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std",[950,1124,1019],{"class":960},[950,1126,1127],{"class":1022},"endl",[950,1129,1130],{"class":960},";",[950,1132,1133],{"class":984}," \u002F\u002F 输出 1\n",[950,1135,1137,1139,1141,1143,1145,1148,1150,1152,1154,1156,1158,1160,1162,1164],{"class":952,"line":1136},10,[950,1138,1016],{"class":1015},[950,1140,1019],{"class":960},[950,1142,1102],{"class":1022},[950,1144,1105],{"class":960},[950,1146,1147],{"class":1022}," b",[950,1149,1110],{"class":960},[950,1151,1039],{"class":1038},[950,1153,1116],{"class":960},[950,1155,1119],{"class":960},[950,1157,1122],{"class":1015},[950,1159,1019],{"class":960},[950,1161,1127],{"class":1022},[950,1163,1130],{"class":960},[950,1165,1166],{"class":984}," \u002F\u002F 输出 4\n",[950,1168,1170],{"class":952,"line":1169},11,[950,1171,1172],{"class":960},"}\n",[923,1174,1175,1176,1178,1179,1182,1183,1185],{},"数组的元素个数是恒定的常量，但 ",[919,1177,921],{}," 的“长度可变”，所以无需再声明中指明其大小。相对应的，使用 ",[919,1180,1181],{},"size"," 成员函数来获取当前 ",[919,1184,921],{}," 内元素的个数：",[941,1187,1189],{"className":943,"code":1188,"language":945,"meta":946,"style":946},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Cvector>\n\nint main() {\n    std::vector\u003Cint> a{1, 2, 3};\n    std::vector b{4, 5};\n\n    \u002F\u002F b.size() 即 b 中元素的个数\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C b.size() \u003C\u003C std::endl; \u002F\u002F 输出 2\n    for (int i{0}; i \u003C a.size(); i++) {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C a[i] \u003C\u003C \" \";       \u002F\u002F 遍历 a 的元素\n    }\n}\n",[919,1190,1191,1201,1211,1215,1225,1256,1274,1278,1283,1315,1357,1390,1396],{"__ignoreMap":946},[950,1192,1193,1195,1197,1199],{"class":952,"line":953},[950,1194,957],{"class":956},[950,1196,961],{"class":960},[950,1198,965],{"class":964},[950,1200,968],{"class":960},[950,1202,1203,1205,1207,1209],{"class":952,"line":971},[950,1204,957],{"class":956},[950,1206,961],{"class":960},[950,1208,978],{"class":964},[950,1210,968],{"class":960},[950,1212,1213],{"class":952,"line":988},[950,1214,992],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":991},[950,1216,1217,1219,1221,1223],{"class":952,"line":995},[950,1218,999],{"class":998},[950,1220,1003],{"class":1002},[950,1222,1006],{"class":960},[950,1224,1009],{"class":960},[950,1226,1227,1229,1231,1233,1235,1237,1239,1241,1243,1245,1247,1249,1251,1253],{"class":952,"line":1012},[950,1228,1016],{"class":1015},[950,1230,1019],{"class":960},[950,1232,978],{"class":1022},[950,1234,1025],{"class":960},[950,1236,999],{"class":998},[950,1238,981],{"class":960},[950,1240,1032],{"class":1022},[950,1242,1035],{"class":960},[950,1244,1039],{"class":1038},[950,1246,1042],{"class":960},[950,1248,1045],{"class":1038},[950,1250,1042],{"class":960},[950,1252,1050],{"class":1038},[950,1254,1255],{"class":960},"};\n",[950,1257,1258,1260,1262,1264,1266,1268,1270,1272],{"class":952,"line":1059},[950,1259,1016],{"class":1015},[950,1261,1019],{"class":960},[950,1263,1066],{"class":1022},[950,1265,1035],{"class":960},[950,1267,1071],{"class":1038},[950,1269,1042],{"class":960},[950,1271,1076],{"class":1038},[950,1273,1255],{"class":960},[950,1275,1276],{"class":952,"line":1084},[950,1277,992],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":991},[950,1279,1280],{"class":952,"line":1089},[950,1281,1282],{"class":984},"    \u002F\u002F b.size() 即 b 中元素的个数\n",[950,1284,1285,1287,1289,1291,1293,1295,1298,1300,1302,1304,1306,1308,1310,1312],{"class":952,"line":1095},[950,1286,1016],{"class":1015},[950,1288,1019],{"class":960},[950,1290,1102],{"class":1022},[950,1292,1105],{"class":960},[950,1294,1147],{"class":1022},[950,1296,1297],{"class":960},".",[950,1299,1181],{"class":1002},[950,1301,1006],{"class":960},[950,1303,1119],{"class":960},[950,1305,1122],{"class":1015},[950,1307,1019],{"class":960},[950,1309,1127],{"class":1022},[950,1311,1130],{"class":960},[950,1313,1314],{"class":984}," \u002F\u002F 输出 2\n",[950,1316,1317,1320,1323,1325,1328,1330,1333,1335,1338,1340,1342,1344,1346,1349,1352,1355],{"class":952,"line":1136},[950,1318,1319],{"class":956},"    for",[950,1321,1322],{"class":960}," (",[950,1324,999],{"class":998},[950,1326,1327],{"class":1022}," i{",[950,1329,1113],{"class":1038},[950,1331,1332],{"class":1022},"}",[950,1334,1130],{"class":960},[950,1336,1337],{"class":1022}," i ",[950,1339,1025],{"class":960},[950,1341,1032],{"class":1022},[950,1343,1297],{"class":960},[950,1345,1181],{"class":1002},[950,1347,1348],{"class":960},"();",[950,1350,1351],{"class":1022}," i",[950,1353,1354],{"class":960},"++)",[950,1356,1009],{"class":960},[950,1358,1359,1362,1364,1367,1369,1371,1373,1376,1378,1380,1383,1385,1387],{"class":952,"line":1169},[950,1360,1361],{"class":1015},"        std",[950,1363,1019],{"class":960},[950,1365,1102],{"class":1366},"swJcz",[950,1368,1105],{"class":960},[950,1370,1032],{"class":1022},[950,1372,1110],{"class":960},[950,1374,1375],{"class":1366},"i",[950,1377,1116],{"class":960},[950,1379,1119],{"class":960},[950,1381,1382],{"class":960}," \"",[950,1384,1382],{"class":960},[950,1386,1130],{"class":960},[950,1388,1389],{"class":984},"       \u002F\u002F 遍历 a 的元素\n",[950,1391,1393],{"class":952,"line":1392},12,[950,1394,1395],{"class":960},"    }\n",[950,1397,1399],{"class":952,"line":1398},13,[950,1400,1172],{"class":960},[923,1402,1403,1406],{},[919,1404,1405],{},"push_back"," 成员函数可以在尾部添加一个元素：",[941,1408,1410],{"className":943,"code":1409,"language":945,"meta":946,"style":946},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Cvector>\n\u002F\u002F 遍历输出一个 std::vector 的所有元素\nvoid print(const std::vector\u003Cint>& x) {\n    for (int i{0}; i \u003C a.size(); i++) {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C x[i] \u003C\u003C \" \";\n    }\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n}\nint main() {\n    std::vector a{1, 2, 3};\n    print(a); \u002F\u002F 输出 1 2 