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top",[960,1102,1103],{"class":970},"{",[960,1105,1106],{"class":1012},"a",[960,1108,1040],{"class":970},[960,1110,1111],{"class":992},"top",[960,1113,1114],{"class":970},"()};",[960,1116,1117],{"class":981}," \u002F\u002F 3\n",[960,1119,1121,1123,1125,1128],{"class":962,"line":1120},10,[960,1122,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1124,1040],{"class":970},[960,1126,1127],{"class":992},"pop",[960,1129,1130],{"class":970},"();\n",[960,1132,1134,1137,1140,1142,1144,1146,1149],{"class":962,"line":1133},11,[960,1135,1136],{"class":1012},"    top ",[960,1138,1139],{"class":970},"=",[960,1141,1022],{"class":1012},[960,1143,1040],{"class":970},[960,1145,1111],{"class":992},[960,1147,1148],{"class":970},"();",[960,1150,1151],{"class":981},"    \u002F\u002F 2\n",[960,1153,1155],{"class":962,"line":1154},12,[960,1156,1157],{"class":981},"    \u002F\u002F 其它操作\n",[960,1159,1161,1163,1165,1168,1170],{"class":962,"line":1160},13,[960,1162,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1164,1040],{"class":970},[960,1166,1167],{"class":992},"empty",[960,1169,1148],{"class":970},[960,1171,1172],{"class":981}," \u002F\u002F 检查栈是否为空\n",[960,1174,1176,1178,1180,1183,1185],{"class":962,"line":1175},14,[960,1177,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1179,1040],{"class":970},[960,1181,1182],{"class":992},"size",[960,1184,1148],{"class":970},[960,1186,1187],{"class":981},"  \u002F\u002F 获取栈中元素个数\n",[960,1189,1191],{"class":962,"line":1190},15,[960,1192,1193],{"class":970},"}\n",[922,1195,1196],{"id":1196},"队列",[918,1198,1199,1200,1203],{},"队列（Queue），也是一种典型的数据结构。它可以存放一系列数据，但向其中增删也有称为“",[929,1201,1202],{},"先进先出","”（First-In First-Out）的限制：先进入队列的数据必须先离开队列。想象队列的场景也非常自然：比如排队买票。每个人代表队列中的数据，只有队首买到票的人才能离开队列，而新来的人必须排在队列的末尾。",[918,1205,1206],{},"向队列中添加元素也叫推入（Push），从队列中移除元素也叫弹出（Pop）。一般，队列中可以读取两个元素：可以弹出的队首（Front）元素和最后一个队尾（Back）元素。",[918,1208,1209,945,1212,949],{},[942,1210,1211],{},"std::queue",[942,1213,1214],{},"std::deque",[951,1216,1218],{"className":953,"code":1217,"language":955,"meta":956,"style":956},"#include \u003Cqueue> \u002F\u002F 定义于此\nint main() {\n    std::stack\u003Cint> a;\n    \u002F\u002F 推入\n    a.push(1);\n    a.push(2);\n    a.push(3);\n    \u002F\u002F 读取队首和队尾\n    int front{a.front()}; \u002F\u002F 1\n    int back{a.back()};   \u002F\u002F 3\n    \u002F\u002F 弹出\n    a.pop();\n    front = a.front();    \u002F\u002F 2\n    \u002F\u002F 其它操作\n    a.empty(); \u002F\u002F 检查队列是否为空\n    a.size();  \u002F\u002F 获取队列元素个数\n}\n",[942,1219,1220,1233,1243,1261,1265,1279,1293,1307,1312,1333,1354,1359,1369,1386,1390,1403,1417],{"__ignoreMap":956},[960,1221,1222,1224,1226,1229,1231],{"class":962,"line":963},[960,1223,967],{"class":966},[960,1225,971],{"class":970},[960,1227,1228],{"class":974},"queue",[960,1230,978],{"class":970},[960,1232,982],{"class":981},[960,1234,1235,1237,1239,1241],{"class":962,"line":985},[960,1236,989],{"class":988},[960,1238,993],{"class":992},[960,1240,996],{"class":970},[960,1242,999],{"class":970},[960,1244,1245,1247,1249,1251,1253,1255,1257,1259],{"class":962,"line":1002},[960,1246,1006],{"class":1005},[960,1248,1009],{"class":970},[960,1250,975],{"class":1012},[960,1252,1015],{"class":970},[960,1254,989],{"class":988},[960,1256,978],{"class":970},[960,1258,1022],{"class":1012},[960,1260,1025],{"class