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}\n",[948,1090,1092],{"class":950,"line":1091},8,[948,1093,1094],{"class":958},"}\n",[922,1096,1097,1098,1101,1102,1104,1105,1108,1109,1111],{},"我觉得这段代码不用做太多说明也应该能明白。在循环中引入了变量 ",[945,1099,1100],{},"i","，每一次执行循环体时，",[945,1103,1100],{}," 都等于 ",[945,1106,1107],{},"a"," 中一个元素的值，像这样最终把 ",[945,1110,1107],{}," 中所有的元素依次输出出来。这段代码看上去和我们的主题——迭代器——没有关系啊？其实不然，每一个范围 for 循环都会按照类似下面的模式展开为普通的 for 语句：",[929,1113,1114],{},[922,1115,1116],{},"\"{\"\n\"auto begin{\"容器\".begin()};\"\n\"auto end{\"容器\".end()};\"\n\"for (; begin != end; ++begin) {\"\n变量声明 \"{*begin};\"\n语句\n\"}\"\n\"}\"",[922,1118,1119,1120,1123],{},"看上去有点抽象，我们把刚才遍历 ",[945,1121,1122],{},"std::vector"," 的代码按照这个模式展开一下：",[938,1125,1127],{"className":940,"code":1126,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Cvector>\nint main() {\n    std::vector a{1, 2, 3};\n    auto begin{a.begin()};\n    auto end{a.end()};\n    for (; begin != end; begin++) {\n        int i{*begin};\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C i \u003C\u003C \" \";\n    }\n}\n",[945,1128,1129,1139,1149,1159,1181,1202,1220,1245,1260,1281,1286],{"__ignoreMap":943},[948,1130,1131,1133,1135,1137],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1132,955],{"class":954},[948,1134,959],{"class":958},[948,1136,963],{"class":962},[948,1138,966],{"class":958},[948,1140,1141,1143,1145,1147],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1142,955],{"class":954},[948,1144,959],{"class":958},[948,1146,976],{"class":962},[948,1148,966],{"class":958},[948,1150,1151,1153,1155,1157],{"class":950,"line":981},[948,1152,985],{"class":984},[948,1154,989],{"class":988},[948,1156,992],{"class":958},[948,1158,995],{"class":958},[948,1160,1161,1163,1165,1167,1169,1171,1173,1175,1177,1179],{"class":950,"line":998},[948,1162,1002],{"class":1001},[948,1164,1005],{"class":958},[948,1166,1009],{"class":1008},[948,1168,1012],{"class":958},[948,1170,1016],{"class":1015},[948,1172,1019],{"class":958},[948,1174,1022],{"class":1015},[948,1176,1019],{"class":958},[948,1178,1027],{"class":1015},[948,1180,1030],{"class":958},[948,1182,1183,1186,1189,1191,1193,1196,1199],{"class":950,"line":1033},[948,1184,1185],{"class":984},"    auto",[948,1187,1188],{"class":1008}," begin",[948,1190,1012],{"class":958},[948,1192,1107],{"class":1008},[948,1194,1195],{"class":958},".",[948,1197,1198],{"class":988},"begin",[948,1200,1201],{"class":958},"()};\n",[948,1203,1204,1206,1209,1211,1213,1215,1218],{"class":950,"line":1058},[948,1205,1185],{"class":984},[948,1207,1208],{"class":1008}," end",[948,1210,1012],{"class":958},[948,1212,1107],{"class":1008},[948,1214,1195],{"class":958},[948,1216,1217],{"class":988},"end",[948,1219,1201],{"class":958},[948,1221,1222,1224,1227,1230,1233,1235,1238,1240,1243],{"class":950,"line":1085},[948,1223,1036],{"class":954},[948,1225,1226],{"class":958}," (;",[948,1228,1229],{"class":1008}," begin ",[948,1231,1232],{"class":958},"!=",[948,1234,1208],{"class":1008},[948,1236,1237],{"class":958},";",[948,1239,1188],{"class":1008},[948,1241,1242],{"class":958},"++)",[948,1244,995],{"class":958},[948,1246,1247,1250,1253,1256,1258],{"class":950,"line":1091},[948,1248,1249],{"class":984},"        int",[948,1251,1252],{"class":1066}," i",[948,1254,1255],{"class":958},"{*",[948,1257,1198],{"class":1066},[948,1259,1030],{"class":958},[948,1261,1263,1265,1267,1269,1271,1273,1275,1277,1279],{"class":950,"line":1262},9,[948,1264,1061],{"class":1001},[948,1266,1005],{"class":958},[948,1268,1067],{"class":1066},[948,1270,1070],{"class":958},[948,1272,1044],{"class":1066},[948,1274,1070],{"class":958},[948,1276,1077],{"class":958},[948,1278,1077],{"class":958},[948,1280,1082],{"class":958},[948,1282,1284],{"class":950,"line":1283},10,[948,1285,1088],{"class":958},[948,1287,1289],{"class":950,"line":1288},11,[948,1290,1094],{"class":958},[922,1292,1293],{},"也就是说，每次使用范围 for 循环时，编译器都会自动将这种语法翻译为运用迭代器的一段普通的 for 语句，如同刚才代码所展现的那样。",[922,1295,1296,1297,1299,1300,1303],{},"在更多的情况下，我们可能需要更改容器 ",[945,1298,1107],{}," 的元素。