \u002F\u002F 类似，但写入一个数组\n    int b[3] = {42, 56, 71};\n    std::fread(&b, sizeof(int), 3, fp);\n}\n",[938,1917,1918,1928,1938,1977,1981,1986,1998,2026,2030,2035,2068,2096],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,1919,1920,1922,1924,1926],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,1921,1104],{"class":1103},[1009,1923,1107],{"class":1026},[1009,1925,1111],{"class":1110},[1009,1927,1245],{"class":1026},[1009,1929,1930,1932,1934,1936],{"class":1011,"line":1121},[1009,1931,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,1933,1133],{"class":1022},[1009,1935,1136],{"class":1026},[1009,1937,1139],{"class":1026},[1009,1939,1940,1942,1944,1946,1948,1950,1952,1954,1956,1958,1960,1962,1965,1967,1969,1971,1973,1975],{"class":1011,"line":1127},[1009,1941,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,1943,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1945,949],{"class":1157},[1009,1947,1019],{"class":1026},[1009,1949,1162],{"class":1157},[1009,1951,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,1953,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,1955,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,1957,987],{"class":1022},[1009,1959,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,1961,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1963,1964],{"class":1110},"b.bin",[1009,1966,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1968,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,1970,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,1972,1481],{"class":1110},[1009,1974,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,1976,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,1978,1979],{"class":1011,"line":1142},[1009,1980,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,1982,1983],{"class":1011,"line":1148},[1009,1984,1985],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 将 a 的二进制存储写入到 \"b.bin\"\n",[1009,1987,1988,1990,1992,1994,1996],{"class":1011,"line":1197},[1009,1989,1307],{"class":1018},[1009,1991,1496],{"class":1157},[1009,1993,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,1995,1502],{"class":1501},[1009,1997,1323],{"class":1026},[1009,1999,2000,2002,2004,2006,2008,2010,2012,2014,2016,2018,2020,2022,2024],{"class":1011,"line":1203},[1009,2001,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2003,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2005,1596],{"class":1022},[1009,2007,1804],{"class":1026},[1009,2009,1360],{"class":1157},[1009,2011,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2013,1811],{"class":1026},[1009,2015,1360],{"class":1157},[1009,2017,1816],{"class":1026},[1009,2019,1819],{"class":1501},[1009,2021,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2023,1824],{"class":1157},[1009,2025,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2027,2028],{"class":1011,"line":1331},[1009,2029,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,2031,2032],{"class":1011,"line":1379},[1009,2033,2034],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 类似，但写入一个数组\n",[1009,2036,2037,2039,2041,2043,2045,2048,2051,2054,2057,2059,2061,2063,2065],{"class":1011,"line":1385},[1009,2038,1307],{"class":1018},[1009,2040,1315],{"class":1157},[1009,2042,1847],{"class":1026},[1009,2044,1850],{"class":1501},[1009,2046,2047],{"class":1026},"]",[1009,2049,2050],{"class":1026}," =",[1009,2052,2053],{"class":1026}," {",[1009,2055,2056],{"class":1501},"42",[1009,2058,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2060,1512],{"class":1501},[1009,2062,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2064,1522],{"class":1501},[1009,2066,2067],{"class":1026},"};\n",[1009,2069,2070,2072,2074,2076,2078,2080,2082,2084,2086,2088,2090,2092,2094],{"class":1011,"line":1840},[1009,2071,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2073,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2075,1593],{"class":1022},[1009,2077,1804],{"class":1026},[1009,2079,1367],{"class":1157},[1009,2081,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2083,1811],{"class":1026},[1009,2085,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,2087,1816],{"class":1026},[1009,2089,1877],{"class":1501},[1009,2091,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2093,1824],{"class":1157},[1009,2095,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2097,2098],{"class":1011,"line":1856},[1009,2099,1206],{"class":1026},[934,2101,2102],{"id":2102},"关闭文件",[919,2104,2105,2106,2108,2109,2111,2112,2114,2115,1089,2117,2119,2120,2122,2123,932],{},"可以注意到，刚刚 ",[938,2107,994],{}," 的使用和 ",[938,2110,961],{}," 很类似。",[938,2113,987],{}," 的作用类似于构造函数，",[938,2116,1593],{},[938,2118,1225],{}," 等等函数就相当于成员函数，而传入的 ",[938,2121,994],{}," 参数其实就是在面向对象语法中的 ",[938,2124,2125],{},"this",[919,2127,2128,2129,2132,2133,2135],{},"但最后还差一环，就是析构函数。