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两个类型实参。",[919,1143,1132],{}," 其是就是一种很普通的结构体——模板，大体上长成这样：",[938,1146,1148],{"className":940,"code":1147,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"template\u003Ctypename T, typename U>\nstruct pair {\n    T first;\n    U second;\n};\n",[919,1149,1150,1173,1183,1192,1199],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1151,1152,1155,1157,1160,1163,1165,1168,1171],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1153,1154],{"class":975},"template",[947,1156,1002],{"class":957},[947,1158,1159],{"class":975},"typename",[947,1161,1162],{"class":992}," T",[947,1164,1019],{"class":957},[947,1166,1167],{"class":975}," typename",[947,1169,1170],{"class":992}," U",[947,1172,1055],{"class":957},[947,1174,1175,1178,1181],{"class":949,"line":972},[947,1176,1177],{"class":975},"struct",[947,1179,1180],{"class":992}," pair",[947,1182,986],{"class":957},[947,1184,1185,1189],{"class":949,"line":989},[947,1186,1188],{"class":1187},"swJcz","    T first",[947,1190,1191],{"class":957},";\n",[947,1193,1194,1197],{"class":949,"line":1033},[947,1195,1196],{"class":1187},"    U second",[947,1198,1191],{"class":957},[947,1200,1201],{"class":949,"line":1114},[947,1202,1030],{"class":957},[923,1204,1205,1206,1208,1209,1211,1212,1214],{},"嗯，就这么简单。它还带一些其它的成员函数，但并不重要。总之，它的存在意义就是把两个类型的变量“绑在一起”。什么时候需要用到 ",[919,1207,1132],{}," 呢？就是一些只能放一个变量的地方却想要挤进去两个变量的场景。比如函数返回值：函数一般只能返回一个值，但 ",[919,1210,1099],{}," 成员函数它特别想要返回两个值。那没办法，只能把这两个变量包到 ",[919,1213,1132],{}," 里面一起返回了。",[923,1216,1217,1218,1220,1221,1223,1224,1226,1227,1229,1230,1234,1235,1237,1238,1241,1242,1245],{},"好的，现在我们搞清楚 ",[919,1219,1132],{}," 是个什么了，然后再来看看它包起来的两个变量分别是什么吧。第一个是 ",[919,1222,1136],{}," 类型的变量。它作为一个迭代器，是指向刚刚插入的元素的。这个行为和顺序容器的 ",[919,1225,1099],{}," 保持一致。然后第二个是 ",[919,1228,1140],{}," 类型的变量，指明插入操作的成功与否。什么叫“插入操作的成功”呢？要知道，数学上的集合是",[1231,1232,1233],"strong",{},"不允许重复元素","的。",[919,1236,921],{}," 模拟了这一行为，如果插入元素时发现了已经存在了，就会取 ",[919,1239,1240],{},"false"," 作为返回值的第二成员。（同时，第一成员取指向已存在的元素的迭代器。）相反，如果插入成功，那么第二成员就是 ",[919,1243,1244],{},"true"," 了。下面的代码对此做了演示：",[938,1247,1249],{"className":940,"code":1248,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Cset>\n\u002F\u002F 检查 insert 返回值的函数。\n\u002F\u002F （这个类型说明符真的太长了。如果嫌麻烦的话，可以改成函数模板。）\nvoid check(std::pair\u003Cstd::set\u003Cint>::iterator, bool> r) {\n    \u002F\u002F r.second 表明插入是否成功\n    if (r.second) {\n        \u002F\u002F r.first 是指向插入元素的迭代器\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"insert success \" \u003C\u003C *(r.first) \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    } else {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"insert fail\" \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    }\n}\nint main() {\n    std::set a{1, 2, 3};\n    check(a.insert(1)); \u002F\u002F 插入失败\n    check(a.insert(4)); \u002F\u002F 插入成功\n}\n",[919,1250,1251,1262,1272,1277,1282,1333,1339,1360,1366,1416,1427,1455,1461,1466,1477,1500,1525,1547],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1252,1253,1255,1257,1260],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1254,954],{"class":953},[947,1256,958],{"class":957},[947,1258,1259],{"class":961},"iostream",[947,1261,1055],{"class":957},[947,1263,1264,1266,1268,1270],{"class":949,"line":972},[947,1265,954],{"class":953},[947,1267,958],{"class":957},[947,1269,962],{"class":961},[947,1271,1055],{"class":957},[947,1273,1274],{"class":949,"line":989},[947,1275,1276],{"class":968},"\u002F\u002F 检查 insert 返回值的函数。