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b",[935,982,983],{"class":949},"();",[935,985,986],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F 类作用域的声明\n",[935,988,990],{"class":937,"line":989},4,[935,991,992],{"class":949},"};\n",[935,994,996,998,1001,1004,1006],{"class":937,"line":995},5,[935,997,942],{"class":941},[935,999,1000],{"class":979}," main",[935,1002,1003],{"class":949},"()",[935,1005,967],{"class":949},[935,1007,1008],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F 命名空间作用域的声明\n",[935,1010,1012,1014,1017,1019],{"class":937,"line":1011},6,[935,1013,976],{"class":941},[935,1015,1016],{"class":945}," c",[935,1018,950],{"class":949},[935,1020,1021],{"class":953},"   \u002F\u002F 复合语句作用域的声明\n",[935,1023,1025],{"class":937,"line":1024},7,[935,1026,1027],{"class":949},"}\n",[918,1029,1030],{},"对于每一个名字，标准还规定了它们拥有一个被称作“连接”的属性。每一个名字可以依据其连接属性分入以下三类：无连接（No linkage）、内部连接（Internal linkage）和外部连接（External linkage）。",[1032,1033,1034],"blockquote",{},[918,1035,1036],{},"注意用词上的区别：我用“链接”（Linking）来表示链接器所做的行为，“连接”（Linkage）表示一个名字固有的属性。",[918,1038,1039],{},"所有复合语句作用域的声明都是无连接的。其它作用域的声明可以根据一些规则归为内部连接或外部连接。",[918,1041,1042,1043,1046,1047,1050,1051,1054],{},"考虑多个文件同时参与翻译，比如本章开头提到的情形。每一次编译处理的文件称为一个翻译单元（Translation Unit）：比如 ",[932,1044,1045],{},"f.cpp"," ",[932,1048,1049],{},"g.cpp"," 和 ",[932,1052,1053],{},"main.cpp"," 分别是三个翻译单元。每个翻译单元都会各自执行自己的编译过程，互不干扰，最后在链接过程中合并为一个可执行文件。",[918,1056,1057,1058,1062],{},"那么重点来了：",[1059,1060,1061],"strong",{},"内部连接的名字是每个翻译单元独有、互不干扰的，而外部连接的名字则是所有翻译单元共享的","。（无连接的名字由于作用域限制，不会在多文件翻译中有影响。）",[918,1064,1065,1066,1069,1070,1073,1074,1076,1077,1079,1080,1082,1083,1085,1086,1088],{},"比如，",[932,1067,1068],{},"void f();"," 中，",[932,1071,1072],{},"f"," 是一个外部连接的名字。那么，尽管在 ",[932,1075,1045],{}," 这个翻译单元中出现了一次 ",[932,1078,1072],{}," 的声明，在 ",[932,1081,1053],{}," 中又出现了一次 ",[932,1084,1072],{}," 的声明，但由于 ",[932,1087,1072],{}," 是外部连接的，所以链接过程中将认为这两个名字指代的是同一个东西，从而把它们整合到一起。",[918,1090,1091,1092,1095,1096,1099],{},"再举一个内部连接的例子。假设你已经知道了 ",[932,1093,1094],{},"const int a{42};"," 中 ",[932,1097,1098],{},"a"," 是一个内部连接的名字。那么，如果",[925,1101,1103],{"className":927,"code":1102,"language":929,"meta":930,"style":930},"\u002F\u002F f.cpp\nconst int a{42};\n\u002F\u002F g.cpp\nconst int a{56};\n",[932,1104,1105,1110,1129,1134],{"__ignoreMap":930},[935,1106,1107],{"class":937,"line":938},[935,1108,1109],{"class":953},"\u002F\u002F f.cpp\n",[935,1111,1112,1115,1118,1120,1123,1127],{"class":937,"line":957},[935,1113,1114],{"class":941},"const",[935,1116,1117],{"class":941}," int",[935,1119,946],{"class":945},[935,1121,1122],{"class":949},"{",[935,1124,1126],{"class":1125},"sbssI","42",[935,1128,992],{"class":949},[935,1130,1131],{"class":937,"line":973},[935,1132,1133],{"class":953},"\u002F\u002F g.cpp\n",[935,1135,1136,1138,1140,1142,1144,1147],{"class":937,"line":989},[935,1137,1114],{"class":941},[935,1139,1117],{"class":941},[935,1141,946],{"class":945},[935,1143,1122],{"class":949},[935,1145,1146],{"class":1125},"56",[935,1148,992],{"class":949},[918,1150,1151,1152,1050,1154,1156,1157,1159,1160,1162,1163,1165,1166,1050,1168,1165,1170,1172],{},"像这样，",[932,1153,1045],{},[932,1155,1049],{}," 两个翻译单元中都出现了 ",[932,1158,1098],{}," 这个名字，由于 ",[932,1161,1098],{}," 是内部连接的，所以在链接时会认为 ",[932,1164,1045],{}," 中的 ",[932,1167,1098],{},[932,1169,1049],{},[932,1171,1098],{}," 不是一个东西。也就是说，每一个翻译单元中内部连接的名字不会被别的翻译单元所使用。",[918,1174,1175,1176,1179],{},"在所有内部或外部连接的名字当中，函数名和变量名是比较重要的：它们与稍后提到的单一定义原则关系密切。