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试探性定义 *\u002F\n",[965,1079,1080,1082,1084,1086],{"class":967,"line":1041},[965,1081,972],{"class":971},[965,1083,976],{"class":975},[965,1085,1034],{"class":979},[965,1087,1077],{"class":1037},[919,1089,1090],{},"那么，编译器（或者链接器）会选择其中一个成为定义（零初始化或不初始化），而另一个随之退化为声明。这也不会违反单一定义原则。",[923,1092,1093],{"id":1093},"名字重整与语言连接",[919,1095,1096,1097,1100],{},"在 C 中，由于没有函数重载，链接器在链接时",[934,1098,1099],{},"只需函数名","就可以找到正确的函数地址。",[956,1102,1104],{"className":1021,"code":1103,"language":1023,"meta":961,"style":961},"\u002F* f.c *\u002F\nvoid f(void) {\n    \u002F* [...] *\u002F\n}\n\n\u002F* main.c *\u002F\nvoid f(void);\nint main(void) {\n    f(); \u002F* 链接时找到 f.o 中定义的 f *\u002F\n}\n",[942,1105,1106,1111,1131,1137,1143,1150,1156,1170,1186,1198],{"__ignoreMap":961},[965,1107,1108],{"class":967,"line":968},[965,1109,1110],{"class":1037},"\u002F* f.c *\u002F\n",[965,1112,1113,1116,1120,1123,1125,1128],{"class":967,"line":1041},[965,1114,1115],{"class":971},"void",[965,1117,1119],{"class":1118},"s2Zo4"," f",[965,1121,1122],{"class":979},"(",[965,1124,1115],{"class":971},[965,1126,1127],{"class":979},")",[965,1129,1130],{"class":979}," {\n",[965,1132,1134],{"class":967,"line":1133},3,[965,1135,1136],{"class":1037},"    \u002F* [...] *\u002F\n",[965,1138,1140],{"class":967,"line":1139},4,[965,1141,1142],{"class":979},"}\n",[965,1144,1146],{"class":967,"line":1145},5,[965,1147,1149],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1148},true,"\n",[965,1151,1153],{"class":967,"line":1152},6,[965,1154,1155],{"class":1037},"\u002F* main.c *\u002F\n",[965,1157,1159,1161,1163,1165,1167],{"class":967,"line":1158},7,[965,1160,1115],{"class":971},[965,1162,1119],{"class":1118},[965,1164,1122],{"class":979},[965,1166,1115],{"class":971},[965,1168,1169],{"class":979},");\n",[965,1171,1173,1175,1178,1180,1182,1184],{"class":967,"line":1172},8,[965,1174,972],{"class":971},[965,1176,1177],{"class":1118}," main",[965,1179,1122],{"class":979},[965,1181,1115],{"class":971},[965,1183,1127],{"class":979},[965,1185,1130],{"class":979},[965,1187,1189,1192,1195],{"class":967,"line":1188},9,[965,1190,1191],{"class":1118},"    f",[965,1193,1194],{"class":979},"();",[965,1196,1197],{"class":1037}," \u002F* 链接时找到 f.o 中定义的 f *\u002F\n",[965,1199,1201],{"class":967,"line":1200},10,[965,1202,1142],{"class":979},[919,1204,1205],{},"但在 C++ 中，函数重载导致仅有函数名可能找不到正确的函数：",[956,1207,1209],{"className":958,"code":1208,"language":960,"meta":961,"style":961},"\u002F\u002F f0.cpp\nvoid f() {\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F f1.cpp\nvoid f(int x) {\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F main.cpp\nvoid f();\nvoid f(int);\nint main() {\n    f();   \u002F\u002F 这个函数的定义在 f0.o\n    f(42); \u002F\u002F 这个函数的定义在 f1.o\n    \u002F\u002F 但链接器仅凭借 f 这个名字无法分辨哪个是哪个\n}\n",[942,1210,1211,1216,1227,1232,1236,1240,1245,1263,1267,1271,1275,1281,1291,1304,1315,1325,1341,1347],{"__ignoreMap":961},[965,1212,1213],{"class":967,"line":968},[965,1214,1215],{"class":1037},"\u002F\u002F f0.cpp\n",[965,1217,1218,1220,1222,1225],{"class":967,"line":1041},[965,1219,1115],{"class":971},[965,1221,1119],{"class":1118},[965,1223,1224],{"class":979},"()",[965,1226,1130],{"class":979},[965,1228,1229],{"class":967,"line":1133},[965,1230,1231],{"class":1037},"    \u002F\u002F [...]