在 C 语言中，变量的生存期结束并不会自动调用析构函数（也没有更好的自动化方案），所以我们需要手动通过 ",[938,2130,2131],{},"fclose"," 来“析构”掉 ",[938,2134,994],{}," 所指向的对象。",[1000,2137,2139],{"className":1002,"code":2138,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"int fclose(std::FILE* stream);\n",[938,2140,2141],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,2142,2143,2145,2148,2150,2153,2155,2157,2159,2161],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,2144,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,2146,2147],{"class":1022}," fclose",[1009,2149,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2151,2152],{"class":1015},"std",[1009,2154,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2156,949],{"class":1015},[1009,2158,1019],{"class":1018},[1009,2160,1646],{"class":1036},[1009,2162,1051],{"class":1026},[919,2164,2165,2166,2168],{},"所以，我们之前的所有代码，都需要在结尾加上 ",[938,2167,2131],{},"，来保证对内存和文件资源的正确清理。",[1000,2170,2172],{"className":1002,"code":2171,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"#include \u003Ccstdio>\nint main() {\n    std::FILE* fp = std::fopen(\"b.txt\", \"w\");\n    int a = 42, b = 56, c = 71;\n    std::fscanf(fp, \"%d %d %d\\n\", a, b, c);\n    \n    \u002F\u002F 必须手动关闭 fp！\n    std::fclose(fp);\n}\n",[938,2173,2174,2184,2194,2232,2260,2300,2304,2309,2323],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,2175,2176,2178,2180,2182],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,2177,1104],{"class":1103},[1009,2179,1107],{"class":1026},[1009,2181,1111],{"class":1110},[1009,2183,1245],{"class":1026},[1009,2185,2186,2188,2190,2192],{"class":1011,"line":1121},[1009,2187,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,2189,1133],{"class":1022},[1009,2191,1136],{"class":1026},[1009,2193,1139],{"class":1026},[1009,2195,2196,2198,2200,2202,2204,2206,2208,2210,2212,2214,2216,2218,2220,2222,2224,2226,2228,2230],{"class":1011,"line":1127},[1009,2197,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2199,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2201,949],{"class":1157},[1009,2203,1019],{"class":1026},[1009,2205,1162],{"class":1157},[1009,2207,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,2209,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,2211,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2213,987],{"class":1022},[1009,2215,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2217,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2219,1472],{"class":1110},[1009,2221,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2223,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2225,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,2227,1481],{"class":1110},[1009,2229,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2231,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2233,2234,2236,2238,2240,2242,2244,2246,2248,2250,2252,2254,2256,2258],{"class":1011,"line":1142},[1009,2235,1307],{"class":1018},[1009,2237,1496],{"class":1157},[1009,2239,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,2241,1502],{"class":1501},[1009,2243,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2245,1507],{"class":1157},[1009,2247,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,2249,1512],{"class":1501},[1009,2251,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2253,1517],{"class":1157},[1009,2255,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,2257,1522],{"class":1501},[1009,2259,1323],{"class":1026},[1009,2261,2262,2264,2266,2268,2270,2272,2274,2276,2278,2280,2282,2284,2286,2288,2290,2292,2294,2296,2298],{"class":1011,"line":1148},[1009,2263,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2265,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2267,1225],{"class":1022},[1009,2269,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2271,1342],{"class":1157},[1009,2273,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2275,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,2277,1393],{"class":1349},[1009,2279,1550],{"class":1349},[1009,2281,1550],{"class":1349},[1009,2283,1555],{"class":1157},[1009,2285,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2287,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2289,1310],{"class":1157},[1009,2291,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2293,1315],{"class":1157},[1009,2295,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2297,1320],{"class":1157},[1009,2299,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2301,2302],{"class":1011,"line":1197},[1009,2303,1302],{"class":1157},[1009,2305,2306],{"class":1011,"line":1203},[1009,2307,2308],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 必须手动关闭 fp！