为了令行文简便，称带有内部或外部连接的函数名和变量名为",[1059,1177,1178],{},"符号","（Symbol）。",[918,1181,1182],{},"那么如何判断一个名字是内部连接还是外部连接的呢？先看以下几条大体上的规则：",[1184,1185,1186,1190,1193],"ol",{},[1187,1188,1189],"li",{},"类型（类、枚举、别名）总是外部连接的；",[1187,1191,1192],{},"默认情形下，符号是外部连接的；",[1187,1194,1195],{},"默认情形下，只读变量是内部连接的。",[918,1197,1198,1199,1201,1202,1204],{},"这基本上已经覆盖了大多数的情形。比如之前的两个例子：",[932,1200,1072],{}," 是函数，所以它是符号，所以它是外部连接的。而 ",[932,1203,1098],{}," 是只读变量，所以它是内部连接的。",[925,1206,1208],{"className":927,"code":1207,"language":929,"meta":930,"style":930},"using Int = int; \u002F\u002F 外部连接\nclass C {};      \u002F\u002F 外部连接\n\nint a{42}; \u002F\u002F 外部连接\nvoid f();  \u002F\u002F 外部连接\n\nconst int b{42};     \u002F\u002F 内部连接\nconstexpr int b{42}; \u002F\u002F 内部连接（常量蕴含只读变量）\n",[932,1209,1210,1228,1242,1248,1263,1276,1280,1297],{"__ignoreMap":930},[935,1211,1212,1215,1218,1221,1223,1225],{"class":937,"line":938},[935,1213,1214],{"class":1125},"using",[935,1216,1217],{"class":963}," Int",[935,1219,1220],{"class":949}," =",[935,1222,1117],{"class":941},[935,1224,950],{"class":949},[935,1226,1227],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F 外部连接\n",[935,1229,1230,1233,1236,1239],{"class":937,"line":957},[935,1231,1232],{"class":941},"class",[935,1234,1235],{"class":963}," C",[935,1237,1238],{"class":949}," {};",[935,1240,1241],{"class":953},"      \u002F\u002F 外部连接\n",[935,1243,1244],{"class":937,"line":973},[935,1245,1247],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1246},true,"\n",[935,1249,1250,1252,1254,1256,1258,1261],{"class":937,"line":989},[935,1251,942],{"class":941},[935,1253,946],{"class":945},[935,1255,1122],{"class":949},[935,1257,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1259,1260],{"class":949},"};",[935,1262,1227],{"class":953},[935,1264,1265,1268,1271,1273],{"class":937,"line":995},[935,1266,1267],{"class":941},"void",[935,1269,1270],{"class":979}," f",[935,1272,983],{"class":949},[935,1274,1275],{"class":953},"  \u002F\u002F 外部连接\n",[935,1277,1278],{"class":937,"line":1011},[935,1279,1247],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1246},[935,1281,1282,1284,1286,1288,1290,1292,1294],{"class":937,"line":1024},[935,1283,1114],{"class":941},[935,1285,1117],{"class":941},[935,1287,980],{"class":945},[935,1289,1122],{"class":949},[935,1291,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1293,1260],{"class":949},[935,1295,1296],{"class":953},"     \u002F\u002F 内部连接\n",[935,1298,1300,1303,1305,1307,1309,1311,1313],{"class":937,"line":1299},8,[935,1301,1302],{"class":941},"constexpr",[935,1304,1117],{"class":941},[935,1306,980],{"class":945},[935,1308,1122],{"class":949},[935,1310,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1312,1260],{"class":949},[935,1314,1315],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F 内部连接（常量蕴含只读变量）\n",[918,1317,1318],{},"除了这些大体的规则，还有一些琐碎的细则：",[1184,1320,1321,1328,1334],{},[1187,1322,1323,1324,1327],{},"用 ",[932,1325,1326],{},"static"," 修饰一个符号，可以让它成为内部连接的；",[1187,1329,1323,1330,1333],{},[932,1331,1332],{},"extern"," 修饰一个符号，可以让它称为外部连接的；",[1187,1335,1336],{},"匿名命名空间可以让其中所有的名字（含类型名和符号）都成为内部连接的。",[918,1338,1339,1341],{},[932,1340,1332],{}," 是英文 external 的缩写，就表明这个声明引入的符号是外部连接的。