\n",[947,1278,1279],{"class":949,"line":1033},[947,1280,1281],{"class":968},"\u002F\u002F （这个类型说明符真的太长了。如果嫌麻烦的话，可以改成函数模板。）\n",[947,1283,1284,1287,1290,1292,1295,1297,1300,1302,1304,1306,1308,1310,1312,1315,1317,1319,1322,1324,1328,1331],{"class":949,"line":1114},[947,1285,1286],{"class":975},"void",[947,1288,1289],{"class":979}," check",[947,1291,1102],{"class":957},[947,1293,1294],{"class":992},"std",[947,1296,996],{"class":957},[947,1298,1299],{"class":992},"pair",[947,1301,1002],{"class":957},[947,1303,1294],{"class":992},[947,1305,996],{"class":957},[947,1307,962],{"class":992},[947,1309,1002],{"class":957},[947,1311,976],{"class":975},[947,1313,1314],{"class":957},">::",[947,1316,1136],{"class":992},[947,1318,1019],{"class":957},[947,1320,1321],{"class":975}," bool",[947,1323,965],{"class":957},[947,1325,1327],{"class":1326},"sHdIc"," r",[947,1329,1330],{"class":957},")",[947,1332,986],{"class":957},[947,1334,1336],{"class":949,"line":1335},6,[947,1337,1338],{"class":968},"    \u002F\u002F r.second 表明插入是否成功\n",[947,1340,1342,1345,1348,1351,1353,1356,1358],{"class":949,"line":1341},7,[947,1343,1344],{"class":953},"    if",[947,1346,1347],{"class":957}," (",[947,1349,1350],{"class":999},"r",[947,1352,1096],{"class":957},[947,1354,1355],{"class":999},"second",[947,1357,1330],{"class":957},[947,1359,986],{"class":957},[947,1361,1363],{"class":949,"line":1362},8,[947,1364,1365],{"class":968},"        \u002F\u002F r.first 是指向插入元素的迭代器\n",[947,1367,1369,1372,1374,1377,1380,1383,1386,1389,1392,1395,1397,1399,1402,1404,1406,1409,1411,1414],{"class":949,"line":1368},9,[947,1370,1371],{"class":992},"        std",[947,1373,996],{"class":957},[947,1375,1376],{"class":1187},"cout ",[947,1378,1379],{"class":957},"\u003C\u003C",[947,1381,1382],{"class":957}," \"",[947,1384,1385],{"class":961},"insert success ",[947,1387,1388],{"class":957},"\"",[947,1390,1391],{"class":957}," \u003C\u003C",[947,1393,1394],{"class":957}," *(",[947,1396,1350],{"class":999},[947,1398,1096],{"class":957},[947,1400,1401],{"class":999},"first",[947,1403,1330],{"class":957},[947,1405,1391],{"class":957},[947,1407,1408],{"class":992}," std",[947,1410,996],{"class":957},[947,1412,1413],{"class":1187},"endl",[947,1415,1191],{"class":957},[947,1417,1419,1422,1425],{"class":949,"line":1418},10,[947,1420,1421],{"class":957},"    }",[947,1423,1424],{"class":953}," else",[947,1426,986],{"class":957},[947,1428,1430,1432,1434,1436,1438,1440,1443,1445,1447,1449,1451,1453],{"class":949,"line":1429},11,[947,1431,1371],{"class":992},[947,1433,996],{"class":957},[947,1435,1376],{"class":1187},[947,1437,1379],{"class":957},[947,1439,1382],{"class":957},[947,1441,1442],{"class":961},"insert