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4}\n",[991,1123,1125,1127,1129,1131,1134],{"class":993,"line":1124},7,[991,1126,1103],{"class":1063},[991,1128,1106],{"class":1001},[991,1130,979],{"class":1043},[991,1132,1133],{"class":1001},"();",[991,1135,1136],{"class":1025},"   \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {2, 3, 4}\n",[991,1138,1140,1142,1144,1147,1149],{"class":993,"line":1139},8,[991,1141,1103],{"class":1063},[991,1143,1106],{"class":1001},[991,1145,1146],{"class":1043},"pop_back",[991,1148,1133],{"class":1001},[991,1150,1151],{"class":1025},"    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {2, 3}\n",[991,1153,1155,1157,1159,1161,1163,1165,1167],{"class":993,"line":1154},9,[991,1156,1103],{"class":1063},[991,1158,1106],{"class":1001},[991,1160,976],{"class":1043},[991,1162,1112],{"class":1001},[991,1164,939],{"class":1079},[991,1166,1118],{"class":1001},[991,1168,1169],{"class":1025}," \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {5, 2, 3}\n",[991,1171,1173,1176,1179,1181,1184,1187,1190,1193,1196,1198,1200,1202,1205,1207,1210,1213],{"class":993,"line":1172},10,[991,1174,1175],{"class":997},"    for",[991,1177,1178],{"class":1001}," (",[991,1180,1040],{"class":1039},[991,1182,1183],{"class":1063}," i{",[991,1185,1186],{"class":1079},"0",[991,1188,1189],{"class":1063},"}",[991,1191,1192],{"class":1001},";",[991,1194,1195],{"class":1063}," i ",[991,1197,1066],{"class":1001},[991,1199,1073],{"class":1063},[991,1201,1106],{"class":1001},[991,1203,1204],{"class":1043},"size",[991,1206,1133],{"class":1001},[991,1208,1209],{"class":1063}," i",[991,1211,1212],{"class":1001},"++)",[991,1214,1050],{"class":1001},[991,1216,1218,1221,1223,1227,1230,1232,1235,1238,1241,1244,1247,1249,1251],{"class":993,"line":1217},11,[991,1219,1220],{"class":1056},"        std",[991,1222,1060],{"class":1001},[991,1224,1226],{"class":1225},"swJcz","cout ",[991,1228,1229],{"class":1001},"\u003C\u003C",[991,1231,1073],{"class":1063},[991,1233,1234],{"class":1001},"[",[991,1236,1237],{"class":1225},"i",[991,1239,1240],{"class":1001},"]",[991,1242,1243],{"class":1001}," \u003C\u003C",[991,1245,1246],{"class":1001}," \"",[991,1248,1246],{"class":1001},[991,1250,1192],{"class":1001},[991,1252,1253],{"class":1025}," \u002F\u002F 遍历 std::deque\n",[991,1255,1257],{"class":993,"line":1256},12,[991,1258,1259],{"class":1001},"    }\n",[991,1261,1263],{"class":993,"line":1262},13,[991,1264,1265],{"class":1001},"}\n",[918,1267,1268,1269,1271,1272,967,1274,1276,1277,1279,1280,1282,1283,1285],{},"STL 拥有这样的特性：成员函数所需的开销都不会太大。这也就意味着，",[921,1270,962],{}," 的 ",[921,1273,976],{},[921,1275,979],{}," 并没有太多的时间开销。确实如此，",[921,1278,962],{}," 在头部增删和在尾部增删都不需要太多时间。（相比之下，",[921,1281,923],{}," 在尾部增删很快，但头部增删就有些慢。所以 ",[921,1284,923],{}," 没有提供在头部增删的成员函数。）",[918,1287,1288,1289,1291,1292,1294,1295,1298,1299,949],{},"但凡事都是有代价的，",[921,1290,962],{}," 虽然提供了更方便的增删操作，但它不保证元素在内存中都是连续存放着的。这也意味着，",[921,1293,962],{}," 的元素访问（即 ",[921,1296,1297],{},"operator[]","）会稍慢于 ",[921,1300,923],{},[1302,1303,1304],"blockquote",{},[918,1305,1306,1308,1309,1311,1312,1314],{},[921,1307,962],{}," 名字源于数据结构“双端队列（Double-Ended QUEue，DEQUE，音 deck）”。