\n",[1009,2310,2311,2313,2315,2317,2319,2321],{"class":1011,"line":1331},[1009,2312,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2314,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2316,2131],{"class":1022},[1009,2318,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2320,1342],{"class":1157},[1009,2322,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2324,2325],{"class":1011,"line":1379},[1009,2326,1206],{"class":1026},[934,2328,2330],{"id":2329},"stdfreopen",[938,2331,2332],{},"std::freopen",[919,2334,2335,2338,2339,2342,2343,1061,2346,2349,2350,2352,2353,2355,2356,2358,2359,2361],{},[938,2336,2337],{},"\u003Ccstdio>"," 中定义了一些",[1360,2340,2341],{"href":30},"宏","，比如 ",[938,2344,2345],{},"stdin",[938,2347,2348],{},"stdout","。这两个宏可以展开称 ",[938,2351,994],{}," 类型的表达式，从 ",[938,2354,2345],{}," 这个 ",[938,2357,994],{}," 读取就是从标准输入读取（也就是黑框框里的键盘输入），而写入到 ",[938,2360,2348],{}," 就是写入到标准输出（也就是黑框框界面中显示字符）。",[919,2363,2364,2365,2368,2369,2372,2373,2368,2376,932],{},"换而言之，",[938,2366,2367],{},"scanf(\"%d\", &a);"," 就相当于 ",[938,2370,2371],{},"fscanf(stdin, \"%d\", &a);","；而 ",[938,2374,2375],{},"printf(\"%d\", a);",[938,2377,2378],{},"fprintf(stdout, \"%d\", a);",[919,2380,2381,2382,2384,2385,2387,2388,2390,2391,2393,2394,2396],{},"了解这些基本概念之后，再来看 ",[938,2383,2332],{},"。它类似 ",[938,2386,983],{},"，也是打开文件；但它打开文件时会“抢占”一个已有的 ",[938,2389,994],{},"。所谓的“抢占”，就是关闭这个 ",[938,2392,994],{}," 原先所指代的文件，然后让这个 ",[938,2395,994],{}," 指代我所打开的这个新文件。",[1000,2398,2400],{"className":1002,"code":2399,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"std::FILE* freopen(const char* filename, const char* mode, std::FILE* stream);\n",[938,2401,2402],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,2403,2404,2406,2408,2410,2412,2415,2417,2419,2421,2423,2425,2427,2429,2431,2433,2435,2437,2439,2441,2443],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,2405,2152],{"class":1015},[1009,2407,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2409,949],{"class":1015},[1009,2411,1019],{"class":1018},[1009,2413,2414],{"class":1022}," freopen",[1009,2416,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2418,1030],{"class":1018},[1009,2420,1033],{"class":1018},[1009,2422,1037],{"class":1036},[1009,2424,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2426,1043],{"class":1018},[1009,2428,1033],{"class":1018},[1009,2430,1048],{"class":1036},[1009,2432,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2434,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,2436,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2438,949],{"class":1015},[1009,2440,1019],{"class":1018},[1009,2442,1646],{"class":1036},[1009,2444,1051],{"class":1026},[919,2446,2447],{},"比如：",[1000,2449,2451],{"className":1002,"code":2450,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"#include \u003Ccstdio>\nint main() {\n    std::FILE* fp = std::fopen(\"a.txt\", \"w\");\n    \u002F\u002F 本应对 fp 写入是写入到 a.txt...\n\n    \u002F\u002F 但 freopen 抢夺了 fp 原先的“指向”\n    std::freopen(\"b.txt\", \"w\", fp);\n\n    \u002F\u002F 现在向 fp 写入会写入到 b.txt。\n    std::fprintf(fp, \"Hello!\\n\");\n    \u002F\u002F 结果：b.txt 中出现 Hello!\n\n    \u002F\u002F 不要忘记关闭文件\n    std::fclose(fp);\n}\n",[938,2452,2453,2463,2473,2511,2516,2520,2525,2556,2560,2565,2590,2595,2599,2604,2618],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,2454,2455,2457,2459,2461],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,2456,1104],{"class":1103},[1009,2458,1107],{"class":1026},[1009,2460,1111],{"class":1110},[1009,2462,1245],{"class":1026},[1009,2464,2465,2467,2469,2471],{"class":1011,"line":1121},[1009,2466,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,2468,1133],{"class":1022},[1009,2470,1136],{"class":1026},[1009,2472,1139],{"class":1026},[1009,2474,2475,2477,2479,2481,2483,2485,2487,2489,2491,2493,2495,2497,2499,2501,2503,2505,2507,2509],{"class":1011,"line":1127},[1009,2476,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2478,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2480,949],{"class":1157},[1009,2482,1019],{"class":1026},[1009,2484,1162],{"class":1157},[1009,2486,1165],{"class":1026},[1009,2488,1168],{"class":1015},[1009,2490,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2492,987],{"class":1022},[1009,2494,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2496,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2498,1180],{"class":1110},[1009,2500,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2502,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2504,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,2506,1481],{"class":1110},[1009,2508,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2510,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2512,2513],{"class":1011,"line":1142},[1009,2514,2515],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 本应对 fp 写入是写入到 a.txt...