fail",[947,1444,1388],{"class":957},[947,1446,1391],{"class":957},[947,1448,1408],{"class":992},[947,1450,996],{"class":957},[947,1452,1413],{"class":1187},[947,1454,1191],{"class":957},[947,1456,1458],{"class":949,"line":1457},12,[947,1459,1460],{"class":957},"    }\n",[947,1462,1464],{"class":949,"line":1463},13,[947,1465,1036],{"class":957},[947,1467,1469,1471,1473,1475],{"class":949,"line":1468},14,[947,1470,976],{"class":975},[947,1472,980],{"class":979},[947,1474,983],{"class":957},[947,1476,986],{"class":957},[947,1478,1480,1482,1484,1486,1488,1490,1492,1494,1496,1498],{"class":949,"line":1479},15,[947,1481,993],{"class":992},[947,1483,996],{"class":957},[947,1485,1074],{"class":999},[947,1487,1012],{"class":957},[947,1489,1016],{"class":1015},[947,1491,1019],{"class":957},[947,1493,1022],{"class":1015},[947,1495,1019],{"class":957},[947,1497,1027],{"class":1015},[947,1499,1030],{"class":957},[947,1501,1503,1506,1508,1511,1513,1515,1517,1519,1522],{"class":949,"line":1502},16,[947,1504,1505],{"class":979},"    check",[947,1507,1102],{"class":957},[947,1509,1510],{"class":999},"a",[947,1512,1096],{"class":957},[947,1514,1099],{"class":979},[947,1516,1102],{"class":957},[947,1518,1016],{"class":1015},[947,1520,1521],{"class":957},"));",[947,1523,1524],{"class":968}," \u002F\u002F 插入失败\n",[947,1526,1528,1530,1532,1534,1536,1538,1540,1542,1544],{"class":949,"line":1527},17,[947,1529,1505],{"class":979},[947,1531,1102],{"class":957},[947,1533,1510],{"class":999},[947,1535,1096],{"class":957},[947,1537,1099],{"class":979},[947,1539,1102],{"class":957},[947,1541,1105],{"class":1015},[947,1543,1521],{"class":957},[947,1545,1546],{"class":968}," \u002F\u002F 插入成功\n",[947,1548,1550],{"class":949,"line":1549},18,[947,1551,1036],{"class":957},[923,1553,1554,1555,1558,1559,1562,1563,1565],{},"相比插入，用于删除的 ",[919,1556,1557],{},"erase"," 成员函数则简单很多。嗯，直接删就行，它返回 ",[919,1560,1561],{},"0"," 或者 ",[919,1564,1016],{}," 表明删除了多少个元素。",[938,1567,1569],{"className":940,"code":1568,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Cset>\nint main() {\n    std::set a{1, 2, 3};\n    a.erase(2); \u002F\u002F 删除 2 这个元素\n    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {1, 3}\n}\n",[919,1570,1571,1581,1591,1613,1631,1636],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1572,1573,1575,1577,1579],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1574,954],{"class":953},[947,1576,958],{"class":957},[947,1578,962],{"class":961},[947,1580,1055],{"class":957},[947,1582,1583,1585,1587,1589],{"class":949,"line":972},[947,1584,976],{"class":975},[947,1586,980],{"class":979},[947,1588,983],{"class":957},[947,1590,986],{"class":957},[947,1592,1593,1595,1597,1599,1601,1603,1605,1607,1609,1611],{"class":949,"line":989},[947,1594,993],{"class":992},[947,1596,996],{"class":957},[947,1598,1074],{"class":999},[947,1600,1012],{"class":957},[947,1602,1016],{"class":1015},[947,1604,1019],{"class":957},[947,1606,1022],{"class":1015},[947,1608,1019],{"class":957},[947,1610,1027],{"class":1015},[947,1612,1030],{"class":957},[947,1614,1615,1617,1619,1621,1623,1626,1628],{"class":949,"line":1033},[947,1616,1093],{"class":999},[947,1618,1096],{"class":957},[947,1620,1557],{"class":979},[947,1622,1102],{"class":957},[947,1624,1625],{"class":1015},"2",[947,1627,1108],{"class":957},[947,1629,1630],{"class":968}," \u002F\u002F 