（相比较，",[921,1310,923],{}," 的命名非常随意：",[921,1313,923],{}," 并不是数学上向量（物理称矢量，vector）的含义。）",[957,1316,1318],{"id":1317},"stdarray",[921,1319,1320],{},"std::array",[918,1322,1323,1324,1326],{},"此外，最简单的顺序容器就是完全模仿数组的 ",[921,1325,1320],{},"。所谓完全模仿数组，就是它和数组拥有一些相同的特点：",[1328,1329,1330,1334,1337,1343],"ul",{},[1331,1332,1333],"li",{},"语义上是若干个相同类型元素的集合；",[1331,1335,1336],{},"元素个数是不可变的常量；",[1331,1338,1339,1340,1342],{},"元素的存储总是连续的（和 ",[921,1341,923],{}," 一样）；",[1331,1344,1345,1346,1348],{},"可通过 ",[921,1347,1297],{}," 访问其元素，且不检查越界；",[918,1350,1351,1353],{},[921,1352,1320],{}," 是一个类模板，接受两个模板参数：第一个是元素类型，第二个是非类型参数——元素个数。请看下例：",[982,1355,1357],{"className":984,"code":1356,"language":986,"meta":987,"style":987},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Carray> \u002F\u002F std::array 定义于 \u003Carray> 头文件\nint main() {\n    std::array\u003Cint, 5> a{}; \u002F\u002F 类似 int a[5]{};\n    std::array c{2.7, 3.1}; \u002F\u002F 可省略实参，推导为 double, 2\n    for (int i{0}; i \u003C 5; i++) {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C a[i] \u003C\u003C \" \"; \u002F\u002F 遍历 std::array\n    }\n}\n",[921,1358,1359,1369,1383,1393,1420,1444,1474,1503,1507],{"__ignoreMap":987},[991,1360,1361,1363,1365,1367],{"class":993,"line":994},[991,1362,998],{"class":997},[991,1364,1002],{"class":1001},[991,1366,1006],{"class":1005},[991,1368,1009],{"class":1001},[991,1370,1371,1373,1375,1378,1380],{"class":993,"line":1012},[991,1372,998],{"class":997},[991,1374,1002],{"class":1001},[991,1376,1377],{"class":1005},"array",[991,1379,1022],{"class":1001},[991,1381,1382],{"class":1025}," \u002F\u002F std::array 定义于 \u003Carray> 头文件\n",[991,1384,1385,1387,1389,1391],{"class":993,"line":1029},[991,1386,1040],{"class":1039},[991,1388,1044],{"class":1043},[991,1390,1047],{"class":1001},[991,1392,1050],{"class":1001},[991,1394,1395,1397,1399,1401,1403,1405,1407,1410,1412,1414,1417],{"class":993,"line":1036},[991,1396,1057],{"class":1056},[991,1398,1060],{"class":1001},[991,1400,1377],{"class":1063},[991,1402,1066],{"class":1001},[991,1404,1040],{"class":1039},[991,1406,1083],{"class":1001},[991,1408,1409],{"class":1079}," 5",[991,1411,1022],{"class":1001},[991,1413,1073],{"class":1063},[991,1415,1416],{"class":1001},"{};",[991,1418,1419],{"class":1025}," \u002F\u002F 类似 int a[5]{};\n",[991,1421,1422,1424,1426,1429,1431,1434,1436,1439,1441],{"class":993,"line":1053},[991,1423,1057],{"class":1056},[991,1425,1060],{"class":1001},[991,1427,1428],{"class":1063},"array c",[991,1430,1076],{"class":1001},[991,1432,1433],{"class":1079},"2.7",[991,1435,1083],{"class":1001},[991,1437,1438],{"class":1079}," 3.1",[991,1440,1094],{"class":1001},[991,1442,1443],{"class":1025}," \u002F\u002F 可省略实参，推导为 double, 