\n",[1009,2517,2518],{"class":1011,"line":1148},[1009,2519,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,2521,2522],{"class":1011,"line":1197},[1009,2523,2524],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 但 freopen 抢夺了 fp 原先的“指向”\n",[1009,2526,2527,2529,2531,2534,2536,2538,2540,2542,2544,2546,2548,2550,2552,2554],{"class":1011,"line":1203},[1009,2528,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2530,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2532,2533],{"class":1022},"freopen",[1009,2535,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2537,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2539,1472],{"class":1110},[1009,2541,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2543,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2545,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,2547,1481],{"class":1110},[1009,2549,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2551,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2553,1824],{"class":1157},[1009,2555,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2557,2558],{"class":1011,"line":1331},[1009,2559,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,2561,2562],{"class":1011,"line":1379},[1009,2563,2564],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 现在向 fp 写入会写入到 b.txt。\n",[1009,2566,2567,2569,2571,2573,2575,2577,2579,2581,2584,2586,2588],{"class":1011,"line":1385},[1009,2568,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2570,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2572,1412],{"class":1022},[1009,2574,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2576,1342],{"class":1157},[1009,2578,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2580,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,2582,2583],{"class":1110},"Hello!",[1009,2585,1555],{"class":1157},[1009,2587,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2589,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2591,2592],{"class":1011,"line":1840},[1009,2593,2594],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 结果：b.txt 中出现 Hello!\n",[1009,2596,2597],{"class":1011,"line":1856},[1009,2598,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,2600,2601],{"class":1011,"line":1886},[1009,2602,2603],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 不要忘记关闭文件\n",[1009,2605,2606,2608,2610,2612,2614,2616],{"class":1011,"line":1891},[1009,2607,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2609,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2611,2131],{"class":1022},[1009,2613,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2615,1342],{"class":1157},[1009,2617,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2619,2620],{"class":1011,"line":1896},[1009,2621,1206],{"class":1026},[919,2623,2624,2626,2627,2629,2630,1061,2632,2634,2635,1061,2637,2639,2640,2642],{},[938,2625,2533],{}," 是唯一改变 I\u002FO “指向”的标准方法，即“重定向”。当我们使用 ",[938,2628,2533],{}," 改变 ",[938,2631,2345],{},[938,2633,2348],{}," 的“指向”后，那接下来的所以 ",[938,2636,1221],{},[938,2638,1409],{}," 都会变成对 ",[938,2641,2533],{}," 指定文件的读写。",[1000,2644,2646],{"className":1002,"code":2645,"language":1004,"meta":1005,"style":1005},"#include \u003Ccstdio>\nint main() {\n    std::freopen(\"input.txt\", \"r\", stdin);\n    std::freopen(\"output.txt\", \"w\", stdout);\n\n    \u002F\u002F 从 input.txt 读取一个整数\n    int a;\n    std::scanf(\"%d\", &a);\n\n    \u002F\u002F 写入到 output.txt\n    std::printf(\"Hello!\\n\");\n\n    \u002F\u002F 关闭 input.txt 和 output.txt 文件\n    std::fclose(stdin);\n    std::fclose(stdout);\n}\n",[938,2647,2648,2658,2668,2700,2732,2736,2741,2749,2773,2777,2782,2802,2806,2811,2825,2839],{"__ignoreMap":1005},[1009,2649,2650,2652,2654,2656],{"class":1011,"line":1012},[1009,2651,1104],{"class":1103},[1009,2653,1107],{"class":1026},[1009,2655,1111],{"class":1110},[1009,2657,1245],{"class":1026},[1009,2659,2660,2662,2664,2666],{"class":1011,"line":1121},[1009,2661,1130],{"class":1018},[1009,2663,1133],{"class":1022},[1009,2665,1136],{"class":1026},[1009,2667,1139],{"class":1026},[1009,2669,2670,2672,2674,2676,2678,2680,2683,2685,2687,2689,2691,2693,2695,2698],{"class":1011,"line":1127},[1009,2671,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2673,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2675,2533],{"class":1022},[1009,2677,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2679,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2681,2682],{"class":1110},"input.txt",[1009,2684,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2686,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2688,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,2690,1190],{"class":1110},[1009,2692,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2694,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2696,2697],{"class":1157}," stdin",[1009,2699,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2701