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bark",[933,1174,998],{"class":943},[933,1176,1001],{"class":969},[933,1178,1104],{"class":943},[933,1180,1107],{"class":943},[933,1182,1184],{"class":935,"line":1183},19,[933,1185,1033],{"class":943},[919,1187,1188,1189,1192,1193,1196,1197,1192,1200,1203,1204,1207,1208,1210,1211,1214],{},"我在其中添加了两个成员函数：",[930,1190,1191],{},"Dog"," 拥有自己独有的成员函数 ",[930,1194,1195],{},"bark","，而 ",[930,1198,1199],{},"Cat",[930,1201,1202],{},"meow","。那么，如果我们想要编写这样一个功能：检查一个 ",[930,1205,1206],{},"Animal"," 是不是 ",[930,1209,1191],{},"，如果是的话就让它 ",[930,1212,1213],{},"bark()","，否则什么都不做。那么怎么去实现呢？",[919,1216,1217,1218,1221],{},"最基础的想法是利用之前的 ",[930,1219,1220],{},"getName","。",[923,1223,1225],{"className":925,"code":1224,"language":927,"meta":928,"style":928},"void tryBark(const Animal* a) {\n    if (a->getName() == \"dog\") {\n        const Dog* dog{static_cast\u003Cconst Dog*>(a)};\n        dog->bark();\n    }\n}\n",[930,1226,1227,1255,1287,1315,1327,1331],{"__ignoreMap":928},[933,1228,1229,1232,1235,1238,1241,1243,1246,1250,1253],{"class":935,"line":936},[933,1230,1231],{"class":969},"void",[933,1233,1234],{"class":994}," tryBark",[933,1236,1237],{"class":943},"(",[933,1239,1240],{"class":969},"const",[933,1242,974],{"class":973},[933,1244,1245],{"class":969},"*",[933,1247,1249],{"class":1248},"sHdIc"," a",[933,1251,1252],{"class":943},")",[933,1254,977],{"class":943},[933,1256,1257,1260,1263,1267,1270,1272,1274,1277,1279,1281,1283,1285],{"class":935,"line":954},[933,1258,1259],{"class":939},"    if",[933,1261,1262],{"class":943}," (",[933,1264,1266],{"class":1265},"sTEyZ","a",[933,1268,1269],{"class":943},"->",[933,1271,1220],{"class":994},[933,1273,998],{"class":943},[933,1275,1276],{"class":943}," ==",[933,1278,1012],{"class":943},[933,1280,1155],{"class":947},[933,1282,1018],{"class":943},[933,1284,1252],{"class":943},[933,1286,977],{"class":943},[933,1288,1289,1292,1295,1297,1300,1303,1305,1307,1310,1312],{"class":935,"line":966},[933,1290,1291],{"class":969},"        const",[933,1293,1120],{"class":1294},"swJcz",[933,1296,1245],{"class":943},[933,1298,1299],{"class":1294}," dog",[933,1301,1302],{"class":943},"{static_cast\u003C",[933,1304,1240],{"class":969},[933,1306,1120],{"class":1294},[933,1308,1309],{"class":943},"*>(",[933,1311,1266],{"class":1294},[933,1313,1314],{"class":943},")};\n",[933,1316,1317,1320,1322,1324],{"class":935,"line":980},[933,1318,1319],{"class":1265},"        dog",[933,1321,1269],{"class":943},[933,1323,1195],{"class":994},[933,1325,1326],{"class":943},"();\n",[933,1328,1329],{"class":935,"line":1006},[933,1330,1027],{"class":943},[933,1332,1333],{"class":935,"line":1024},[933,1334,1335],{"class":943},"}\n",[919,1337,1338,1339,1341,1342,1344,1345,1347,1348,1350,1351,1353,1354,1357],{},"但是这带来一个问题：就是它依赖于这样一个不那么可靠的自定义函数 ",[930,1340,1220],{},"。为什么说“不那么可靠”呢？我们必须为每一个 ",[930,1343,1206],{}," 的子类定义一个 ",[930,1346,1220],{}," 虚函数的覆盖，并且不同子类的返回值必须不同。（即只有 ",[930,1349,1191],{}," 的 ",[930,1352,1220],{}," 会返回 ",[930,1355,1356],{},"\"dog\"","。）那么这个维护成本就很高了。",[1359,1360,1361],"blockquote",{},[919,1362,1363,1364,1366],{},"除此之外，还有函数调用的时间和空间开销也是有可能存在的（但一般会被优化）。