2\n",[991,1445,1446,1448,1450,1452,1454,1456,1458,1460,1462,1464,1466,1468,1470,1472],{"class":993,"line":1100},[991,1447,1175],{"class":997},[991,1449,1178],{"class":1001},[991,1451,1040],{"class":1039},[991,1453,1183],{"class":1063},[991,1455,1186],{"class":1079},[991,1457,1189],{"class":1063},[991,1459,1192],{"class":1001},[991,1461,1195],{"class":1063},[991,1463,1066],{"class":1001},[991,1465,1409],{"class":1079},[991,1467,1192],{"class":1001},[991,1469,1209],{"class":1063},[991,1471,1212],{"class":1001},[991,1473,1050],{"class":1001},[991,1475,1476,1478,1480,1482,1484,1486,1488,1490,1492,1494,1496,1498,1500],{"class":993,"line":1124},[991,1477,1220],{"class":1056},[991,1479,1060],{"class":1001},[991,1481,1226],{"class":1225},[991,1483,1229],{"class":1001},[991,1485,1073],{"class":1063},[991,1487,1234],{"class":1001},[991,1489,1237],{"class":1225},[991,1491,1240],{"class":1001},[991,1493,1243],{"class":1001},[991,1495,1246],{"class":1001},[991,1497,1246],{"class":1001},[991,1499,1192],{"class":1001},[991,1501,1502],{"class":1025}," \u002F\u002F 遍历 std::array\n",[991,1504,1505],{"class":993,"line":1139},[991,1506,1259],{"class":1001},[991,1508,1509],{"class":993,"line":1154},[991,1510,1265],{"class":1001},[918,1512,1513,1514,1516],{},"但 ",[921,1515,1320],{}," 解决了一些数组的问题：",[1328,1518,1519,1522,1525],{},[1331,1520,1521],{},"允许赋值；（数组不允许）",[1331,1523,1524],{},"不会隐式转换到指针；（数组几乎总是发生转换）",[1331,1526,1527],{},"可以作为函数参数和返回值；（数组作为参数会转换，不能作为返回值）",[918,1529,1530,1532,1533,1535,1536,1538,1539,1541,1542,1541,1545,1548],{},[921,1531,1320],{}," 基本就是长度固定的 ",[921,1534,923],{},"。所以它提供了大量和 ",[921,1537,923],{}," 相同的成员函数，比如 ",[921,1540,1204],{},"，",[921,1543,1544],{},"back",[921,1546,1547],{},"front"," 以及比较运算符重载等。",[957,1550,1552],{"id":1551},"stdforward_list",[921,1553,1554],{},"std::forward_list",[918,1556,1557,1558,1562,1563,1565],{},"我们在",[1559,1560,1561],"a",{"href":341},"第四章的一节","中罕见地介绍了一种数据结构，叫做链表。而 ",[921,1564,1554],{}," 就是 C++ 对链表的实现。",[918,1567,1568,1570],{},[921,1569,1554],{}," 作为类模板接受一个类型模板参数作为其每个节点存放的数据类型。",[982,1572,1574],{"className":984,"code":1573,"language":986,"meta":987,"style":987},"\u002F\u002F std::forward_list 定义于 \u003Cforward_list>\n#include \u003Cforward_list>\nstd::forward_list\u003Cint> a;\n",[921,1575,1576,1581,1592],{"__ignoreMap":987},[991,1577,1578],{"class":993,"line":994},[991,1579,1580],{"class":1025},"\u002F\u002F std::forward_list 定义于 \u003Cforward_list>\n",[991,1582,1583,1585,1587,1590],{"class":993,"line":1012},[991,1584,998],{"class":997},[991,1586,1002],{"class":1001},[991,1588,1589],{"class":1005},"forward_list",[991,1591,1009],{"class":1001},[991,1593,1594,1597,1599,1601,1603,1605,1607,1609],{"class":993,"line":1029},[991,1595,1596],{"class":1056},"std",[991,1598,1060],{"class":1001},[991,1600,1589],{"class":1063},[991,1602,1066],{"class":1001},[991,1604,1040],{"class":1039},[991,1606,1022],{"class":1001},[991,1608,1073],{"class":1063},[991,1610,1611],{"class":1001},";\n",[918,1613,1614,1615,1618,1619,1621,1622,1624,1625,1627],{},"根据链表的形式，很显然我们做不到在很短的时间内访问其中某个元素。比如当访问第 i 个元素时，我需要进行 i 次对“",[921,1616,1617],{},"next","”指针的解地址操作才可以。正如刚才所说的，STL 不会为消耗时间长的操作提供成员函数，因此 ",[921,1620,1554],{}," 没有一个 ",[921,1623,1297],{}," 来访问其中某一个元素。所以在不讲迭代器的情况下 ",[921,1626,1554],{}," 基本没什么用处……不过不用担心，我们马上就到迭代器章节，此后会详细展开其使用方法。",[957,1629,1631],{"id":1630},"stdlist",[921,1632,1633],{},"std::list",[918,1635,1636,1638],{},[921,1637,1633],{}," 也是链表，但它是双向链表。