,2702,2704,2706,2708,2710,2712,2715,2717,2719,2721,2723,2725,2727,2730],{"class":1011,"line":1142},[1009,2703,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2705,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2707,2533],{"class":1022},[1009,2709,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2711,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2713,2714],{"class":1110},"output.txt",[1009,2716,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2718,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2720,1187],{"class":1026},[1009,2722,1481],{"class":1110},[1009,2724,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2726,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2728,2729],{"class":1157}," stdout",[1009,2731,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2733,2734],{"class":1011,"line":1148},[1009,2735,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,2737,2738],{"class":1011,"line":1197},[1009,2739,2740],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 从 input.txt 读取一个整数\n",[1009,2742,2743,2745,2747],{"class":1011,"line":1203},[1009,2744,1307],{"class":1018},[1009,2746,1310],{"class":1157},[1009,2748,1323],{"class":1026},[1009,2750,2751,2753,2755,2757,2759,2761,2763,2765,2767,2769,2771],{"class":1011,"line":1331},[1009,2752,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2754,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2756,1221],{"class":1022},[1009,2758,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2760,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2762,1393],{"class":1349},[1009,2764,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2766,1040],{"class":1026},[1009,2768,1357],{"class":1026},[1009,2770,1360],{"class":1157},[1009,2772,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2774,2775],{"class":1011,"line":1379},[1009,2776,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,2778,2779],{"class":1011,"line":1385},[1009,2780,2781],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 写入到 output.txt\n",[1009,2783,2784,2786,2788,2790,2792,2794,2796,2798,2800],{"class":1011,"line":1840},[1009,2785,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2787,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2789,1409],{"class":1022},[1009,2791,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2793,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2795,2583],{"class":1110},[1009,2797,1555],{"class":1157},[1009,2799,1177],{"class":1026},[1009,2801,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2803,2804],{"class":1011,"line":1856},[1009,2805,1832],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1831},[1009,2807,2808],{"class":1011,"line":1886},[1009,2809,2810],{"class":1117},"    \u002F\u002F 关闭 input.txt 和 output.txt 文件\n",[1009,2812,2813,2815,2817,2819,2821,2823],{"class":1011,"line":1891},[1009,2814,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2816,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2818,2131],{"class":1022},[1009,2820,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2822,2345],{"class":1157},[1009,2824,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2826,2827,2829,2831,2833,2835,2837],{"class":1011,"line":1896},[1009,2828,1151],{"class":1015},[1009,2830,1154],{"class":1026},[1009,2832,2131],{"class":1022},[1009,2834,1027],{"class":1026},[1009,2836,2348],{"class":1157},[1009,2838,1051],{"class":1026},[1009,2840,2842],{"class":1011,"line":2841},16,[1009,2843,1206],{"class":1026},[919,2845,2846,2847,2850,2851,1089,2854,1061,2857,1089,2859,2861,2862,2864,2865,1089,2867,2869,2870,1061,2872,2874],{},"这种技巧在竞赛中较为常见。值得一提的是，",[938,2848,2849],{},"\u003Ciostream>"," 中的流式输入输出 ",[938,2852,2853],{},"cin",[938,2855,2856],{},"cout",[938,2858,2345],{},[938,2860,2348],{}," 默认是关联的；当使用 ",[938,2863,2533],{}," 重定向 ",[938,2866,2345],{},[938,2868,2348],{}," 后，",[938,2871,2853],{},[938,2873,2856],{}," 的输入输出也会随之重定向。",[2876,2877,2878],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sHdIc, html code.shiki .sHdIc{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#BABED8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki .swJcz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}",{"title":1005,"searchDepth":1012,"depth":1121,"links":2880},[2881,2882,2883,2884,2885],{"id":936,"depth":1121,"text":940},{"id":1215,"depth":1121,"text":1215},{"id":1587,"depth":1121,"text":1587},{"id":2102,"depth":1121,"text":2102},{"id":2329,"depth":1121,"text":2332},"md",null,{},{"icon":719},{"title":725,"description":921},"BX9EqDX9ksgeNzLCSaxezoHFVISuHNu-ona4O540jCQ",[2893,2894],{"title":718,"path":720,"stem":721,"description":718,"icon":719,"children":-1},{"title":729,"path":730,"stem":731,"description":2895,"icon":719,"children":-1},"在头文件  中，定义了两个类 std::ifstream 和 std::ofstream。",1784618137418]