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\u003C",[939,1111,1112],{"class":960},"iostream",[939,1114,1115],{"class":956},">\n",[939,1117,1118],{"class":941,"line":991},[939,1119,971],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":970},[939,1121,1122,1124,1126,1128,1130,1132,1134,1137],{"class":941,"line":1011},[939,1123,1048],{"class":977},[939,1125,1051],{"class":981},[939,1127,997],{"class":956},[939,1129,1056],{"class":977},[939,1131,1059],{"class":977},[939,1133,1063],{"class":1062},[939,1135,1136],{"class":956},")",[939,1138,988],{"class":956},[939,1140,1141,1145,1148,1152,1155,1157,1160,1162,1165,1168,1170,1173,1175,1178],{"class":941,"line":1072},[939,1142,1144],{"class":1143},"sBMFI","    std",[939,1146,1147],{"class":956},"::",[939,1149,1151],{"class":1150},"sTEyZ","cout ",[939,1153,1154],{"class":956},"\u003C\u003C",[939,1156,957],{"class":956},[939,1158,1159],{"class":960},"Hello, ",[939,1161,1000],{"class":956},[939,1163,1164],{"class":956}," \u003C\u003C",[939,1166,1167],{"class":1150}," who ",[939,1169,1154],{"class":956},[939,1171,1172],{"class":1143}," std",[939,1174,1147],{"class":956},[939,1176,1177],{"class":1150},"endl",[939,1179,1180],{"class":956},";\n",[939,1182,1184],{"class":941,"line":1183},8,[939,1185,1014],{"class":956},[918,1187,1188,1189,1192,1193,1195,1196,1199],{},"此处展示了 ",[936,1190,1191],{},"main.cpp"," ",[936,1194,961],{}," 和 ",[936,1197,1198],{},"hello.cpp"," 三个文件。本章中我已经非常多次地使用这种模式来演示，但现在我将更正式地描述相关细节。首先，这三个文件从后缀名就可以区分成两类：",[1201,1202,1203,1214],"ul",{},[1204,1205,1206,1209,1210,1213],"li",{},[936,1207,1208],{},".h"," 后缀的头文件（Header file）。在不涉及模板的情形下，头文件一般只存放类型的定义和符号的声明。需要注意的是头文件的作用仅在于被 ",[936,1211,1212],{},".cpp"," 文件所包含。因为头文件只含声明，所以单独编译头文件不会产生任何二进制指令（只有定义才是可以让编译产生结果的东西）。也正因如此，在实践中从不会单独编译头文件。",[1204,1215,1216,1218,1219,1222,1223,1225],{},[936,1217,1212],{}," 后缀的实现文件（Implementation file）。实现文件一般存放对应头文件声明的定义。为了引入相关类型的定义，一般需要将同名头文件也包含进来。（也就是第一行的 ",[936,1220,1221],{},"#include \"hello.h\"","。）每一个实现文件一般都对应着一个翻译单元，这些翻译单元会在最后链接为整个执行程序。",[936,1224,1191],{}," 是特殊的实现文件，其中一般只会包含必需的头文件，并带有一个 main 函数定义作为程序执行的入口。",[918,1227,1228],{},"最后，头文件中一般存在着三条预处理指令：",[929,1230,1232],{"className":931,"code":1231,"language":933,"meta":934,"style":934},"#ifndef XXX_H\n#define XXX_H\n\u002F\u002F [...]\n#endif \u002F\u002F XXX_H\n",[936,1233,1234,1241,1247,1252],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,1235,1236,1238],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,1237,1029],{"class":952},[939,1239,1240],{"class":981}," XXX_H\n",[939,1242,1243,1245],{"class":941,"line":949},[939,1244,1037],{"class":952},[939,1246,1240],{"class":981},[939,1248,1249],{"class":941,"line":967},[939,1250,1251],{"class":945},"\u002F\u002F [...]\n",[939,1253,1254,1256],{"class":941,"line":974},[939,1255,1075],{"class":952},[939,1257,1258],{"class":945}," \u002F\u002F XXX_H\n",[918,1260,1261,1262,1265,1266,1269,1270,1272],{},"关于这三条预处理指令的具体含义，请参见",[1263,1264,5],"a",{"href":30},"。