这时，你需要将 ",[945,1301,1302],{},"@变量声明@"," 改为声明引用的形式。想一想，为什么？",[938,1305,1307],{"className":940,"code":1306,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Cvector>\nint main() {\n    std::vector a{1, 2, 3};\n    for (int& i : a) { \u002F\u002F 引用声明...\n        i *= 2; \u002F\u002F 可以修改 a 的元素\n    }\n    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {2, 4, 6}\n}\n",[945,1308,1309,1319,1329,1339,1361,1387,1402,1406,1411],{"__ignoreMap":943},[948,1310,1311,1313,1315,1317],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1312,955],{"class":954},[948,1314,959],{"class":958},[948,1316,963],{"class":962},[948,1318,966],{"class":958},[948,1320,1321,1323,1325,1327],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1322,955],{"class":954},[948,1324,959],{"class":958},[948,1326,976],{"class":962},[948,1328,966],{"class":958},[948,1330,1331,1333,1335,1337],{"class":950,"line":981},[948,1332,985],{"class":984},[948,1334,989],{"class":988},[948,1336,992],{"class":958},[948,1338,995],{"class":958},[948,1340,1341,1343,1345,1347,1349,1351,1353,1355,1357,1359],{"class":950,"line":998},[948,1342,1002],{"class":1001},[948,1344,1005],{"class":958},[948,1346,1009],{"class":1008},[948,1348,1012],{"class":958},[948,1350,1016],{"class":1015},[948,1352,1019],{"class":958},[948,1354,1022],{"class":1015},[948,1356,1019],{"class":958},[948,1358,1027],{"class":1015},[948,1360,1030],{"class":958},[948,1362,1363,1365,1367,1369,1372,1374,1376,1378,1380,1383],{"class":950,"line":1033},[948,1364,1036],{"class":954},[948,1366,1039],{"class":958},[948,1368,985],{"class":984},[948,1370,1371],{"class":958},"&",[948,1373,1044],{"class":1008},[948,1375,1047],{"class":958},[948,1377,1050],{"class":1008},[948,1379,1053],{"class":958},[948,1381,1382],{"class":958}," {",[948,1384,1386],{"class":1385},"sHwdD"," \u002F\u002F 引用声明...\n",[948,1388,1389,1392,1395,1397,1399],{"class":950,"line":1058},[948,1390,1391],{"class":1066},"        i ",[948,1393,1394],{"class":958},"*=",[948,1396,1022],{"class":1015},[948,1398,1237],{"class":958},[948,1400,1401],{"class":1385}," \u002F\u002F 可以修改 a 的元素\n",[948,1403,1404],{"class":950,"line":1085},[948,1405,1088],{"class":958},[948,1407,1408],{"class":950,"line":1091},[948,1409,1410],{"class":1385},"    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {2, 4, 6}\n",[948,1412,1413],{"class":950,"line":1262},[948,1414,1094],{"class":958},[922,1416,1417,1420,1421,1424,1425,1427,1428,1424,1431,1434,1435,1438],{},[945,1418,1419],{},"@容器@"," 可以是一个数组。这时，编译器展开范围 for 的规则略有改变，",[945,1422,1423],{},"@容器\".begin()\"@"," 改为 ",[945,1426,1419],{},"，而 ",[945,1429,1430],{},"@容器\".end()\"@",[945,1432,1433],{},"@容器 \"+ N\"@","，其中 ",[945,1436,1437],{},"N"," 是数组的大小。",[918,1440,1441],{"id":1441},"增删",[922,1443,1444,1445,1447],{},"我们之前提到过，",[945,1446,1122],{}," 可以方便地在尾部进行增删，在头部和中间增删需要用到迭代器。