\n",[965,1233,1234],{"class":967,"line":1139},[965,1235,1142],{"class":979},[965,1237,1238],{"class":967,"line":1145},[965,1239,1149],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1148},[965,1241,1242],{"class":967,"line":1152},[965,1243,1244],{"class":1037},"\u002F\u002F f1.cpp\n",[965,1246,1247,1249,1251,1253,1255,1259,1261],{"class":967,"line":1158},[965,1248,1115],{"class":971},[965,1250,1119],{"class":1118},[965,1252,1122],{"class":979},[965,1254,972],{"class":971},[965,1256,1258],{"class":1257},"sHdIc"," x",[965,1260,1127],{"class":979},[965,1262,1130],{"class":979},[965,1264,1265],{"class":967,"line":1172},[965,1266,1231],{"class":1037},[965,1268,1269],{"class":967,"line":1188},[965,1270,1142],{"class":979},[965,1272,1273],{"class":967,"line":1200},[965,1274,1149],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1148},[965,1276,1278],{"class":967,"line":1277},11,[965,1279,1280],{"class":1037},"\u002F\u002F main.cpp\n",[965,1282,1284,1286,1288],{"class":967,"line":1283},12,[965,1285,1115],{"class":971},[965,1287,1119],{"class":1118},[965,1289,1290],{"class":979},"();\n",[965,1292,1294,1296,1298,1300,1302],{"class":967,"line":1293},13,[965,1295,1115],{"class":971},[965,1297,1119],{"class":1118},[965,1299,1122],{"class":979},[965,1301,972],{"class":971},[965,1303,1169],{"class":979},[965,1305,1307,1309,1311,1313],{"class":967,"line":1306},14,[965,1308,972],{"class":971},[965,1310,1177],{"class":1118},[965,1312,1224],{"class":979},[965,1314,1130],{"class":979},[965,1316,1318,1320,1322],{"class":967,"line":1317},15,[965,1319,1191],{"class":1118},[965,1321,1194],{"class":979},[965,1323,1324],{"class":1037},"   \u002F\u002F 这个函数的定义在 f0.o\n",[965,1326,1328,1330,1332,1335,1338],{"class":967,"line":1327},16,[965,1329,1191],{"class":1118},[965,1331,1122],{"class":979},[965,1333,1334],{"class":1052},"42",[965,1336,1337],{"class":979},");",[965,1339,1340],{"class":1037}," \u002F\u002F 这个函数的定义在 f1.o\n",[965,1342,1344],{"class":967,"line":1343},17,[965,1345,1346],{"class":1037},"    \u002F\u002F 但链接器仅凭借 f 这个名字无法分辨哪个是哪个\n",[965,1348,1350],{"class":967,"line":1349},18,[965,1351,1142],{"class":979},[919,1353,1354,1355,1358],{},"所以，在 C++ 中，所有的函数在链接时需要经过额外的步骤：",[934,1356,1357],{},"名字重整","（Name mangling）。",[919,1360,1361,1362,1365,1366,1369,1370,1365,1373,1376,1377,1380],{},"名字重整做的事情很简单，就是编译的时候将重载函数的不同重载换一个名字。比如上例中，",[942,1363,1364],{},"void f();"," 的名字换成 ",[942,1367,1368],{},"_Z1fv","，",[942,1371,1372],{},"void f(int);",[942,1374,1375],{},"_Z1fi","；调用的时候，直接调用这些重整后的名字。