删除 2 这个元素\n",[947,1632,1633],{"class":949,"line":1114},[947,1634,1635],{"class":968},"    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {1, 3}\n",[947,1637,1638],{"class":949,"line":1335},[947,1639,1036],{"class":957},[923,1641,1642,1643,1646],{},"关联容器还有比较特别的一点：尽管关联容器内的元素没有可控制的顺序，但它查找某个元素的速度非常快。因此，关联容器提供了一个 ",[919,1644,1645],{},"find"," 成员函数来专门做查找：",[938,1648,1650],{"className":940,"code":1649,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"iterator find(const T& val);\n",[919,1651,1652],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1653,1654,1656,1659,1661,1664,1666,1669,1672],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1655,1136],{"class":992},[947,1657,1658],{"class":979}," find",[947,1660,1102],{"class":957},[947,1662,1663],{"class":975},"const",[947,1665,1162],{"class":992},[947,1667,1668],{"class":975},"&",[947,1670,1671],{"class":1326}," val",[947,1673,1674],{"class":957},");\n",[923,1676,1677,1679,1680,1683,1684,1686],{},[919,1678,1645],{}," 成员函数以要查找的值作为参数，返回一个迭代器。如果查找到这个元素，则返回指向它的迭代器，否则返回 ",[919,1681,1682],{},"end()"," 迭代器。所以你可以用这个函数来确认一个 ",[919,1685,921],{}," 是否包含某个元素：",[938,1688,1690],{"className":940,"code":1689,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Cset>\n#include \u003Ciostream>\nint main() {\n    std::set a{1, 2, 3};\n    int x;\n    std::cin >> x;\n    if (a.find(x) == a.end()) {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C x \u003C\u003C \" isn't in a\"\u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    } else {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C x \u003C\u003C \" is in a\" \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    }\n}\n",[919,1691,1692,1702,1712,1722,1744,1754,1770,1804,1836,1844,1875,1879],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1693,1694,1696,1698,1700],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1695,954],{"class":953},[947,1697,958],{"class":957},[947,1699,962],{"class":961},[947,1701,1055],{"class":957},[947,1703,1704,1706,1708,1710],{"class":949,"line":972},[947,1705,954],{"class":953},[947,1707,958],{"class":957},[947,1709,1259],{"class":961},[947,1711,1055],{"class":957},[947,1713,1714,1716,1718,1720],{"class":949,"line":989},[947,1715,976],{"class":975},[947,1717,980],{"class":979},[947,1719,983],{"class":957},[947,1721,986],{"class":957},[947,1723,1724,1726,1728,1730,1732,1734,1736,1738,1740,1742],{"class":949,"line":1033},[947,1725,993],{"class":992},[947,1727,996],{"class":957},[947,1729,1074],{"class":999},[947,1731,1012],{"class":957},[947,1733,1016],{"class":1015},[947,1735,1019],{"class":957},[947,1737,1022],{"class":1015},[947,1739,1019],{"class":957},[947,1741,1027],{"class":1015},[947,1743,1030],{"class":957},[947,1745,1746,1749,1752],{"class":949,"line":1114},[947,1747,1748],{"class":975},"    