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定义（可带初始化器）\n",[939,1088,1089,1097,1115,1119],{"__ignoreMap":937},[942,1090,1091,1093,1095],{"class":944,"line":945},[942,1092,1008],{"class":955},[942,1094,1012],{"class":1011},[942,1096,983],{"class":963},[942,1098,1099,1102,1105,1109,1112],{"class":944,"line":952},[942,1100,1101],{"class":955},"    static",[942,1103,1104],{"class":955}," int",[942,1106,1108],{"class":1107},"swJcz"," a",[942,1110,1111],{"class":963},";",[942,1113,1114],{"class":948}," \u002F\u002F 声明\n",[942,1116,1117],{"class":944,"line":967},[942,1118,1042],{"class":963},[942,1120,1121,1124,1126,1128,1131,1133],{"class":944,"line":973},[942,1122,1123],{"class":955},"int",[942,1125,1012],{"class":1011},[942,1127,1058],{"class":963},[942,1129,1080],{"class":1130},"sTEyZ",[942,1132,1111],{"class":963},[942,1134,1135],{"class":948},"         \u002F\u002F 定义（可带初始化器）\n",[918,1137,1138],{},"所以区分静态成员数据的声明和定义的最简单方法就是：类内不带初始化器，把定义放在外面。",[918,1140,1141,1142,1150],{},"再来看最后一种：全局变量。全局变量不带定义的声明我们是真没接触过，这里介绍一下：",[1143,1144,1145,1146,1149],"strong",{},"用 ",[939,1147,1148],{},"extern"," 修饰且不带初始化器的全局变量声明不是定义","。",[932,1152,1154],{"className":934,"code":1153,"language":936,"meta":937,"style":937},"int a;            \u002F\u002F 定义\nextern int a;     \u002F\u002F 声明\nint a{42};        \u002F\u002F 定义\nextern int a{42}; \u002F\u002F 定义（含义同上）\n",[939,1155,1156,1167,1180,1199],{"__ignoreMap":937},[942,1157,1158,1160,1162,1164],{"class":944,"line":945},[942,1159,1123],{"class":955},[942,1161,1108],{"class":1130},[942,1163,1111],{"class":963},[942,1165,1166],{"class":948},"            \u002F\u002F 定义\n",[942,1168,1169,1171,1173,1175,1177],{"class":944,"line":952},[942,1170,1148],{"class":955},[942,1172,1104],{"class":955},[942,1174,1108],{"class":1130},[942,1176,1111],{"class":963},[942,1178,1179],{"class":948},"     \u002F\u002F 声明\n",[942,1181,1182,1184,1186,1189,1193,1196],{"class":944,"line":967},[942,1183,1123],{"class":955},[942,1185,1108],{"class":1130},[942,1187,1188],{"class":963},"{",[942,1190,1192],{"class":1191},"sbssI","42",[942,1194,1195],{"class":963},"};",[942,1197,1198],{"class":948},"        \u002F\u002F 定义\n",[942,1200,1201,1203,1205,1207,1209,1211,1213],{"class":944,"line":973},[942,1202,1148],{"class":955},[942,1204,1104],{"class":955},[942,1206,1108],{"class":1130},[942,1208,1188],{"class":963},[942,1210,1192],{"class":1191},[942,1212,1195],{"class":963},[942,1214,1215],{"class":948}," \u002F\u002F 定义（含义同上）\n",[918,1217,1218,1219,1221,1222,1225,1226,1228],{},"当不带初始化器时，",[939,1220,1148],{}," 关键字除了让声明引入的名字成为外部连接外，还使得整个声明不再是定义。也就是说，如果只写 ",[939,1223,1224],{},"extern int a;"," 就使用 ",[939,1227,1080],{}," 的话，会导致一个“找不到定义”的错误。",[922,1230,674],{"id":1231},"单一定义原则-1",[918,1233,1234],{},"单一定义原则（One Definition Rule, ODR）是一系列规则，规定了 C++ 如何处理声明和定义。我把其中比较重要（也是比较好理解）的三条写在下面：",[1236,1237,1238,1254,1262],"ol",{},[1239,1240,1241,1242,1246,1247,1250],"li",{},"一个翻译单元中，允许出现一个东西 ",[1243,1244,1245],"sup",{},"※"," 的多次声明，但最多只允许出现一次定义；",[1248,1249],"br",{},[1251,1252,1253],"small",{},"※ 指变量、函数、类型和模板",[1239,1255,1256,1257,1261],{},"整个程序中，如果 ",[1258,1259,1260],"em",{},"ODR-使用","了一个符号，那么它最少要出现一次定义。",[1239,1263,1264,1265,1267],{},"整个程序中，非",[1258,1266,670],{},"的符号最多只允许出现一次定义；",[918,1269,1270,1271,1274],{},"第一条规则规定了",[1143,1272,1273],{},"一个翻译单元中","的定义出现次数，也即声明可以多次出现，但定义最多只能有一次：",[932,1276,1278],{"className":934,"code":1277,"language":936,"meta":937,"style":937},"    \u002F\u002F 多次声明...