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{\n    \u002F\u002F do something...\n}\n",[933,1094,1095,1100,1112,1117],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1096,1097],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1098,1099],{"class":953},"\u002F\u002F mylib.h\n",[947,1101,1102,1105,1107,1109],{"class":949,"line":957},[947,1103,1104],{"class":960},"void",[947,1106,967],{"class":966},[947,1108,971],{"class":970},[947,1110,1111],{"class":970}," {\n",[947,1113,1114],{"class":949,"line":983},[947,1115,1116],{"class":953},"    \u002F\u002F do something...\n",[947,1118,1119],{"class":949,"line":990},[947,1120,1121],{"class":970},"}\n",[918,1123,1124,1125,1128,1129,1132],{},"然后 ",[933,1126,1127],{},"a.cpp"," 和 ",[933,1130,1131],{},"b.cpp"," 分别以头文件包含的形式使用了它：",[938,1134,1136],{"className":940,"code":1135,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"\u002F\u002F a.cpp\n#include \"mylib.h\"\nvoid a() {\n    f();\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F b.cpp\n#include \"mylib.h\"\nvoid b() {\n    f();\n}\n",[933,1137,1138,1142,1158,1169,1177,1181,1186,1191,1202,1214,1221],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1139,1140],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1141,954],{"class":953},[947,1143,1144,1148,1151,1155],{"class":949,"line":957},[947,1145,1147],{"class":1146},"s7zQu","#include",[947,1149,1150],{"class":970}," \"",[947,1152,1154],{"class":1153},"sfazB","mylib.h",[947,1156,1157],{"class":970},"\"\n",[947,1159,1160,1162,1165,1167],{"class":949,"line":983},[947,1161,1104],{"class":960},[947,1163,1164],{"class":966}," a",[947,1166,971],{"class":970},[947,1168,1111],{"class":970},[947,1170,1171,1174],{"class":949,"line":990},[947,1172,1173],{"class":966},"    f",[947,1175,1176],{"class":970},"();\n",[947,1178,1179],{"class":949,"line":996},[947,1180,1121],{"class":970},[947,1182,1184],{"class":949,"line":1183},6,[947,1185,987],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":986},[947,1187,1189],{"class":949,"line":1188},7,[947,1190,993],{"class":953},[947,1192,1194,1196,1198,1200],{"class":949,"line":1193},8,[947,1195,1147],{"class":1146},[947,1197,1150],{"class":970},[947,1199,1154],{"class":1153},[947,1201,1157],{"class":970},[947,1203,1205,1207,1210,1212],{"class":949,"line":1204},9,[947,1206,1104],{"class":960},[947,1208,1209],{"class":966}," b",[947,1211,971],{"class":970},[947,1213,1111],{"class":970},[947,1215,1217,1219],{"class":949,"line":1216},10,[947,1218,1173],{"class":966},[947,1220,1176],{"class":970},[947,1222,1224],{"class":949,"line":1223},11,[947,1225,1121],{"class":970},[918,1227,1228,1229,1128,1231,1233,1234,1236,1237,1240,1241,1128,1243,1245],{},"注意，",[933,1230,1127],{},[933,1232,1131],{}," 是两个独立的翻译单元。而它们都以预处理指令 ",[933,1235,1147],{}," 的方式引入了 ",[933,1238,1239],{},"void f();"," 的声明……而且是定义！所以，如果想要链接 ",[933,1242,1127],{},[933,1244,1131],{},"，就会出现重复定义的问题。",[918,1247,1248],{},"传统的解决方案是不要这样设计库。总是把声明和定义分开来写：",[938,1250,1252],{"className":940,"code":1251,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"\u002F\u002F mylib.h\nvoid f();\n\n\u002F\u002F mylib.cpp\nvoid f() {\n    \u002F\u002F do something...\n}\n",[933,1253,1254,1258,1266,1270,1275,1285,1289],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1255,1256],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1257,1099],{"class":953},[947,1259,1260,1262,1264],{"class":949,"line":957},[947,1261,1104],{"class":960},[947,1263,967],{"class":966},[947,1265,1176],{"class":970},[947,1267,1268],{"class":949,"line":983},[947,1269,987],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":986},[947,1271,1272],{"class":949,"line":990},[947,1273,1274],{"class":953},"\u002F\u002F mylib.cpp\n",[947,1276,1277,1279,1281,1283],{"class":949,"line":996},[947,1278,1104],{"class":960},[947,1280,967],{"class":966},[947,1282,971],{"class":970},[947,1284,1111],{"class":970},[947,1286,1287],{"class":949,"line":1183},[947,1288,1116],{"class":953},[947,1290,1291],{"class":949,"line":1188},[947,1292,1121],{"class":970},[918,1294,1295,1296,1299,1300,1302,1303,1306,1307,1309],{},"然后在链接的时候额外提供 ",[933,1297,1298],{},"mylib.cpp"," 这个翻译单元。