int",[947,1750,1751],{"class":999}," x",[947,1753,1191],{"class":957},[947,1755,1756,1758,1760,1763,1766,1768],{"class":949,"line":1335},[947,1757,993],{"class":992},[947,1759,996],{"class":957},[947,1761,1762],{"class":999},"cin ",[947,1764,1765],{"class":957},">>",[947,1767,1751],{"class":999},[947,1769,1191],{"class":957},[947,1771,1772,1774,1776,1778,1780,1782,1784,1787,1789,1792,1794,1796,1799,1802],{"class":949,"line":1341},[947,1773,1344],{"class":953},[947,1775,1347],{"class":957},[947,1777,1510],{"class":999},[947,1779,1096],{"class":957},[947,1781,1645],{"class":979},[947,1783,1102],{"class":957},[947,1785,1786],{"class":999},"x",[947,1788,1330],{"class":957},[947,1790,1791],{"class":957}," ==",[947,1793,1009],{"class":999},[947,1795,1096],{"class":957},[947,1797,1798],{"class":979},"end",[947,1800,1801],{"class":957},"())",[947,1803,986],{"class":957},[947,1805,1806,1808,1810,1812,1814,1817,1819,1821,1824,1826,1828,1830,1832,1834],{"class":949,"line":1362},[947,1807,1371],{"class":992},[947,1809,996],{"class":957},[947,1811,1376],{"class":1187},[947,1813,1379],{"class":957},[947,1815,1816],{"class":1187}," x ",[947,1818,1379],{"class":957},[947,1820,1382],{"class":957},[947,1822,1823],{"class":961}," isn't in a",[947,1825,1388],{"class":957},[947,1827,1379],{"class":957},[947,1829,1408],{"class":992},[947,1831,996],{"class":957},[947,1833,1413],{"class":1187},[947,1835,1191],{"class":957},[947,1837,1838,1840,1842],{"class":949,"line":1368},[947,1839,1421],{"class":957},[947,1841,1424],{"class":953},[947,1843,986],{"class":957},[947,1845,1846,1848,1850,1852,1854,1856,1858,1860,1863,1865,1867,1869,1871,1873],{"class":949,"line":1418},[947,1847,1371],{"class":992},[947,1849,996],{"class":957},[947,1851,1376],{"class":1187},[947,1853,1379],{"class":957},[947,1855,1816],{"class":1187},[947,1857,1379],{"class":957},[947,1859,1382],{"class":957},[947,1861,1862],{"class":961}," is in a",[947,1864,1388],{"class":957},[947,1866,1391],{"class":957},[947,1868,1408],{"class":992},[947,1870,996],{"class":957},[947,1872,1413],{"class":1187},[947,1874,1191],{"class":957},[947,1876,1877],{"class":949,"line":1429},[947,1878,1460],{"class":957},[947,1880,1881],{"class":949,"line":1457},[947,1882,1036],{"class":957},[923,1884,1885,1887],{},[919,1886,921],{}," 的迭代器是前向迭代器。这也就意味着它的作用并不大。基本上，除了查找和删除外，我们只用它来遍历其中的元素。而遍历则可通过简单的范围 for 来帮我们做，代码跟之前顺序容器的遍历是一样的；但需要注意关联容器没有顺序，所以输出元素的顺序是不可控制的。此外，迭代器总是指向只读版本的元素，也就是不允许通过迭代器来修改元素的值（否则这会破坏整个数据结构）。",[938,1889,1891],{"className":940,"code":1890,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Cset>\n#include \u003Ciostream>\nint main() {\n    std::set a{1, 2, 3};\n    \u002F\u002F 要么用 int，要么用 const int&\n    \u002F\u002F 用 int& 是编译错误：不能修改元素\n    for (const int& i : a) {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C i \u003C\u003C \" \";\n    }\n}\n",[919,1892,1893,1903,1913,1923,1945,1950,1955,1981,2001,2005],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,1894,1895,1897,1899,1901],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,1896,954],{"class":953},[947,1898,958],{"class":957},[947,1900,962],{"class":961},[947,1902,1055],{"class":957},[947,1904,1905,1907,1909,1911],{"class":949,"line":972},[947,1906,954],{"class":953},[947,1908,958],{"class":957},[947,1910,1259],{"class":961},[947,1912,1055],{"class":957},[947,1914,1915,1917,1919,1921],{"class":949,"line":989},[947,1916,976],{"class":975},[947,1918,980],{"class":979},[947,1920,983],{"class":957},[947,1922,986],{"class":957},[947,1924,1925,1927,1929,1931,1933,1935,1937,1939,1941,1943],{"class":949,"line":1033},[947,1926,993],{"class":992},[947,1928,996],{"class":957},[947,1930,1074],{"class":999},[947,1932,1012],{"class":957},[947,1934,1016],{"class":1015},[947,1936,1019],{"class":957},[947,1938,1022],{"class":1015},[947,1940,1019],{"class":957},[947,1942,1027],{"class":1015},[947,1944,1030],{"class":957},[947,1946,1947],{"class":949,"line":1114},[947,1948,1949],{"class":968},"    \u002F\u002F 要么用 int，要么用 const int&\n",[947,1951,1952],{"class":949,"line":1335},[947,1953,1954],{"class":968},"    \u002F\u002F 用 int& 是编译错误：不能修改元素\n",[947,1956,1957,1960,1962,1964,1967,1969,1972,1975,1977,1979],{"class":949,"line":1341},[947,1958,1959],{"class":953},"    for",[947,1961,1347],{"class":957},[947,1963,1663],{"class":975},[947,1965,1966],{"class":975}," int",[947,1968,1668],{"class":957},[947,1970,1971],{"class":999}," i ",[947,1973,1974],{"class":957},":",[947,1976,1009],{"class":999},[947,1978,1330],{"class":957},[947,1980,986],{"class":957},[947,1982,1983,1985,1987,1989,1991,1993,1995,1997,1999],{"class":949,"line":1362},[947,1984,1371],{"class":992},[947,1986,996],{"class":957},[947,1988,1376],{"class":1187},[947,1990,1379],{"class":957},[947,1992,1971],{"class":1187},[947,1994,1379],{"class":957},[947,1996,1382],{"class":957},[947,1998,1382],{"class":957},[947,2000,1191],{"class":957},[947,2002,2003],{"class":949,"line":1368},[947,2004,1460],{"class":957},[947,2006,2007],{"class":949,"line":1418},[947,2008,1036],{"class":957},[923,2010,2011,2013,2014,2017,2018,2020,2021,2023],{},[919,2012,921],{}," 还有一个变种是 ",[919,2015,2016],{},"std::multiset","。从字面意思上就可看出，它模拟了“多重集”这一数学概念，指集合中同一元素可以多次出现。放开了这个口子之后，",[919,2019,1099],{}," 成员函数也就不那么复杂了。对于 ",[919,2022,2016],{}," 来说，它典型的增删成员函数是这样的：",[938,2025,2027],{"className":940,"code":2026,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"iterator insert(const T& val);\nunsigned erase(const T& val);\n\niterator erase(iterator pos);\n",[919,2028,2029,2048,2068,2074],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,2030,2031,2033,2036,2038,2040,2042,2044,2046],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,2032,1136],{"class":992},[947,2034,2035],{"class":979}," insert",[947,2037,1102],{"class":957},[947,2039,1663],{"class":975},[947,2041,1162],{"class":992},[947,2043,1668],{"class":975},[947,2045,1671],{"class":1326},[947,2047,1674],{"class":957},[947,2049,2050,2053,2056,2058,2060,2062,2064,2066],{"class":949,"line":972},[947,2051,2052],{"class":975},"unsigned",[947,2054,2055],{"class":979}," erase",[947,2057,1102],{"class