\n    void f();\n    void f();\n    \u002F\u002F 但定义只能有一个\n    void f() { }\n\u002F\u002F  void f() { } \u002F\u002F 取消此行注释报错\n\n    extern int a;\n    extern int a;\n    int a;\n\u002F\u002F  int a; \u002F\u002F 取消此行注释报错\n",[939,1279,1280,1285,1293,1301,1306,1320,1328,1332,1344,1354,1363],{"__ignoreMap":937},[942,1281,1282],{"class":944,"line":945},[942,1283,1284],{"class":948},"    \u002F\u002F 多次声明...\n",[942,1286,1287,1289,1291],{"class":944,"line":952},[942,1288,1032],{"class":955},[942,1290,960],{"class":959},[942,1292,964],{"class":963},[942,1294,1295,1297,1299],{"class":944,"line":967},[942,1296,1032],{"class":955},[942,1298,960],{"class":959},[942,1300,964],{"class":963},[942,1302,1303],{"class":944,"line":973},[942,1304,1305],{"class":948},"    \u002F\u002F 但定义只能有一个\n",[942,1307,1308,1310,1312,1314,1317],{"class":944,"line":986},[942,1309,1032],{"class":955},[942,1311,960],{"class":959},[942,1313,980],{"class":963},[942,1315,1316],{"class":963}," {",[942,1318,1319],{"class":963}," }\n",[942,1321,1322,1325],{"class":944,"line":992},[942,1323,1324],{"class":948},"\u002F\u002F  void f() { }",[942,1326,1327],{"class":948}," \u002F\u002F 取消此行注释报错\n",[942,1329,1330],{"class":944,"line":998},[942,1331,1002],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1001},[942,1333,1334,1337,1339,1341],{"class":944,"line":1005},[942,1335,1336],{"class":955},"    extern",[942,1338,1104],{"class":955},[942,1340,1108],{"class":1130},[942,1342,1343],{"class":963},";\n",[942,1345,1346,1348,1350,1352],{"class":944,"line":1017},[942,1347,1336],{"class":955},[942,1349,1104],{"class":955},[942,1351,1108],{"class":1130},[942,1353,1343],{"class":963},[942,1355,1356,1359,1361],{"class":944,"line":1023},[942,1357,1358],{"class":955},"    int",[942,1360,1108],{"class":1130},[942,1362,1343],{"class":963},[942,1364,1365,1368],{"class":944,"line":1029},[942,1366,1367],{"class":948},"\u002F\u002F  int a;",[942,1369,1327],{"class":948},[918,1371,1372,1373,1376],{},"后两条规则描述了",[1143,1374,1375],{},"多个翻译单元在链接成一个程序","时，每个符号允许的定义数量。第二条规则描述定义数量的最小值：在大多数情形下，如果不“使用”这个东西，那么就不需要它的定义。而为了界定“使用”的含义，这里引入了一个术语叫做 ODR-使用（ODR-use）。ODR-使用的正式含义非常复杂，我简单概括为“需要取其地址的行为”。这里还隐含了（变量）读取、写入、（函数）调用以及绑定引用这些情形。",[932,1378,1380],{"className":934,"code":1379,"language":936,"meta":937,"style":937},"\u002F\u002F 考察 a 和 c 的使用是否是 ODR-使用\nint a;\nconst int c{42};\nint main() {\n    a = 42;    \u002F\u002F 写入变量，ODR-使用\n    int x{a};  \u002F\u002F 读取变量，ODR-使用\n    int& r{a}; \u002F\u002F 绑定引用，ODR-使用\n\n    sizeof(a); \u002F\u002F 不求值，不是 ODR-使用\n    a;         \u002F\u002F 值被抛弃，不是 ODR-使用\n\n    \u002F\u002F 读取常量无需取地址，所以不是 ODR-使用\n    int y{c};\n}\n",[939,1381,1382,1387,1395,1411,1422,1438,1454,1473,1477,1490,1500,1504,1509,1523],{"__ignoreMap":937},[942,1383,1384],{"class":944,"line":945},[942,1385,1386],{"class":948},"\u002F\u002F 考察 a 和 c 的使用是否是 