对于非只读的声明，这个修饰是没有意义的；但对于只读变量声明，可以让它变成外部连接：",[925,1343,1345],{"className":927,"code":1344,"language":929,"meta":930,"style":930},"       int a{42};    \u002F\u002F 外部连接\nextern int extA{42}; \u002F\u002F 还是外部连接\n\n       const int b{42};    \u002F\u002F 内部连接\nextern const int extB{42}; \u002F\u002F 外部连接\n",[932,1346,1347,1363,1381,1385,1403],{"__ignoreMap":930},[935,1348,1349,1352,1354,1356,1358,1360],{"class":937,"line":938},[935,1350,1351],{"class":941},"       int",[935,1353,946],{"class":945},[935,1355,1122],{"class":949},[935,1357,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1359,1260],{"class":949},[935,1361,1362],{"class":953},"    \u002F\u002F 外部连接\n",[935,1364,1365,1367,1369,1372,1374,1376,1378],{"class":937,"line":957},[935,1366,1332],{"class":941},[935,1368,1117],{"class":941},[935,1370,1371],{"class":945}," extA",[935,1373,1122],{"class":949},[935,1375,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1377,1260],{"class":949},[935,1379,1380],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F 还是外部连接\n",[935,1382,1383],{"class":937,"line":973},[935,1384,1247],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1246},[935,1386,1387,1390,1392,1394,1396,1398,1400],{"class":937,"line":989},[935,1388,1389],{"class":941},"       const",[935,1391,1117],{"class":941},[935,1393,980],{"class":945},[935,1395,1122],{"class":949},[935,1397,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1399,1260],{"class":949},[935,1401,1402],{"class":953},"    \u002F\u002F 内部连接\n",[935,1404,1405,1407,1410,1412,1415,1417,1419,1421],{"class":937,"line":995},[935,1406,1332],{"class":941},[935,1408,1409],{"class":941}," const",[935,1411,1117],{"class":941},[935,1413,1414],{"class":945}," extB",[935,1416,1122],{"class":949},[935,1418,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1420,1260],{"class":949},[935,1422,1227],{"class":953},[918,1424,1425,1426,1428,1429,1431,1432,1434],{},"在 C\u002FC++ 的语言体系内，有时可以将 ",[932,1427,1326],{}," 视为 ",[932,1430,1332],{}," 的反义词（这是为了不引入多余的关键字而做出的牺牲），即 ",[932,1433,1326],{}," 修饰表明一个符号是内部连接的。当然，对于只读变量来说是没有意义的：",[925,1436,1438],{"className":927,"code":1437,"language":929,"meta":930,"style":930},"       const int a{42}; \u002F\u002F 内部连接\nstatic const int a{42}; \u002F\u002F 还是内部连接\n\n       void f();        \u002F\u002F 外部连接\nstatic void f();        \u002F\u002F 内部连接\n",[932,1439,1440,1457,1476,1480,1492],{"__ignoreMap":930},[935,1441,1442,1444,1446,1448,1450,1452,1454],{"class":937,"line":938},[935,1443,1389],{"class":941},[935,1445,1117],{"class":941},[935,1447,946],{"class":945},[935,1449,1122],{"class":949},[935,1451,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1453,1260],{"class":949},[935,1455,1456],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F 内部连接\n",[935,1458,1459,1461,1463,1465,1467,1469,1471,1473],{"class":937,"line":957},[935,1460,1326],{"class":941},[935,1462,1409],{"class":941},[935,1464,1117],{"class":941},[935,1466,946],{"class":945},[935,1468,1122],{"class":949},[935,1470,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1472,1260],{"class":949},[935,1474,1475],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F 还是内部连接\n",[935,1477,1478],{"class":937,"line":973},[935,1479,1247],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1246},[935,1481,1482,1485,1487,1489],{"class":937,"line":989},[935,1483,1484],{"class":941},"       void",[935,1486,1270],{"class":979},[935,1488,983],{"class":949},[935,1490,1491],{"class":953},"        \u002F\u002F 外部连接\n",[935,1493,1494,1496,1499,1501,1503],{"class":937,"line":995},[935,1495,1326],{"class":941},[935,1497,1498],{"class":941}," void",[935,1500,1270],{"class":979},[935,1502,983],{"class":949},[935,1504,1505],{"class":953},"        \u002F\u002F 内部连接\n",[918,1507,1508],{},"最后一条细则是“匿名命名空间”（Anonymous namespace）。