比如刚刚的 ",[942,1378,1379],{},"main"," 函数编译为汇编是这样的：",[956,1382,1386],{"className":1383,"code":1384,"language":1385,"meta":961,"style":961},"language-asm shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","main:\n    subq    $8, %rsp\n    call    _Z1fv     # 对 f() 的调用\n    movl    $42, %edi\n    call    _Z1fi     # 对 f(int) 的调用\n    movl    $0, %eax\n    addq    $8, %rsp\n    ret\n","asm",[942,1387,1388,1393,1398,1403,1408,1413,1418,1423],{"__ignoreMap":961},[965,1389,1390],{"class":967,"line":968},[965,1391,1392],{},"main:\n",[965,1394,1395],{"class":967,"line":1041},[965,1396,1397],{},"    subq    $8, %rsp\n",[965,1399,1400],{"class":967,"line":1133},[965,1401,1402],{},"    call    _Z1fv     # 对 f() 的调用\n",[965,1404,1405],{"class":967,"line":1139},[965,1406,1407],{},"    movl    $42, %edi\n",[965,1409,1410],{"class":967,"line":1145},[965,1411,1412],{},"    call    _Z1fi     # 对 f(int) 的调用\n",[965,1414,1415],{"class":967,"line":1152},[965,1416,1417],{},"    movl    $0, %eax\n",[965,1419,1420],{"class":967,"line":1158},[965,1421,1422],{},"    addq    $8, %rsp\n",[965,1424,1425],{"class":967,"line":1172},[965,1426,1427],{},"    ret\n",[919,1429,1430],{},"重整之后，链接器就能分辨两个函数了；就可以到对象文件找对应的定义了。",[919,1432,1433,1434,1437,1438,1440],{},"一切看上去十分美好，但问题出现在混合编程上。有写库是 C 编写的，它们的对象文件中是 ",[942,1435,1436],{},"f"," 这个符号名；然而我自己的代码是 C++ 编写的，它期望一个名字叫 ",[942,1439,1368],{}," 函数以调用。那如果不加任何改动地将 C 库和 C++ 代码链接，就会给出“符号未定义”的错误。",[919,1442,1443],{},"解决这个问题的办法就是提供语言链接（Language linkage）。语言链接的本意是：这些声明，不是用 C++ 定义的，而是用其它编程语言定义的。它的语法是：",[1445,1446,1447],"sdsc",{},[919,1448,1449,1450,1453],{},"\"extern\" 编程语言名 \"{\"\n",[965,1451,1452],{},"声明序列","\n\"}\"",[919,1455,1456,1457,1460,1461,1464,1465,1468,1469,1472,1473,1476,1477,1480],{},"标准规定了 ",[942,1458,1459],{},"@编程语言名@"," 可以是 ",[942,1462,1463],{},"\"C++\""," 或者 ",[942,1466,1467],{},"\"C\"","。",[942,1470,1471],{},"@\"extern @C@ {\" 声明 \"}\"@"," 就表示 ",[942,1474,1475],{},"@声明@"," 的定义是用 C 语言编写的。链接器在遇到 ",[942,1478,1479],{},"extern \"C\""," 的声明时不会进行名字重整，然后链接就能正常完成了。比如：",[956,1482,1484],{"className":958,"code":1483,"language":960,"meta":961,"style":961},"\u002F* f.c *\u002F\n\u002F* 这个函数是 C 语言定义的，编译时没有名字重整 *\u002F\nvoid f(void) {\n    \u002F* [...] *\u002F\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F main.cpp\n\u002F\u002F 告诉编译器，f 这个函数是 C 函数\nextern \"C\" {\n    void f(void);\n}\nint main() {\n    f(); \u002F\u002F 不会名字重整为 _Z1fv\n}\n",[942,1485,1486,1490,1495,1509,1513,1517,1521,1525,1530,1546,1559,1563,1573,1582],{"__ignoreMap":961},[965,1487,1488],{"class":967,"line":968},[965,1489,1110],{"class":1037},[965,1491,1492],{"class":967,"line":1041},[965,1493,1494],{"class":1037},"\u002F* 这个函数是 C 语言定义的，编译时没有名字重整 *\u002F\n",[965,1496,1497,1499,1501,1503,1505,1507],{"class":967,"line":1133},[965,1498,1115],{"class":971},[965,1500,1119],{"class":1118},[965,1502,1122],{"class":979},[965,1504,1115],{"class":971},[965,1506,1127],{"class":979},[965,1508,1130],{"class":979},[965,1510,1511],{"class":967,"line":1139},[965,1512,1136],{"class":1037},[965,1514,1515],{"class":967,"line":1145},[965,1516,1142],{"class":979},[965,1518,1519],{"class":967,"line":1152},[965,1520,1149],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1148},[965,1522,1523],{"class":967,"line":1158},[965,1524,1280],{"class":1037},[965,1526,1527],{"class":967,"line":1172},[965,1528,1529],{"class":1037},"\u002F\u002F 告诉编译器，f 这个函数是 C 