所谓双向链表就是每个节点拥有类似这样的定义：",[982,1640,1642],{"className":984,"code":1641,"language":986,"meta":987,"style":987},"struct Node {\n    Node* prev;\n    int data;\n    Node* next;\n};\n",[921,1643,1644,1654,1667,1677,1688],{"__ignoreMap":987},[991,1645,1646,1649,1652],{"class":993,"line":994},[991,1647,1648],{"class":1039},"struct",[991,1650,1651],{"class":1056}," Node",[991,1653,1050],{"class":1001},[991,1655,1656,1659,1662,1665],{"class":993,"line":1012},[991,1657,1658],{"class":1225},"    Node",[991,1660,1661],{"class":1001},"*",[991,1663,1664],{"class":1225}," prev",[991,1666,1611],{"class":1001},[991,1668,1669,1672,1675],{"class":993,"line":1029},[991,1670,1671],{"class":1039},"    int",[991,1673,1674],{"class":1225}," data",[991,1676,1611],{"class":1001},[991,1678,1679,1681,1683,1686],{"class":993,"line":1036},[991,1680,1658],{"class":1225},[991,1682,1661],{"class":1001},[991,1684,1685],{"class":1225}," next",[991,1687,1611],{"class":1001},[991,1689,1690],{"class":993,"line":1053},[991,1691,1692],{"class":1001},"};\n",[918,1694,1695,1696,1699,1700,1702,1703,1705,1706,1708,1709,1712],{},"其中，",[921,1697,1698],{},"prev"," 指向链表中的上一个节点，而 ",[921,1701,1617],{}," 和原来一样指向链表中的下一个节点。头结点的 ",[921,1704,1698],{}," 和尾节点的 ",[921,1707,1617],{}," 都为 ",[921,1710,1711],{},"nullptr","。最终，这些节点互相链接形成了这样的结构：",[1714,1715],"img",{"src":1716,"alt":1717},"\u002Fassets\u002FDoubly-linked-list.svg","Doubly Linked List",[918,1719,1720,1722,1723,1725],{},[921,1721,1633],{}," 的使用和 ",[921,1724,1554],{}," 基本一样，而且用起来更方便。但缺点就是，每个节点所需的容量变得更大了。",[918,1727,1728],{},"以上就是 STL 中提供的五个顺序容器了。接下来，我们就来揭开神秘的“迭代器”的面纱。",[1302,1730,1731,1744,1767],{},[918,1732,1733,1734,1736,1737,1740,1741,1743],{},"需要注意的是，在初始化器上，",[921,1735,1320],{}," 和其它四种的写法看似一样，但实质有很大不同。其它四种顺序容器都是通过调用带 ",[921,1738,1739],{},"std::initializer_list"," 的构造函数来初始化的，而 ",[921,1742,1320],{}," 则为了保证与原生数组的兼容，采用了聚合初始化。",[918,1745,1746,1747,1749,1750,1753,1754,1756,1757,1759,1760,1763,1764,1766],{},"更具体地讲，",[921,1748,1320],{}," 内只含有一个原生数组类型的 ",[921,1751,1752],{},"data"," 成员，且不定义任何构造函数。初始化器中的所有初始化值都是提供给 ",[921,1755,1752],{}," 的。因此，更普遍的 ",[921,1758,1320],{}," 初始化写法应当是 ",[921,1761,1762],{},"std::array\u003Cint, 3> a{{1, 2, 3}};","：注意双层大括号，里层大括号用来初始化 ",[921,1765,1752],{}," 成员。然而，C++14 引入了省略多余大括号的语法，从而只用单层大括号也是正确的。",[918,1768,1769,1770,1772,1773,1776,1777,1780,1781,1784,1785,1271,1787,1789,1790,1792,1793,1795,1796,1799,1800,1803,1804,1806],{},"然而单层大括号却造成了一个问题，就是使用多维的 ",[921,1771,1320],{},"。假设有 ",[921,1774,1775],{},"std::array\u003Cstd::array\u003Cint, 3>, 2>"," 这样一个类型，那么你不能用 ",[921,1778,1779],{},"{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}}"," 这种初始化器来初始化。如果这样写，编译器会用 ",[921,1782,1783],{},"{1, 2, 3}"," 初始化外层 ",[921,1786,1320],{},[921,1788,1752],{}," 成员，然后给出两个错误：",[921,1791,927],{}," 没有其它成员可以初始化，且 ",[921,1794,1080],{}," 也无法初始化具有 ",[921,1797,1798],{},"std::array\u003Cint, 3>"," 类型的元素。所以为了避免这种错误，你需要在每一层都使用双重大括号，比如 ",[921,1801,1802],{},"{{ {{1, 2, 3}}, {{4, 5, 6}} }}","。这也是 ",[921,1805,1320],{}," 最丑陋的地方了吧（而且使用双重大括号时是不能用 CTAD 的）。",[1808,1809,1810],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html 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