简单来讲，它们的含义是防止头文件被多次包含。加上这样三条预处理指令后，一旦发生多次包含，则第二次包含的内容会被处理为空文件，从而防止其中出现类型、模板的重复定义。这三条预处理指令有时被称为包含保护（Include Guard），也可以通过单条的 ",[936,1267,1268],{},"#pragma once"," 来实现（详见",[1263,1271,5],{"href":30},"）。",[922,1274,1276],{"id":1275},"visual-studio","Visual Studio",[918,1278,1279],{},"Windows 下的同学，很幸运你能使用 Visual Studio 这样一个被称作“宇宙第一”的集成开发环境。在 Visual Studio（下简称 VS）中，多文件编译的实践操作非常简单：",[918,1281,1282,1283,1285,1286,1288],{},"在空的 C++ 项目中添加三个文件。点击菜单栏中的“项目”-“添加新项”；",[936,1284,1212],{}," 以“C++文件”形式添加，而 ",[936,1287,1208],{}," 以“头文件”形式添加：",[918,1290,1291],{},[1292,1293],"img",{"alt":934,"src":1294},"https:\u002F\u002Fz3.ax1x.com\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F11\u002FhzBm1U.png",[918,1296,1297],{},"添加完成后，“解决方案资源管理器”中就可以看到这些文件分别处在正确的分类下：",[918,1299,1300],{},[1292,1301],{"alt":934,"src":1302},"https:\u002F\u002Fz3.ax1x.com\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F11\u002FhzBt1O.png",[918,1304,1305],{},"将它们的内容编辑好，就可以轻松地调试和运行了。",[922,1307,1309],{"id":1308},"clion","CLion",[918,1311,1312],{},"CLion 内置了 CMake 工具，从而使得多文件编译的操作变得较为简便。",[918,1314,1315],{},"::: tip\n[TODO]\n:::",[922,1317,1319],{"id":1318},"visual-studio-code-cmake","Visual Studio Code + CMake",[918,1321,1322],{},"Visual Studio Code（下简称 VS Code）作为跨平台的编辑器，它通过充分强大的扩展性简化了多文件编译的实践。在一切开始之前，请先：",[1201,1324,1325,1328,1344],{},[1204,1326,1327],{},"确保你已安装编译器。如果 VS Code 已经配置过，则编译器大多都已安装。",[1204,1329,1330,1331,1337,1338,1343],{},"你需要安装 ",[1263,1332,1336],{"href":1333,"rel":1334},"https:\u002F\u002Fcmake.org",[1335],"nofollow","CMake","。请在其",[1263,1339,1342],{"href":1340,"rel":1341},"https:\u002F\u002Fcmake.org\u002Fdownload\u002F",[1335],"下载页面","的 binary distribution 表格中选择适用于你操作系统的安装程序，并安装它。",[1204,1345,1346,1347,1195,1352,1357],{},"在 VS Code 中安装 ",[1263,1348,1351],{"href":1349,"rel":1350},"https:\u002F\u002Fmarketplace.visualstudio.com\u002Fitems?itemName=ms-vscode.cpptools",[1335],"C\u002FC++",[1263,1353,1356],{"href":1354,"rel":1355},"https:\u002F\u002Fmarketplace.visualstudio.com\u002Fitems?itemName=ms-vscode.cmake-tools",[1335],"CMake Tools"," 两个扩展。",[918,1359,1360],{},"::: warning\n如果你使用 Windows，请保证后续操作所使用的路径不含中文或特殊字符，否则 CMake 可能无法正常工作。\n:::",[918,1362,1363,1364,1368],{},"从 VS Code ",[1365,1366,1367],"strong",{},"打开一个文件夹","。在这个文件夹下：",[1201,1370,1371,1378],{},[1204,1372,1373,1374,1377],{},"新建一个 ",[936,1375,1376],{},"src"," 子文件夹，然后将三个 C++ 源文件放进去；",[1204,1379,1380,1381,1384],{},"新建一个名为 ",[936,1382,1383],{},"CMakeLists.txt"," 的文件，内容为：",[929,1386,1390],{"className":1387,"code":1388,"language":1389,"meta":934,"style":934},"language-cmake shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18.0)\n\nproject(HelloWorld)\n\naux_source_directory(src SOURCES)\nadd_executable(main ${SOURCES})\n","cmake",[936,1391,1392,1397,1401,1406,1410,1415],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,1393,1394],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,1395,1396],{},"cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18.0)\n",[939,1398,1399],{"class":941,"line":949},[939,1400,971],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":970},[939,1402,1403],{"class":941,"line":967},[939,1404,1405],{},"project(HelloWorld)\n",[939,1407,1408],{"class":941,"line":974},[939,1409,971],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":970},[939,1411,1412],{"class":941,"line":991},[939,1413,1414],{},"aux_source_directory(src SOURCES)\n",[939,1416,1417],{"class":941,"line":1011},[939,1418,1419],{},"add_executable(main ${SOURCES})\n",[918,1421,1422,1423,1426,1427,1430],{},"（其中，",[936,1424,1425],{},"HelloWorld"," 是项目名，可以使任意的；",[936,1428,1429],{},"main"," 是最终生成的可执行文件名字，也可以是任意的。）现在你的工作区文件夹长成这样：",[929,1432,1437],{"className":1433,"code":1435,"language":1436},[1434],"language-text","├─src\n│  ├─hello.cpp\n│  ├─hello.h\n│  └─main.cpp\n└─CMakeLists.txt\n","text",[936,1438,1435],{"__ignoreMap":934},[918,1440,1441],{},"然后你需要关闭 VS Code 窗口，然后重新打开。这次打开时，CMake 扩展会自动启动。它启动时可能会弹出你已安装的编译器列表，这时请选择你想要的那个。此外，它会在左侧标签页中添加一个新的图标：",[918,1443,1444],{},[1292,1445],{"alt":934,"src":1446},"https:\u002F\u002Fz3.ax1x.com\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F27\u002FhQ2VjU.png",[918,1448,1449],{},"点进去，点击上面第一个图标。这个过程称为“配置”（Configure），它可能需要一些时间。",[918,1451,1452],{},[1292,1453],{"alt":934,"src":1454},"https:\u002F\u002Fz3.ax1x.com\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F27\u002FhQ2euF.png",[918,1456,1457,1458,1460],{},"配置完成后，点击上面第二个图标。这个过程称为“构建”（Build）——其实就是执行多文件编译的意思。构建时，",[936,1459,1336],{}," 会通过合理地调用编译器来实现编译和链接。",[918,1462,1463],{},[1292,1464],{"alt":934,"src":1465},"https:\u002F\u002Fz3.ax1x.com\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F27\u002FhQ2nHJ.png",[918,1467,1468],{},"构建完成后，就可以启动最终的可执行文件了。",[918,1470,1471],{},[1292,1472],{"alt":934,"src":1473},"https:\u002F\u002Fz3.ax1x.com\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F27\u002FhQ2KE9.png",[922,1475,1476],{"id":1476},"命令行",[918,1478,1479,1480,1482],{},"事实上几乎所有的 C++ 编译器，都是以命令行界面（Command line interface, CLI）的形式来操作的。因此我不可避免地需要讲一些关于命令行操作的事项——但这需要的篇幅太长，我将其移动到了",[1263,1481,5],{"href":14},"中，如果有兴趣的读者可以前去查看。",[1484,1485,1486],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sHdIc, html code.shiki .sHdIc{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#BABED8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}",{"title":934,"searchDepth":942,"depth":949,"links":1488},[1489,1490,1491,1492,1493],{"id":924,"depth":949,"text":924},{"id":1275,"depth":949,"text":1276},{"id":1308,"depth":949,"text":1309},{"id":1318,"depth":949,"text":1319},{"id":1476,"depth":949,"text":1476},"md",null,{},{"icon":651},{"title":662,"description":662},"U3f34HR9C8xP2_JW3bzxiLOlGd58dlykbc2p0LTYfE0",[1501,1503],{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660,"description":1502,"icon":651,"children":-1},"不同于 C++，C 在链接方面有一些语法是不同的，它们在一定程度上让问题更加复杂化。",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668,"description":666,"icon":651,"children":-1},1784618106139]