3\n    a.push_back(4);\n    print(a); \u002F\u002F 输出 1 2 3 4\n}\n",[919,1411,1412,1422,1432,1437,1475,1509,1536,1540,1558,1562,1572,1595,1611,1627,1641],{"__ignoreMap":946},[950,1413,1414,1416,1418,1420],{"class":952,"line":953},[950,1415,957],{"class":956},[950,1417,961],{"class":960},[950,1419,965],{"class":964},[950,1421,968],{"class":960},[950,1423,1424,1426,1428,1430],{"class":952,"line":971},[950,1425,957],{"class":956},[950,1427,961],{"class":960},[950,1429,978],{"class":964},[950,1431,968],{"class":960},[950,1433,1434],{"class":952,"line":988},[950,1435,1436],{"class":984},"\u002F\u002F 遍历输出一个 std::vector 的所有元素\n",[950,1438,1439,1442,1445,1448,1451,1453,1455,1457,1459,1461,1463,1466,1470,1473],{"class":952,"line":995},[950,1440,1441],{"class":998},"void",[950,1443,1444],{"class":1002}," print",[950,1446,1447],{"class":960},"(",[950,1449,1450],{"class":998},"const",[950,1452,1122],{"class":1015},[950,1454,1019],{"class":960},[950,1456,978],{"class":1015},[950,1458,1025],{"class":960},[950,1460,999],{"class":998},[950,1462,981],{"class":960},[950,1464,1465],{"class":998},"&",[950,1467,1469],{"class":1468},"sHdIc"," x",[950,1471,1472],{"class":960},")",[950,1474,1009],{"class":960},[950,1476,1477,1479,1481,1483,1485,1487,1489,1491,1493,1495,1497,1499,1501,1503,1505,1507],{"class":952,"line":1012},[950,1478,1319],{"class":956},[950,1480,1322],{"class":960},[950,1482,999],{"class":998},[950,1484,1327],{"class":1022},[950,1486,1113],{"class":1038},[950,1488,1332],{"class":1022},[950,1490,1130],{"class":960},[950,1492,1337],{"class":1022},[950,1494,1025],{"class":960},[950,1496,1032],{"class":1022},[950,1498,1297],{"class":960},[950,1500,1181],{"class":1002},[950,1502,1348],{"class":960},[950,1504,1351],{"class":1022},[950,1506,1354],{"class":960},[950,1508,1009],{"class":960},[950,1510,1511,1513,1515,1517,1519,1521,1523,1525,1527,1529,1531,1533],{"class":952,"line":1059},[950,1512,1361],{"class":1015},[950,1514,1019],{"class":960},[950,1516,1102],{"class":1366},[950,1518,1105],{"class":960},[950,1520,1469],{"class":1022},[950,1522,1110],{"class":960},[950,1524,1375],{"class":1366},[950,1526,1116],{"class":960},[950,1528,1119],{"class":960},[950,1530,1382],{"class":960},[950,1532,1382],{"class":960},[950,1534,1535],{"class":960},";\n",[950,1537,1538],{"class":952,"line":1084},[950,1539,1395],{"class":960},[950,1541,1542,1544,1546,1548,1550,1552,1554,1556],{"class":952,"line":1089},[950,1543,1016],{"class":1015},[950,1545,1019],{"class":960},[950,1547,1102],{"class":1022},[950,1549,1105],{"class":960},[950,1551,1122],{"class":1015},[950,1553,1019],{"class":960},[950,1555,1127],{"class":1022},[950,1557,1535],{"class":960},[950,1559,1560],{"class":952,"line":1095},[950,1561,1172],{"class":960},[950,1563,1564,1566,1568,1570],{"class":952,"line":1136},[950,1565,999],{"class":998},[950,1567,1003],{"class":1002},[950,1569,1006],{"class":960},[950,1571,1009],{"class":960},[950,1573,1574,1576,1578,1581,1583,1585,1587,1589,1591,1593],{"class":952,"line":1169},[950,1575,1016],{"class":1015},[950,1577,1019],{"class":960},[950,1579,1580],{"class":1022},"vector