这是因为，所有 STL 容器的增删成员函数都是以这样的形式提供的：",[938,1449,1451],{"className":940,"code":1450,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const T& value);\niterator erase(const_iterator pos);\n",[945,1452,1453,1487],{"__ignoreMap":943},[948,1454,1455,1458,1461,1464,1467,1471,1473,1476,1479,1481,1484],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1456,1457],{"class":1001},"iterator",[948,1459,1460],{"class":988}," insert",[948,1462,1463],{"class":958},"(",[948,1465,1466],{"class":1001},"const_iterator",[948,1468,1470],{"class":1469},"sHdIc"," pos",[948,1472,1019],{"class":958},[948,1474,1475],{"class":984}," const",[948,1477,1478],{"class":1001}," T",[948,1480,1371],{"class":984},[948,1482,1483],{"class":1469}," value",[948,1485,1486],{"class":958},");\n",[948,1488,1489,1491,1494,1496,1498,1500],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1490,1457],{"class":1001},[948,1492,1493],{"class":988}," erase",[948,1495,1463],{"class":958},[948,1497,1466],{"class":1001},[948,1499,1470],{"class":1469},[948,1501,1486],{"class":958},[922,1503,1504,1505,1507,1508,1511,1512,1514,1515,1517],{},"（注：",[945,1506,1466],{}," 也是迭代器，但它是指向只读版本的，类似 ",[945,1509,1510],{},"const T*"," 类型的指针。提供从 ",[945,1513,1457],{}," 到 ",[945,1516,1466],{}," 的隐式转换。）",[922,1519,1520,1521,1524,1525,1527,1528,1531,1532,1535,1536,1540,1541,1543],{},"当需要在中间插入元素时，需要指明其插入的位置。而这个位置参数是通过迭代器参数 ",[945,1522,1523],{},"pos"," 来确定的。如果 ",[945,1526,1523],{}," 指向了第 n 个元素，那么调用 ",[945,1529,1530],{},"insert"," 成员函数之后，就会将 ",[945,1533,1534],{},"value"," 这个值插入在第 n 个元素",[1537,1538,1539],"strong",{},"之前","。",[945,1542,1530],{}," 的返回值是指向刚刚插入的元素的迭代器，没啥用。",[938,1545,1547],{"className":940,"code":1546,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Cvector>\nint main() {\n    std::vector a{2, 3};\n    \u002F\u002F 在首个元素 2 之前插入 1\n    a.insert(a.begin(), 1);\n    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {1, 2, 3}\n\n    \u002F\u002F 在中间插入\n    auto secondIt{a.begin() + 2};\n    a.insert(secondIt, 5);\n    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {1, 2, 5, 3}\n}\n",[945,1548,1549,1559,1569,1588,1593,1618,1623,1629,1634,1658,1678,1683],{"__ignoreMap":943},[948,1550,1551,1553,1555,1557],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1552,955],{"class":954},[948,1554,959],{"class":958},[948,1556,976],{"class":962},[948,1558,966],{"class":958},[948,1560,1561,1563,1565,1567],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1562,985],{"class":984},[948,1564,989],{"class":988},[948,1566,992],{"class":958},[948,1568,995],{"class":958},[948,1570,1571,1573,1575,1577,1579,1582,1584,1586],{"class":950,"line":981},[948,1572,1002],{"class":1001},[948,1574,1005],{"class":958},[948,1576,1009],{"class":1008},[948,1578,1012],{"class":958},[948,1580,1581],{"class":1015},"2",[948,1583,1019],{"class":958},[948,1585,1027],{"class":1015},[948,1587,1030],{"class":958},[948,1589,1590],{"class":950,"line":998},[948,1591,1592],{"class":1385},"    \u002F\u002F 在首个元素 2 之前插入 1\n",[948,1594,1595,1598,1600,1602,1604,1606,1608,1610,1613,1616],{"class":950,"line":1033},[948,1596,1597],{"class":1008},"    a",[948,1599,1195],{"class":958},[948,1601,1530],{"class":988},[948,1603,1463],{"class":958},[948,1605,1107],{"class":1008},[948,1607,1195],{"class":958},[948,1609,1198],{"class":988},[948,1611,1612],{"class":958},"(),",[948,1614,1615],{"class":1015}," 1",[948,1617,1486],{"class":958},[948,1619,1620],{"class":950,"line":1058},[948,1621,1622],{"class":1385},"    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {1, 2, 3}\n",[948,1624,1625],{"class":950,"line":1085},[948,1626,1628],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1627},true,"\n",[948,1630,1631],{"class":950,"line":1091},[948,1632,1633],{"class":1385},"    \u002F\u002F 在中间插入\n",[948,1635,1636,1638,1641,1643,1645,1647,1649,1651,1654,1656],{"class":950,"line":1262},[948,1637,1185],{"class":984},[948,1639,1640],{"class":1008}," secondIt",[948,1642,1012],{"class":958},[948,1644,1107],{"class":1008},[948,1646,1195],{"class":958},[948,1648,1198],{"class":988},[948,1650,992],{"class":958},[948,1652,1653],{"class":958}," +",[948,1655,1022],{"class":1015},[948,1657,1030],{"class":958},[948,1659,1660,1662,1664,1666,1668,1671,1673,1676],{"class":950,"line":1283},[948,1661,1597],{"class":1008},[948,1663,1195],{"class":958},[948,1665,1530],{"class":988},[948,1667,1463],{"class":958},[948,1669,1670],{"class":1008},"secondIt",[948,1672,1019],{"class":958},[948,1674,1675],{"class":1015}," 5",[948,1677,1486],{"class":958},[948,1679,1680],{"class":950,"line":1288},[948,1681,1682],{"class":1385},"    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {1, 2, 5, 3}\n",[948,1684,1686],{"class":950,"line":1685},12,[948,1687,1094],{"class":958},[922,1689,1690,1691,1693],{},"删除元素则相对简单一点，提供的参数 ",[945,1692,1523],{}," 是指向要被删除的元素的迭代器。它的返回值是指向被删除元素的下一元素的迭代器，也没啥用。",[938,1695,1697],{"className":940,"code":1696,"language":942,"meta":943,"style":943},"#include \u003Cvector>\nint main() {\n    std::vector a{1, 2, 3};\n    a.erase(a.begin()); \u002F\u002F 删除第一个元素\n    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {2, 3}\n}\n",[945,1698,1699,1709,1719,1741,1764,1769],{"__ignoreMap":943},[948,1700,1701,1703,1705,1707],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1702,955],{"class":954},[948,1704,959],{"class":958},[948,1706,976],{"class":962},[948,1708,966],{"class":958},[948,1710,1711,1713,1715,1717],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1712,985],{"class":984},[948,1714,989],{"class":988},[948,1716,992],{"class":958},[948,1718,995],{"class":958},[948,1720,1721,1723,1725,1727,1729,1731,1733,1735,1737,1739],{"class":950,"line":981},[948,1722,1002],{"class":1001},[948,1724,1005],{"class":958},[948,1726,1009],{"class":1008},[948,1728,1012],{"class":958},[948,1730,1016],{"class":1015},[948,1732,1019],{"class":958},[948,1734,1022],{"class":1015},[948,1736,1019],{"class":958},[948,1738,1027],{"class":1015},[948,1740,1030],{"class":958},[948,1742,1743,1745,1747,1750,1752,1754,1756,1758,1761],{"class":950,"line":998},[948,1744,1597],{"class":1008},[948,1746,1195],{"class":958},[948,1748,1749],{"class":988},"erase",[948,1751,1463],{"class":958},[948,1753,1107],{"class":1008},[948,1755,1195],{"class":958},[948,1757,1198],{"class":988},[948,1759,1760],{"class":958},"());",[948,1762,1763],{"class":1385}," \u002F\u002F 删除第一个元素\n",[948,1765,1766],{"class":950,"line":1033},[948,1767,1768],{"class":1385},"    \u002F\u002F 现在 a 是 {2, 3}\n",[948,1770,1771],{"class":950,"line":1058},[948,1772,1094],{"class":958},[922,1774,1775,1776,1779,1780,1783,1784,1786],{},"以 ",[945,1777,1778],{},"end()"," 为参数插入元素和调用 ",[945,1781,1782],{},"push_back"," 效果相同，而以 ",[945,1785,1778],{}," 为参数删除元素则导致未定义行为。",[922,1788,1789,1790,1540],{},"当插入或删除元素时，整个容器的构造可能发生改变；此时，原先的迭代器可能不再适用，变成了类似“野指针”一样的“野迭代器”。而范围 for 中用到的迭代器都是循环之前得到的，如果之后发生了增删则会导致它们不再合法：这告诫我们",[1537,1791,1792],{},"不要在范围 for 中增删元素",[1794,1795,1796],"blockquote",{},[922,1797,1798,1799,1802,1803,1806,1807,1809],{},"由于单向链表 ",[945,1800,1801],{},"std::forward_list"," 无法做到在某个位置之前插入节点，所以它以 ",[945,1804,1805],{},"insert_after"," 成员函数代替了 ",[945,1808,1530],{}," 成员函数，其效果是在某个位置之后插入元素。",[1811,1812,1813],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki 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