ODR-使用\n",[942,1388,1389,1391,1393],{"class":944,"line":952},[942,1390,1123],{"class":955},[942,1392,1108],{"class":1130},[942,1394,1343],{"class":963},[942,1396,1397,1400,1402,1405,1407,1409],{"class":944,"line":967},[942,1398,1399],{"class":955},"const",[942,1401,1104],{"class":955},[942,1403,1404],{"class":1130}," c",[942,1406,1188],{"class":963},[942,1408,1192],{"class":1191},[942,1410,1042],{"class":963},[942,1412,1413,1415,1418,1420],{"class":944,"line":973},[942,1414,1123],{"class":955},[942,1416,1417],{"class":959}," main",[942,1419,980],{"class":963},[942,1421,983],{"class":963},[942,1423,1424,1427,1430,1433,1435],{"class":944,"line":986},[942,1425,1426],{"class":1130},"    a ",[942,1428,1429],{"class":963},"=",[942,1431,1432],{"class":1191}," 42",[942,1434,1111],{"class":963},[942,1436,1437],{"class":948},"    \u002F\u002F 写入变量，ODR-使用\n",[942,1439,1440,1442,1445,1447,1449,1451],{"class":944,"line":992},[942,1441,1358],{"class":955},[942,1443,1444],{"class":1130}," x",[942,1446,1188],{"class":963},[942,1448,1080],{"class":1107},[942,1450,1195],{"class":963},[942,1452,1453],{"class":948},"  \u002F\u002F 读取变量，ODR-使用\n",[942,1455,1456,1458,1461,1464,1466,1468,1470],{"class":944,"line":998},[942,1457,1358],{"class":955},[942,1459,1460],{"class":963},"&",[942,1462,1463],{"class":1130}," r",[942,1465,1188],{"class":963},[942,1467,1080],{"class":1107},[942,1469,1195],{"class":963},[942,1471,1472],{"class":948}," \u002F\u002F 绑定引用，ODR-使用\n",[942,1474,1475],{"class":944,"line":1005},[942,1476,1002],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1001},[942,1478,1479,1482,1484,1487],{"class":944,"line":1017},[942,1480,1481],{"class":963},"    sizeof(",[942,1483,1080],{"class":1130},[942,1485,1486],{"class":963},");",[942,1488,1489],{"class":948}," \u002F\u002F 不求值，不是 ODR-使用\n",[942,1491,1492,1495,1497],{"class":944,"line":1023},[942,1493,1494],{"class":1130},"    a",[942,1496,1111],{"class":963},[942,1498,1499],{"class":948},"         \u002F\u002F 值被抛弃，不是 ODR-使用\n",[942,1501,1502],{"class":944,"line":1029},[942,1503,1002],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1001},[942,1505,1506],{"class":944,"line":1039},[942,1507,1508],{"class":948},"    \u002F\u002F 读取常量无需取地址，所以不是 ODR-使用\n",[942,1510,1511,1513,1516,1518,1521],{"class":944,"line":1045},[942,1512,1358],{"class":955},[942,1514,1515],{"class":1130}," y",[942,1517,1188],{"class":963},[942,1519,1520],{"class":1107},"c",[942,1522,1042],{"class":963},[942,1524,1525],{"class":944,"line":1051},[942,1526,995],{"class":963},[918,1528,1529],{},"当符号被 ODR-使用后，那么就必须要有一个定义。否则，定义不是必需的。所以如果你有一天忘记写 main 函数了，报的不是编译错误，而是链接错误：main 函数被 ODR-使用却找不到定义：",[932,1531,1536],{"className":1532,"code":1534,"language":1535},[1533],"language-text","ld: ...crt0_c.o:crt0_c.c:(.text.startup+0x2e): undefined reference to `main'\n","text",[939,1537,1534],{"__ignoreMap":937},[918,1539,1540,1541,1544],{},"典型的链接错误长成上面这样。（注：",[939,1542,1543],{},"ld"," 是 GCC 编译链中的链接器的名字。）",[1546,1547,1548],"blockquote",{},[918,1549,1550,1551,1553],{},"当然，单一定义原则里也规定了什么时候需要类定义而不是前置声明：我",[1080,1552,1082],{"href":547},"已经提到过这条规则，所以这里不再赘述。",[918,1555,1556,1557,1559],{},"最后一条规则则则是描述定义数量的最大值。它说：在大部分情形下最多允许一个符号定义一次，唯有",[1258,1558,670],{},"符号是例外。