这样就保证了每个符号定义都只出现一次。但这种分离的写法会增加使用时的心智负担：我不仅要提供头文件给使用者，还要提供一个额外的翻译单元（源代码形式的 ",[933,1301,1298],{}," 或者编译好的 ",[933,1304,1305],{},"mylib.o","）。这有时不太合适。为了应对这种情形，另外一种解决方案就是将 ",[933,1308,1154],{}," 中的所有符号都声明为内联的。",[938,1311,1313],{"className":940,"code":1312,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"\u002F\u002F mylib.h\ninline void f() {\n    \u002F\u002F do something...\n}\n",[933,1314,1315,1319,1331,1335],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1316,1317],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1318,1099],{"class":953},[947,1320,1321,1323,1325,1327,1329],{"class":949,"line":957},[947,1322,935],{"class":960},[947,1324,963],{"class":960},[947,1326,967],{"class":966},[947,1328,971],{"class":970},[947,1330,1111],{"class":970},[947,1332,1333],{"class":949,"line":983},[947,1334,1116],{"class":953},[947,1336,1337],{"class":949,"line":990},[947,1338,1121],{"class":970},[918,1340,1341,1342,1344,1345,1347,1348,1350],{},"此时，即便 ",[933,1343,1127],{}," ",[933,1346,1131],{}," 都含有 ",[933,1349,1088],{}," 的定义，但内联符号允许这样做；而且因为这两个定义是从同一个头文件中包含而来的，所以也能保证它们的定义一字不差。这就是内联符号的最大用处的体现。",[918,1352,1353,1354,1357],{},"然后再来看类成员的问题。规定：",[922,1355,1356],{},"当类内定义成员函数时，这个成员函数总是内联的","。",[918,1359,1360],{},"为什么这样定义？因为头文件中必须提供完整类的定义。（否则，使用者根本无法使用这个类。）",[938,1362,1364],{"className":940,"code":1363,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"\u002F\u002F mylib.h\nclass A {\n    void f() {\n        \u002F\u002F 假设 A::f 在类内提供了完整的定义。\n    }\n};\n",[933,1365,1366,1370,1381,1392,1397,1402],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1367,1368],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1369,1099],{"class":953},[947,1371,1372,1375,1379],{"class":949,"line":957},[947,1373,1374],{"class":960},"class",[947,1376,1378],{"class":1377},"sBMFI"," A",[947,1380,1111],{"class":970},[947,1382,1383,1386,1388,1390],{"class":949,"line":983},[947,1384,1385],{"class":960},"    void",[947,1387,967],{"class":966},[947,1389,971],{"class":970},[947,1391,1111],{"class":970},[947,1393,1394],{"class":949,"line":990},[947,1395,1396],{"class":953},"        \u002F\u002F 假设 A::f 在类内提供了完整的定义。\n",[947,1398,1399],{"class":949,"line":996},[947,1400,1401],{"class":970},"    }\n",[947,1403,1404],{"class":949,"line":1183},[947,1405,1043],{"class":970},[918,1407,1408,1409,1128,1411,1413,1414,1417,1418,1420],{},"那么，",[933,1410,1127],{},[933,1412,1131],{}," 在包含这个头文件时，非常自然而然地就各自包含了 ",[933,1415,1416],{},"A::f"," 的定义。如果 ",[933,1419,1416],{}," 不是内联的，一个重定义的链接错误就会闪亮登场。所以，标准规定了成员函数的类内定义天生就是内联的。",[918,1422,1423,1424,1426],{},"如果类外定义成员函数则仍然是非内联的。你可以自己加上 ",[933,1425,935],{}," 去修饰它，但一般不这样做。（当然，一旦分离了库的声明和定义，你就需要提供额外的翻译单元给用户。）",[938,1428,1430],{"className":940,"code":1429,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"\u002F\u002F mylib.h\nclass A {\n    void f();\n};\n\n\u002F\u002F mylib.cpp\n#include \"mylib.h\"\nvoid A::f() {\n    \u002F\u002F do something...\n}\n",[933,1431,1432,1436,1444,1452,1456,1460,1464,1474,1489,1493],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1433,1434],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1435,1099],{"class":953},[947,1437,1438,1440,1442],{"class":949,"line":957},[947,1439,1374],{"class":960},[947,1441,1378],{"class":1377},[947,1443,1111],{"class":970},[947,1445,1446,1448,1450],{"class":949,"line":983},[947,1447,1385],{"class":960},[947,1449,967],{"class":966},[947,1451,1176],{"class":970},[947,1453,1454],{"class":949,"line":990},[947,1455,1043],{"class":970},[947,1457,1458],{"class