":957},[947,2059,1663],{"class":975},[947,2061,1162],{"class":992},[947,2063,1668],{"class":975},[947,2065,1671],{"class":1326},[947,2067,1674],{"class":957},[947,2069,2070],{"class":949,"line":989},[947,2071,2073],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2072},true,"\n",[947,2075,2076,2078,2080,2082,2084,2087],{"class":949,"line":1033},[947,2077,1136],{"class":992},[947,2079,2055],{"class":979},[947,2081,1102],{"class":957},[947,2083,1136],{"class":992},[947,2085,2086],{"class":1326}," pos",[947,2088,1674],{"class":957},[2090,2091,2092],"blockquote",{},[923,2093,2094,2095,2098,2099,2102,2103,2105,2106,2108],{},"准确说第二个成员函数的返回值类型应当是 ",[919,2096,2097],{},"size_t","，是模板内部的一个无符号整数类型的别名，一般等于 ",[919,2100,2101],{},"std::size_t","。",[919,2104,921],{}," 也拥有最后一种形式的 ",[919,2107,1557],{}," 重载，但用起来肯定没之前说的那种方便。",[923,2110,2111,2112,2114,2115,2117,2118,2120,2121,2124,2125,2127,2128,2130],{},"第一个 ",[919,2113,1099],{}," 成员函数不再返回什么什么 ",[919,2116,1132],{},"，而是只返回迭代器——因为不可能发生插入失败的情形。而第二个 ",[919,2119,1557],{}," 成员函数则从容器中删除所有值为 ",[919,2122,2123],{},"val"," 的元素，返回值为一共删除了多少个。所以如果只删除其中一个，则需要用到最后一个 ",[919,2126,1557],{}," 的重载形式——这个形式接受一个迭代器作为参数。调用它时，程序将把这个迭代器所指向的那个元素删除。一般在使用的时候，会首先调用 ",[919,2129,1645],{}," 成员函数找到你想要删的元素，然后传进去。",[938,2132,2134],{"className":940,"code":2133,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Cset>\nint main() {\n    \u002F\u002F 多重集允许重复元素\n    std::multiset a{1, 2, 2, 3};\n    \u002F\u002F 找到指向其中一个 2 的迭代器\n    auto result{a.find(2)};\n    if (result != a.end()) {\n        \u002F\u002F 删除它\n        a.erase(result);\n    }\n    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {1, 2, 3}\n}\n",[919,2135,2136,2146,2156,2161,2188,2193,2216,2238,2243,2259,2263,2268],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,2137,2138,2140,2142,2144],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,2139,954],{"class":953},[947,2141,958],{"class":957},[947,2143,962],{"class":961},[947,2145,1055],{"class":957},[947,2147,2148,2150,2152,2154],{"class":949,"line":972},[947,2149,976],{"class":975},[947,2151,980],{"class":979},[947,2153,983],{"class":957},[947,2155,986],{"class":957},[947,2157,2158],{"class":949,"line":989},[947,2159,2160],{"class":968},"    \u002F\u002F 多重集允许重复元素\n",[947,2162,2163,2165,2167,2170,2172,2174,2176,2178,2180,2182,2184,2186],{"class":949,"line":1033},[947,2164,993],{"class":992},[947,2166,996],{"class":957},[947,2168,2169],{"class":999},"multiset a",[947,2171,1012],{"class":957},[947,2173,1016],{"class":1015},[947,2175,1019],{"class":957},[947,2177,1022],{"class":1015},[947,2179,1019],{"class":957},[947,2181,1022],{"class":1015},[947,2183,1019],{"class":957},[947,2185,1027],{"class":1015},[947,2187,1030],{"class":957},[947,2189,2190],{"class":949,"line":1114},[947,2191,2192],{"class":968},"    \u002F\u002F 找到指向其中一个 2 的迭代器\n",[947,2194,2195,2198,2201,2203,2205,2207,2209,2211,2213],{"class":949,"line":1335},[947,2196,2197],{"class":975},"    auto",[947,2199,2200],{"class":999}," result",[947,2202,1012],{"class":957},[947,2204,1510],{"class":999},[947,2206,1096],{"class":957},[947,2208,1645],{"class":979},[947,2210,1102],{"class":957},[947,2212,1625],{"class":1015},[947,2214,2215],{"class":957},")};\n",[947,2217,2218,2220,2222,2225,2228,2230,2232,2234,2236],{"class":949,"line":1341},[947,2219,1344],{"class":953},[947,2221,1347],{"class":957},[947,2223,2224],{"class":999},"result ",[947,2226,2227],{"class":957},"!