暂时不管“内联”的情形，先来看看一般的例子：",[932,1561,1563],{"className":934,"code":1562,"language":936,"meta":937,"style":937},"\u002F\u002F a.cpp 里面有一个定义\nvoid f() { }\n\n\u002F\u002F b.cpp 里面有一个定义\nvoid f() { }\n\n\u002F\u002F 每个翻译单元各只有一个 f 的定义，不违背第一条规则\n",[939,1564,1565,1570,1582,1586,1591,1603,1607],{"__ignoreMap":937},[942,1566,1567],{"class":944,"line":945},[942,1568,1569],{"class":948},"\u002F\u002F a.cpp 里面有一个定义\n",[942,1571,1572,1574,1576,1578,1580],{"class":944,"line":952},[942,1573,956],{"class":955},[942,1575,960],{"class":959},[942,1577,980],{"class":963},[942,1579,1316],{"class":963},[942,1581,1319],{"class":963},[942,1583,1584],{"class":944,"line":967},[942,1585,1002],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1001},[942,1587,1588],{"class":944,"line":973},[942,1589,1590],{"class":948},"\u002F\u002F b.cpp 里面有一个定义\n",[942,1592,1593,1595,1597,1599,1601],{"class":944,"line":986},[942,1594,956],{"class":955},[942,1596,960],{"class":959},[942,1598,980],{"class":963},[942,1600,1316],{"class":963},[942,1602,1319],{"class":963},[942,1604,1605],{"class":944,"line":992},[942,1606,1002],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1001},[942,1608,1609],{"class":944,"line":998},[942,1610,1611],{"class":948},"\u002F\u002F 每个翻译单元各只有一个 f 的定义，不违背第一条规则\n",[918,1613,1614,1615,1617,1618,1621,1622,1625,1626,1628,1629,1631,1632,1634],{},"注意，",[939,1616,1061],{}," 是外部连接的符号。也就是说，链接器会认为 ",[939,1619,1620],{},"a.cpp"," 和 ",[939,1623,1624],{},"b.cpp"," 中的 ",[939,1627,1061],{}," 是同一个 ",[939,1630,1061],{},"。然后，链接器发现 ",[939,1633,1061],{}," 在不同的翻译单元分别给出了定义，于是报重定义错误：",[932,1636,1639],{"className":1637,"code":1638,"language":1535},[1533],"ld.exe: ...a.o:a.cpp:(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `f()';\n    ...b.o:b.cpp:(.text+0x0): first defined here\n",[939,1640,1638],{"__ignoreMap":937},[918,1642,1643,1644,1646,1647,1621,1649,1625,1651,1653],{},"那么如何在保留两个定义的前提下让链接成功呢？有两个办法。其一是把 ",[939,1645,1061],{}," 改成内部连接，让链接器认为 ",[939,1648,1620],{},[939,1650,1624],{},[939,1652,1061],{}," 分别是两个函数，互不干扰：",[932,1655,1657],{"className":934,"code":1656,"language":936,"meta":937,"style":937},"\u002F\u002F a.cpp （可以用 static 修饰...）\nstatic void f() { }\n\u002F\u002F b.cpp （...也可以用匿名命名空间）\nnamespace {\nvoid f() { }\n}\n",[939,1658,1659,1664,1680,1685,1692,1704],{"__ignoreMap":937},[942,1660,1661],{"class":944,"line":945},[942,1662,1663],{"class":948},"\u002F\u002F a.cpp （可以用 static 修饰...）\n",[942,1665,1666,1669,1672,1674,1676,1678],{"class":944,"line":952},[942,1667,1668],{"class":955},"static",[942,1670,1671],{"class":955}," void",[942,1673,960],{"class":959},[942,1675,980],{"class":963},[942,1677,1316],{"class":963},[942,1679,1319],{"class":963},[942,1681,1682],{"class":944,"line":967},[942,1683,1684],{"class":948},"\u002F\u002F b.cpp （...也可以用匿名命名空间）\n",[942,1686,1687,1690],{"class":944,"line":973},[942,1688,1689],{"class":955},"namespace",[942,1691,983],{"class":963},[942,1693,1694,1696,1698,1700,1702],{"class":944,"line":986},[942,1695,956],{"class":955},[942,1697,960],{"class":959},[942,1699,980],{"class":963},[942,1701,1316],{"class":963},[942,1703,1319],{"class":963},[942,1705,1706],{"class":944,"line":992},[942,1707,995],{"class":963},[918,1709,1710,1711,1713],{},"但这样就会导致生成的二进制可执行文件体积变大（因为有两个一模一样的 ",[939,1712,1061],{}," 函数被塞进去了）。那么第二个解决方案就是让它们变成内联的，我将在下一节展开有关内联的语法。",[1715,1716,1717],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki 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