":949,"line":996},[947,1459,987],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":986},[947,1461,1462],{"class":949,"line":1183},[947,1463,1274],{"class":953},[947,1465,1466,1468,1470,1472],{"class":949,"line":1188},[947,1467,1147],{"class":1146},[947,1469,1150],{"class":970},[947,1471,1154],{"class":1153},[947,1473,1157],{"class":970},[947,1475,1476,1478,1480,1483,1485,1487],{"class":949,"line":1193},[947,1477,1104],{"class":960},[947,1479,1378],{"class":1377},[947,1481,1482],{"class":970},"::",[947,1484,1088],{"class":966},[947,1486,971],{"class":970},[947,1488,1111],{"class":970},[947,1490,1491],{"class":949,"line":1204},[947,1492,1116],{"class":953},[947,1494,1495],{"class":949,"line":1216},[947,1496,1121],{"class":970},[918,1498,1499,1500,1504],{},"最后一样，类的静态成员变量的内联性。幸运的是，我们已经在",[1501,1502,1503],"a",{"href":499},"第六章的一节","提到了大量有关内联性的知识，只不过是从定义位置的角度出发的。我建议现在可以回过头看一看。现在，以内联的观点来看，则是总结为：",[1506,1507,1508,1512,1518],"ol",{},[1509,1510,1511],"li",{},"静态成员变量默认是非内联的；",[1509,1513,1514,1515,1517],{},"类似地，可用 ",[933,1516,935],{}," 将其修饰为内联的；",[1509,1519,1520,1521,1523,1524,1357],{},"类似地，",[933,1522,1071],{}," 蕴含了 ",[933,1525,935],{},[918,1527,1528],{},"当一个静态成员变量是非内联的，则需要在别的翻译单元写下其定义，才能保证不发生定义缺失或者重复定义等链接错误。",[938,1530,1532],{"className":940,"code":1531,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"\u002F\u002F mylib.h\nclass A {\n    static int x;\n};\n\n\u002F\u002F mylib.cpp\nint A::x{42};\n",[933,1533,1534,1538,1546,1559,1563,1567,1571],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1535,1536],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1537,1099],{"class":953},[947,1539,1540,1542,1544],{"class":949,"line":957},[947,1541,1374],{"class":960},[947,1543,1378],{"class":1377},[947,1545,1111],{"class":970},[947,1547,1548,1551,1553,1556],{"class":949,"line":983},[947,1549,1550],{"class":960},"    static",[947,1552,1029],{"class":960},[947,1554,1033],{"class":1555},"swJcz",[947,1557,1558],{"class":970},";\n",[947,1560,1561],{"class":949,"line":990},[947,1562,1043],{"class":970},[947,1564,1565],{"class":949,"line":996},[947,1566,987],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":986},[947,1568,1569],{"class":949,"line":1183},[947,1570,1274],{"class":953},[947,1572,1573,1576,1578,1580,1583,1585,1587],{"class":949,"line":1188},[947,1574,1575],{"class":960},"int",[947,1577,1378],{"class":1377},[947,1579,1482],{"class":970},[947,1581,1582],{"class":1032},"x",[947,1584,1036],{"class":970},[947,1586,1040],{"class":1039},[947,1588,1043],{"class":970},[918,1590,1591],{},"当一个静态成员变量是内联的，则类内定义是 OK 的。既然内联了，多次被包含也不会导致重定义问题。",[938,1593,1595],{"className":940,"code":1594,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"class A {\n    static inline int x{42}; \u002F\u002F OK\n};\n",[933,1596,1597,1605,1626],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1598,1599,1601,1603],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1600,1374],{"class":960},[947,1602,1378],{"class":1377},[947,1604,1111],{"class":970},[947,1606,1607,1609,1612,1614,1616,1618,1620,1623],{"class":949,"line":957},[947,1608,1550],{"class":960},[947,1610,1611],{"class":960}," inline",[947,1613,1029],{"class":960},[947,1615,1033],{"class":1555},[947,1617,1036],{"class":970},[947,1619,1040],{"class":1039},[947,1621,1622],{"class":970},"};",[947,1624,1625],{"class":953}," \u002F\u002F OK\n",[947,1627,1628],{"class":949,"line":983},[947,1629,1043],{"class":970},[918,1631,1632,1633,1636],{},"但带上 ",[933,1634,1635],{},"const"," 限定之后，问题就多了起来，具体请查询第六章那一节结尾的表格。语法就那么规定的，我也没办法。",[1638,1639,1640],"blockquote",{},[918,1641,1642,1643,1646],{},"如果你以为内联的函数是指像宏展开一样运作的函数，建议阅读",[1501,1644,1645],{"href":487},"这一节","结尾的注。内联函数确实会提示编译器那样做，但这不是强制要求。",[1648,1649,1650],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki 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