=",[947,2229,1009],{"class":999},[947,2231,1096],{"class":957},[947,2233,1798],{"class":979},[947,2235,1801],{"class":957},[947,2237,986],{"class":957},[947,2239,2240],{"class":949,"line":1362},[947,2241,2242],{"class":968},"        \u002F\u002F 删除它\n",[947,2244,2245,2248,2250,2252,2254,2257],{"class":949,"line":1368},[947,2246,2247],{"class":999},"        a",[947,2249,1096],{"class":957},[947,2251,1557],{"class":979},[947,2253,1102],{"class":957},[947,2255,2256],{"class":1187},"result",[947,2258,1674],{"class":957},[947,2260,2261],{"class":949,"line":1418},[947,2262,1460],{"class":957},[947,2264,2265],{"class":949,"line":1429},[947,2266,2267],{"class":968},"    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {1, 2, 3}\n",[947,2269,2270],{"class":949,"line":1457},[947,2271,1036],{"class":957},[923,2273,2274],{},"科普一个小知识点：if 语句还有一种带初始语句的形式（类似 for 语句的第一个分号一样），所以上面的代码可以进一步简化：",[938,2276,2278],{"className":940,"code":2277,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Cset>\nint main() {\n    std::multiset a{1, 2, 2, 3};\n    \u002F\u002F 带初始语句的 if\n    if (auto result{a.find(2)}; result != a.end()) {\n        a.erase(result);\n    }\n}\n",[919,2279,2280,2290,2300,2326,2331,2374,2388,2392],{"__ignoreMap":943},[947,2281,2282,2284,2286,2288],{"class":949,"line":950},[947,2283,954],{"class":953},[947,2285,958],{"class":957},[947,2287,962],{"class":961},[947,2289,1055],{"class":957},[947,2291,2292,2294,2296,2298],{"class":949,"line":972},[947,2293,976],{"class":975},[947,2295,980],{"class":979},[947,2297,983],{"class":957},[947,2299,986],{"class":957},[947,2301,2302,2304,2306,2308,2310,2312,2314,2316,2318,2320,2322,2324],{"class":949,"line":989},[947,2303,993],{"class":992},[947,2305,996],{"class":957},[947,2307,2169],{"class":999},[947,2309,1012],{"class":957},[947,2311,1016],{"class":1015},[947,2313,1019],{"class":957},[947,2315,1022],{"class":1015},[947,2317,1019],{"class":957},[947,2319,1022],{"class":1015},[947,2321,1019],{"class":957},[947,2323,1027],{"class":1015},[947,2325,1030],{"class":957},[947,2327,2328],{"class":949,"line":1033},[947,2329,2330],{"class":968},"    \u002F\u002F 带初始语句的 if\n",[947,2332,2333,2335,2337,2340,2343,2345,2347,2349,2351,2353,2356,2359,2362,2364,2366,2368,2370,2372],{"class":949,"line":1114},[947,2334,1344],{"class":953},[947,2336,1347],{"class":957},[947,2338,2339],{"class":975},"auto",[947,2341,2342],{"class":999}," result{a",[947,2344,1096],{"class":957},[947,2346,1645],{"class":979},[947,2348,1102],{"class":957},[947,2350,1625],{"class":1015},[947,2352,1330],{"class":957},[947,2354,2355],{"class":999},"}",[947,2357,2358],{"class":957},";",[947,2360,2361],{"class":999}," result 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