":970},[960,1262,1263],{"class":962,"line":1028},[960,1264,1031],{"class":981},[960,1266,1267,1269,1271,1273,1275,1277],{"class":962,"line":1034},[960,1268,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1270,1040],{"class":970},[960,1272,1043],{"class":992},[960,1274,1046],{"class":970},[960,1276,1050],{"class":1049},[960,1278,1053],{"class":970},[960,1280,1281,1283,1285,1287,1289,1291],{"class":962,"line":1056},[960,1282,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1284,1040],{"class":970},[960,1286,1043],{"class":992},[960,1288,1046],{"class":970},[960,1290,1067],{"class":1049},[960,1292,1053],{"class":970},[960,1294,1295,1297,1299,1301,1303,1305],{"class":962,"line":1072},[960,1296,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1298,1040],{"class":970},[960,1300,1043],{"class":992},[960,1302,1046],{"class":970},[960,1304,1083],{"class":1049},[960,1306,1053],{"class":970},[960,1308,1309],{"class":962,"line":1088},[960,1310,1311],{"class":981},"    \u002F\u002F 读取队首和队尾\n",[960,1313,1314,1316,1319,1321,1323,1325,1328,1330],{"class":962,"line":1094},[960,1315,1097],{"class":988},[960,1317,1318],{"class":1012}," front",[960,1320,1103],{"class":970},[960,1322,1106],{"class":1012},[960,1324,1040],{"class":970},[960,1326,1327],{"class":992},"front",[960,1329,1114],{"class":970},[960,1331,1332],{"class":981}," \u002F\u002F 1\n",[960,1334,1335,1337,1340,1342,1344,1346,1349,1351],{"class":962,"line":1120},[960,1336,1097],{"class":988},[960,1338,1339],{"class":1012}," back",[960,1341,1103],{"class":970},[960,1343,1106],{"class":1012},[960,1345,1040],{"class":970},[960,1347,1348],{"class":992},"back",[960,1350,1114],{"class":970},[960,1352,1353],{"class":981},"   \u002F\u002F 3\n",[960,1355,1356],{"class":962,"line":1133},[960,1357,1358],{"class":981},"    \u002F\u002F 弹出\n",[960,1360,1361,1363,1365,1367],{"class":962,"line":1154},[960,1362,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1364,1040],{"class":970},[960,1366,1127],{"class":992},[960,1368,1130],{"class":970},[960,1370,1371,1374,1376,1378,1380,1382,1384],{"class":962,"line":1160},[960,1372,1373],{"class":1012},"    front ",[960,1375,1139],{"class":970},[960,1377,1022],{"class":1012},[960,1379,1040],{"class":970},[960,1381,1327],{"class":992},[960,1383,1148],{"class":970},[960,1385,1151],{"class":981},[960,1387,1388],{"class":962,"line":1175},[960,1389,1157],{"class":981},[960,1391,1392,1394,1396,1398,1400],{"class":962,"line":1190},[960,1393,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1395,1040],{"class":970},[960,1397,1167],{"class":992},[960,1399,1148],{"class":970},[960,1401,1402],{"class":981}," \u002F\u002F 检查队列是否为空\n",[960,1404,1406,1408,1410,1412,1414],{"class":962,"line":1405},16,[960,1407,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1409,1040],{"class":970},[960,1411,1182],{"class":992},[960,1413,1148],{"class":970},[960,1415,1416],{"class":981},"  \u002F\u002F 获取队列元素个数\n",[960,1418,1420],{"class":962,"line":1419},17,[960,1421,1193],{"class":970},[922,1423,1425],{"id":1424},"优先队列堆","优先队列（堆）",[918,1427,1428,1429,1432],{},"优先队列是一种抽象的数据结构。它同样存放一系列数据，但特点是总能",[929,1430,1431],{},"把最大的元素放在首个位置","上。当然这是有代价的，每次向其中插入元素，都需要进行一番调整才能做到。而且它颇像关联容器：不能自己控制元素的顺序，且不允许中途修改某个元素的值。",[918,1434,1435],{},"优先队列提供了两种操作：推入（Push）元素并进行调整，以及弹出（Pop）最大的元素。同样地，一般只允许读取优先队列的队首，也就是最大的元素的值。",[918,1437,1438,1439,945,1442,1444],{},"由于优先队列往往是通过维护堆（Heap）的结构来实现的，所以有时直接称优先队列为堆。