顾名思义，就是不提供名字的命名空间：",[925,1510,1512],{"className":927,"code":1511,"language":929,"meta":930,"style":930},"\u002F\u002F 匿名命名空间\nnamespace {\n\n\u002F\u002F 以下所有声明的名字均为内部连接\nvoid f();\nclass A{};\nint a{42};\n\u002F\u002F [...]\n\n}\n",[932,1513,1514,1519,1527,1531,1536,1545,1554,1567,1572,1577],{"__ignoreMap":930},[935,1515,1516],{"class":937,"line":938},[935,1517,1518],{"class":953},"\u002F\u002F 匿名命名空间\n",[935,1520,1521,1524],{"class":937,"line":957},[935,1522,1523],{"class":941},"namespace",[935,1525,1526],{"class":949}," {\n",[935,1528,1529],{"class":937,"line":973},[935,1530,1247],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1246},[935,1532,1533],{"class":937,"line":989},[935,1534,1535],{"class":953},"\u002F\u002F 以下所有声明的名字均为内部连接\n",[935,1537,1538,1540,1542],{"class":937,"line":995},[935,1539,1267],{"class":941},[935,1541,1270],{"class":979},[935,1543,1544],{"class":949},"();\n",[935,1546,1547,1549,1551],{"class":937,"line":1011},[935,1548,1232],{"class":941},[935,1550,964],{"class":963},[935,1552,1553],{"class":949},"{};\n",[935,1555,1556,1558,1561,1563,1565],{"class":937,"line":1024},[935,1557,942],{"class":941},[935,1559,946],{"class":1560},"swJcz",[935,1562,1122],{"class":949},[935,1564,1126],{"class":1125},[935,1566,992],{"class":949},[935,1568,1569],{"class":937,"line":1299},[935,1570,1571],{"class":953},"\u002F\u002F [...]\n",[935,1573,1575],{"class":937,"line":1574},9,[935,1576,1247],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1246},[935,1578,1580],{"class":937,"line":1579},10,[935,1581,1027],{"class":949},[918,1583,1584,1585,1588],{},"匿名命名空间中所有名字都会注入到上级命名空间，如同添加了一条 ",[932,1586,1587],{},"@\"using namespace\" 匿名\";\"@","。",[925,1590,1592],{"className":927,"code":1591,"language":929,"meta":930,"style":930},"namespace {\nvoid f() { \u002F* [...] *\u002F } \u002F\u002F 内部连接\n}\n\u002F* 如同添加了一条 using namespace 匿名; *\u002F\nint main() {\n    f(); \u002F\u002F OK，指代匿名命名空间中的 f\n}\n",[932,1593,1594,1600,1618,1622,1627,1637,1647],{"__ignoreMap":930},[935,1595,1596,1598],{"class":937,"line":938},[935,1597,1523],{"class":941},[935,1599,1526],{"class":949},[935,1601,1602,1604,1606,1608,1610,1613,1616],{"class":937,"line":957},[935,1603,1267],{"class":941},[935,1605,1270],{"class":979},[935,1607,1003],{"class":949},[935,1609,967],{"class":949},[935,1611,1612],{"class":953}," \u002F* [...] *\u002F",[935,1614,1615],{"class":949}," }",[935,1617,1456],{"class":953},[935,1619,1620],{"class":937,"line":973},[935,1621,1027],{"class":949},[935,1623,1624],{"class":937,"line":989},[935,1625,1626],{"class":953},"\u002F* 如同添加了一条 using namespace 匿名; *\u002F\n",[935,1628,1629,1631,1633,1635],{"class":937,"line":995},[935,1630,942],{"class":941},[935,1632,1000],{"class":979},[935,1634,1003],{"class":949},[935,1636,1526],{"class":949},[935,1638,1639,1642,1644],{"class":937,"line":1011},[935,1640,1641],{"class":979},"    f",[935,1643,983],{"class":949},[935,1645,1646],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F OK，指代匿名命名空间中的 f\n",[935,1648,1649],{"class":937,"line":1024},[935,1650,1027],{"class":949},[918,1652,1653],{},"所以匿名命名空间和其它命名空间不同，不是用来解决命名冲突的。它的作用就是纯粹地让里面的名字变成内部连接的。",[918,1655,1656],{},"最后是类作用域声明的归类：类的成员函数和静态成员总是外部连接的，而类的非静态成员数据则是无连接的。所以，类的成员函数和静态成员也是符号。",[1032,1658,1659],{},[918,1660,1661],{},"非静态成员数据是无连接的，因为它们总是属于某个类的对象的一部分。而它们在链接时所表现的行为取决于整个对象的行为。所以，只有整个对象的连接性质，没有其中一个单独的非静态成员数据的连接性质。",[1663,1664,1665],"style",{},"html pre.shiki 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