函数\n",[965,1531,1532,1534,1537,1541,1544],{"class":967,"line":1188},[965,1533,992],{"class":971},[965,1535,1536],{"class":979}," \"",[965,1538,1540],{"class":1539},"sfazB","C",[965,1542,1543],{"class":979},"\"",[965,1545,1130],{"class":979},[965,1547,1548,1551,1553,1555,1557],{"class":967,"line":1200},[965,1549,1550],{"class":971},"    void",[965,1552,1119],{"class":1118},[965,1554,1122],{"class":979},[965,1556,1115],{"class":971},[965,1558,1169],{"class":979},[965,1560,1561],{"class":967,"line":1277},[965,1562,1142],{"class":979},[965,1564,1565,1567,1569,1571],{"class":967,"line":1283},[965,1566,972],{"class":971},[965,1568,1177],{"class":1118},[965,1570,1224],{"class":979},[965,1572,1130],{"class":979},[965,1574,1575,1577,1579],{"class":967,"line":1293},[965,1576,1191],{"class":1118},[965,1578,1194],{"class":979},[965,1580,1581],{"class":1037}," \u002F\u002F 不会名字重整为 _Z1fv\n",[965,1583,1584],{"class":967,"line":1306},[965,1585,1142],{"class":979},[919,1587,1588,1589,1592],{},"一些 C 库在提供头文件时必须要考虑这一点（否则它们的库无法在 C++ 程序中使用）。常见的操作还会用到 ",[942,1590,1591],{},"__cplusplus"," 宏。这个宏只在 C++ 编译时提供，于是乎：",[956,1594,1596],{"className":958,"code":1595,"language":960,"meta":961,"style":961},"\u002F* f.h *\u002F\n\u002F* 典型的 C\u002FC++ 通用库头文件结构 *\u002F\n#ifndef F_H\n#define F_H\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\nextern \"C\" {\n#endif\n\nvoid f(void);\n\u002F* [...] *\u002F\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\n}\n#endif\n\n#endif \u002F* F_H *\u002F\n",[942,1597,1598,1603,1608,1617,1624,1628,1637,1649,1654,1658,1670,1675,1679,1685,1689,1693,1697],{"__ignoreMap":961},[965,1599,1600],{"class":967,"line":968},[965,1601,1602],{"class":1037},"\u002F* f.h *\u002F\n",[965,1604,1605],{"class":967,"line":1041},[965,1606,1607],{"class":1037},"\u002F* 典型的 C\u002FC++ 通用库头文件结构 *\u002F\n",[965,1609,1610,1614],{"class":967,"line":1133},[965,1611,1613],{"class":1612},"s7zQu","#ifndef",[965,1615,1616],{"class":1118}," F_H\n",[965,1618,1619,1622],{"class":967,"line":1139},[965,1620,1621],{"class":1612},"#define",[965,1623,1616],{"class":1118},[965,1625,1626],{"class":967,"line":1145},[965,1627,1149],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1148},[965,1629,1630,1633],{"class":967,"line":1152},[965,1631,1632],{"class":1612},"#ifdef",[965,1634,1636],{"class":1635},"sBMFI"," __cplusplus\n",[965,1638,1639,1641,1643,1645,1647],{"class":967,"line":1158},[965,1640,992],{"class":971},[965,1642,1536],{"class":979},[965,1644,1540],{"class":1539},[965,1646,1543],{"class":979},[965,1648,1130],{"class":979},[965,1650,1651],{"class":967,"line":1172},[965,1652,1653],{"class":1612},"#endif\n",[965,1655,1656],{"class":967,"line":1188},[965,1657,1149],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1148},[965,1659,1660,1662,1664,1666,1668],{"class":967,"line":1200},[965,1661,1115],{"class":971},[965,1663,1119],{"class":1118},[965,1665,1122],{"class":979},[965,1667,1115],{"class":971},[965,1669,1169],{"class":979},[965,1671,1672],{"class":967,"line":1277},[965,1673,1674],{"class":1037},"\u002F* [...] 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