不论如何，",[942,1440,1441],{},"std::priority_queue",[942,1443,948],{}," 换了一套接口实现了优先队列。",[951,1446,1448],{"className":953,"code":1447,"language":955,"meta":956,"style":956},"#include \u003Cqueue> \u002F\u002F 定义于此\nint main() {\n    std::priority_queue\u003Cint> a;\n    \u002F\u002F 推入\n    a.push(2);\n    a.push(3);\n    a.push(1);\n    \u002F\u002F 读取队首并弹出\n    int max{a.top()}; \u002F\u002F 3\n    a.pop();\n    max = a.top();    \u002F\u002F 2\n    a.pop();\n    max = a.top();    \u002F\u002F 1\n    \u002F\u002F 其它操作\n    a.empty(); \u002F\u002F 检查队列是否为空\n    a.size();  \u002F\u002F 获取队列元素个数\n}\n",[942,1449,1450,1462,1472,1491,1495,1509,1523,1537,1542,1561,1571,1588,1598,1615,1619,1631,1643],{"__ignoreMap":956},[960,1451,1452,1454,1456,1458,1460],{"class":962,"line":963},[960,1453,967],{"class":966},[960,1455,971],{"class":970},[960,1457,1228],{"class":974},[960,1459,978],{"class":970},[960,1461,982],{"class":981},[960,1463,1464,1466,1468,1470],{"class":962,"line":985},[960,1465,989],{"class":988},[960,1467,993],{"class":992},[960,1469,996],{"class":970},[960,1471,999],{"class":970},[960,1473,1474,1476,1478,1481,1483,1485,1487,1489],{"class":962,"line":1002},[960,1475,1006],{"class":1005},[960,1477,1009],{"class":970},[960,1479,1480],{"class":1012},"priority_queue",[960,1482,1015],{"class":970},[960,1484,989],{"class":988},[960,1486,978],{"class":970},[960,1488,1022],{"class":1012},[960,1490,1025],{"class":970},[960,1492,1493],{"class":962,"line":1028},[960,1494,1031],{"class":981},[960,1496,1497,1499,1501,1503,1505,1507],{"class":962,"line":1034},[960,1498,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1500,1040],{"class":970},[960,1502,1043],{"class":992},[960,1504,1046],{"class":970},[960,1506,1067],{"class":1049},[960,1508,1053],{"class":970},[960,1510,1511,1513,1515,1517,1519,1521],{"class":962,"line":1056},[960,1512,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1514,1040],{"class":970},[960,1516,1043],{"class":992},[960,1518,1046],{"class":970},[960,1520,1083],{"class":1049},[960,1522,1053],{"class":970},[960,1524,1525,1527,1529,1531,1533,1535],{"class":962,"line":1072},[960,1526,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1528,1040],{"class":970},[960,1530,1043],{"class":992},[960,1532,1046],{"class":970},[960,1534,1050],{"class":1049},[960,1536,1053],{"class":970},[960,1538,1539],{"class":962,"line":1088},[960,1540,1541],{"class":981},"    \u002F\u002F 读取队首并弹出\n",[960,1543,1544,1546,1549,1551,1553,1555,1557,1559],{"class":962,"line":1094},[960,1545,1097],{"class":988},[960,1547,1548],{"class":1012}," max",[960,1550,1103],{"class":970},[960,1552,1106],{"class":1012},[960,1554,1040],{"class":970},[960,1556,1111],{"class":992},[960,1558,1114],{"class":970},[960,1560,1117],{"class":981},[960,1562,1563,1565,1567,1569],{"class":962,"line":1120},[960,1564,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1566,1040],{"class":970},[960,1568,1127],{"class":992},[960,1570,1130],{"class":970},[960,1572,1573,1576,1578,1580,1582,1584,1586],{"class":962,"line":1133},[960,1574,1575],{"class":1012},"    max ",[960,1577,1139],{"class":970},[960,1579,1022],{"class":1012},[960,1581,1040],{"class":970},[960,1583,1111],{"class":992},[960,1585,1148],{"class":970},[960,1587,1151],{"class":981},[960,1589,1590,1592,1594,1596],{"class":962,"line":1154},[960,1591,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1593,1040],{"class":970},[960,1595,1127],{"class":992},[960,1597,1130],{"class":970},[960,1599,1600,1602,1604,1606,1608,1610,1612],{"class":962,"line":1160},[960,1601,1575],{"class":1012},[960,1603,1139],{"class":970},[960,1605,1022],{"class":1012},[960,1607,1040],{"class":970},[960,1609,1111],{"class":992},[960,1611,1148],{"class":970},[960,1613,1614],{"class":981},"    \u002F\u002F 1\n",[960,1616,1617],{"class":962,"line":1175},[960,1618,1157],{"class":981},[960,1620,1621,1623,1625,1627,1629],{"class":962,"line":1190},[960,1622,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1624,1040],{"class":970},[960,1626,1167],{"class":992},[960,1628,1148],{"class":970},[960,1630,1402],{"class":981},[960,1632,1633,1635,1637,1639,1641],{"class":962,"line":1405},[960,1634,1037],{"class":1012},[960,1636,1040],{"class":970},[960,1638,1182],{"class":992},[960,1640,1148],{"class":970},[960,1642,1416],{"class":981},[960,1644,1645],{"class":962,"line":1419},[960,1646,1193],{"class":970},[918,1648,1649],{},"容器适配器为了保证只能读取特定位置的元素，不提供迭代器接口。无法遍历容器适配器的元素。这或许是 C++ 封装特性的典型体现。",[1651,1652,1653,1701],"blockquote",{},[918,1654,1655,1657,1658,1660,1661,1664,1665,1668,1669,1671,1672,1675,1676,1679,1680,1683,1684,1686,1687,1689,1690,1693,1694,1697,1698,1700],{},[942,1656,1441],{}," 类模板一共有三个模板形参，第一个是元素类型，第二个是被包装的底层容器，第三个则是判断“最大值”的依据。由于 ",[942,1659,1441],{}," 是非常早进入标准库的，所以它是通过一个重载了 ",[942,1662,1663],{},"operator()"," 的类 ",[942,1666,1667],{},"Comp"," 作为判断最大值的依据。如果容器中两个元素 ",[942,1670,1106],{}," 和 ",[942,1673,1674],{},"b"," 满足 ",[942,1677,1678],{},"Comp()(a, b)"," 为 ",[942,1681,1682],{},"true"," 的话，就认为 ",[942,1685,1106],{}," 比 ",[942,1688,1674],{}," 要小。默认的参数是 ",[942,1691,1692],{},"std::less\u003CT>"," 类，它会将 ",[942,1695,1696],{},"a \u003C b"," 的结果作为其 ",[942,1699,1663],{}," 的返回值。",[918,1702,1703,1704,1707,1708,1711],{},"我说这么多就是为了简单地阐述这样一个事实：如果需要让最小的元素跑到队首，那么需要这样声明优先队列：",[942,1705,1706],{},"std::priority_queue\u003CT, std::vector\u003CT>, std::greater\u003CT>>","，把 ",[942,1709,1710],{},"std::greater\u003CT>"," 作为第三模板实参。总之挺麻烦的。",[918,1713,1714,1715,1718,1719,1721,1722,1671,1725,1728,1729,1732,1733,1735,1736,1738,1739,1741,1742,1744],{},"在本文最后，我们回到第六章总结中提到的 ",[942,1716,1717],{},"std::string","。",[942,1720,1717],{}," 也提供了 ",[942,1723,1724],{},"begin",[942,1726,1727],{},"end"," 成员函数，它们返回的是连续迭代器。这使得它看上去和 ",[942,1730,1731],{},"std::vector\u003Cchar>"," 功能上是类似的；但作为字符串的实现，它更进一步提供了一些细致的字符串操作。并且为了和 C 风格字符串兼容，",[942,1734,1717],{}," 总是以空字符结束的。你当然可以把 ",[942,1737,1717],{}," 视为一个精致的容器，但由于 STL 是一个历史性的术语，而 ",[942,1740,1717],{}," 的诞生远早于其它 STL 容器，所以一般不认为 ",[942,1743,1717],{}," 是 STL 的一部分。",[1746,1747,1748],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki 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.default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":956,"searchDepth":963,"depth":985,"links":1750},[1751,1752,1753],{"id":924,"depth":985,"text":924},{"id":1196,"depth":985,"text":1196},{"id":1424,"depth":985,"text":1425},"所谓容器适配器，就是给顺序容器换了一套“接口”——呃，就是换了一套成员函数。","md",null,{},{"icon":609},{"title":615,"description":1754},"AQUW5H65H8XpJ-glWTwkdNf77vmKiIB0bdeI8xqrA_o",[1762,1763],{"title":608,"path":610,"stem":611,"description":608,"icon":609,"children":-1},{"title":619,"path":620,"stem":621,"description":1764,"icon":609,"children":-1},"让我讲一点数学。",1784618132672]