a",[950,1582,1035],{"class":960},[950,1584,1039],{"class":1038},[950,1586,1042],{"class":960},[950,1588,1045],{"class":1038},[950,1590,1042],{"class":960},[950,1592,1050],{"class":1038},[950,1594,1255],{"class":960},[950,1596,1597,1600,1602,1605,1608],{"class":952,"line":1392},[950,1598,1599],{"class":1002},"    print",[950,1601,1447],{"class":960},[950,1603,1604],{"class":1022},"a",[950,1606,1607],{"class":960},");",[950,1609,1610],{"class":984}," \u002F\u002F 输出 1 2 3\n",[950,1612,1613,1616,1618,1620,1622,1624],{"class":952,"line":1398},[950,1614,1615],{"class":1022},"    a",[950,1617,1297],{"class":960},[950,1619,1405],{"class":1002},[950,1621,1447],{"class":960},[950,1623,1071],{"class":1038},[950,1625,1626],{"class":960},");\n",[950,1628,1630,1632,1634,1636,1638],{"class":952,"line":1629},14,[950,1631,1599],{"class":1002},[950,1633,1447],{"class":960},[950,1635,1604],{"class":1022},[950,1637,1607],{"class":960},[950,1639,1640],{"class":984}," \u002F\u002F 输出 1 2 3 4\n",[950,1642,1644],{"class":952,"line":1643},15,[950,1645,1172],{"class":960},[923,1647,1648,1649,1652],{},"对应地，",[919,1650,1651],{},"pop_back"," 成员函数可以删除尾部的一个元素。",[923,1654,1655,1656,1658,1659,1663],{},"添加或者删除 ",[919,1657,921],{}," 非尾部（中间或头部）的元素将留到之后的",[1604,1660,1662],{"href":1661},"\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_usage#%E5%A2%9E%E5%88%A0","迭代器章节","中再讲。",[923,1665,1666,1667,1670,1671,1673,1674,1677,1678,1680,1681,1683],{},"此外，聪明的你一定想到了，能通过 ",[919,1668,1669],{},"a[0]"," 这种方式使用 ",[919,1672,921],{},"，说明它定义了 ",[919,1675,1676],{},"operator[]"," 的运算符重载。不过需要注意的是，",[919,1679,921],{}," 和数组一样，访问元素不检查是否越界；如果访问元素的下标超过了 ",[919,1682,921],{}," 的长度，则导致未定义行为。",[923,1685,1686,1688,1689,1692,1693,1692,1696,1692,1699,1702,1703,1709],{},[919,1687,921],{}," 还提供了一些构造函数、其它成员函数如 ",[919,1690,1691],{},"clear"," ",[919,1694,1695],{},"empty",[919,1697,1698],{},"front",[919,1700,1701],{},"back"," 等，以及比较运算符重载。我们并不在这里展开介绍，如有需要请查阅 ",[1604,1704,1708],{"href":1705,"rel":1706},"https:\u002F\u002Fzh.cppreference.com\u002Fw\u002Fcpp\u002Fcontainer\u002Fvector",[1707],"nofollow","CppReference","。",[923,1711,1712,1713,1709,1716,1718,1719,1721,1722,1725],{},"::: warning\n出于历史原因，尽可能不使用 ",[919,1714,1715],{},"std::vector\u003Cbool>",[919,1717,1715],{}," 相比其它 ",[919,1720,921],{}," 做了空间上的优化，但其性能可能有所下降。如有需求，可用 ",[919,1723,1724],{},"std::vector\u003Cchar>"," 代替。\n:::",[923,1727,1728,1730,1731,1733],{},[919,1729,921],{}," 保证其元素在内存中的存储是连续的。这使得它在不进行元素增删的前提下和数组拥有相同的性能。进一步可以分析得到，",[919,1732,921],{}," 在尾部插入和删除元素的平均代价是比较小的，但在非尾部的位置增删则更费力气一点。",[1735,1736,1737],"blockquote",{},[923,1738,1739],{},"上述的“平均代价”指的是均摊代价，“比较小”指其只需 $O(1)$ 的时间完成，“费力气”指的是有超过 $O(1)$ 的时间复杂度：具体而言，增删元素的时间开销与增删位置到尾部的距离呈线性关系（$O(n)$）。",[1741,1742,1743],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: 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