可以通过将 ",[930,1365,1220],{}," 定义为数据成员（只读，并在初始化时指定）而非函数来减少这个调用开销。",[1368,1369],"h6",{"id":1370},"idx_RTTI",[1368,1372],{"id":1373},"idx_运行时类型识别",[919,1375,1376,1377,1381],{},"C++ 提供了一种称为",[1378,1379,1380],"strong",{},"运行时类型识别","（RunTime Type Identification, RTTI）的机制来简化这类代码。RTTI 提供了两种方法，先从最直观的 typeid 运算符讲起。",[1383,1384,1386],"h2",{"id":1385},"typeid-运算符","typeid 运算符",[919,1388,1389],{},"typeid 运算符可以用于检查一个指针（或引用）所指向（或绑定到）的对象的“实际”类型。",[1391,1392,1393,1409],"table",{},[1394,1395,1396],"thead",{},[1397,1398,1399,1403,1406],"tr",{},[1400,1401,1402],"th",{},"运算符",[1400,1404,1405],{},"名称",[1400,1407,1408],{},"作用",[1410,1411,1412],"tbody",{},[1397,1413,1414,1420,1422],{},[1415,1416,1417],"td",{},[930,1418,1419],{},"typeid(a)",[1415,1421,1386],{},[1415,1423,1424],{},"获取对象的运行时动态类型",[919,1426,1427],{},"直观来看，它的用法是这样的：",[923,1429,1431],{"className":925,"code":1430,"language":927,"meta":928,"style":928},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Ctypeinfo>  \u002F\u002F 语法规定使用 typeid 运算符必须引入的头文件\nstruct B {\n    virtual ~B() { } \u002F\u002F 稍后解释\n};\nstruct D1 : B { };\nstruct D2 : B { };\nint main() {\n    B* b{new D1{}};\n    if (typeid(*b) == typeid(D1)) {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"b has type D1\" \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    }\n    if (typeid(*b) == typeid(D2)) {\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"b has type D2\" \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    }\n    delete b;\n}\n",[930,1432,1433,1443,1459,1468,1485,1489,1507,1522,1534,1552,1577,1609,1613,1634,1661,1665,1674],{"__ignoreMap":928},[933,1434,1435,1437,1439,1441],{"class":935,"line":936},[933,1436,940],{"class":939},[933,1438,944],{"class":943},[933,1440,961],{"class":947},[933,1442,951],{"class":943},[933,1444,1445,1447,1449,1452,1455],{"class":935,"line":954},[933,1446,940],{"class":939},[933,1448,944],{"class":943},[933,1450,1451],{"class":947},"typeinfo",[933,1453,1454],{"class":943},">",[933,1456,1458],{"class":1457},"sHwdD","  \u002F\u002F 语法规定使用 typeid 运算符必须引入的头文件\n",[933,1460,1461,1463,1466],{"class":935,"line":966},[933,1462,970],{"class":969},[933,1464,1465],{"class":973}," B",[933,1467,977],{"class":943},[933,1469,1470,1472,1475,1477,1479,1482],{"class":935,"line":980},[933,1471,983],{"class":969},[933,1473,1474],{"class":994}," ~B",[933,1476,998],{"class":943},[933,1478,1104],{"class":943},[933,1480,1481],{"class":943}," }",[933,1483,1484],{"class":1457}," \u002F\u002F 稍后解释\n",[933,1486,1487],{"class":935,"line":1006},[933,1488,1033],{"class":943},[933,1490,1491,1493,1496,1498,1501,1504],{"class":935,"line":1024},[933,1492,970],{"class":969},[933,1494,1495],{"class":973}," D1",[933,1497,1044],{"class":943},[933,1499,1500],{"class":1294}," B ",[933,1502,1503],{"class":943},"{",[933,1505,1506],{"class":943}," };\n",[933,1508,1509,1511,1514,1516,1518,1520],{"class":935,"line":1030},[933,1510,970],{"class":969},[933,1512,1513],{"class":973}," D2",[933,1515,1044],{"class":943},[933,1517,1500],{"class":1294},[933,1519,1503],{"class":943},[933,1521,1506],{"class":943},[933,1523,1524,1527,1530,1532],{"class":935,"line":1036},[933,1525,1526],{"class":969},"int",[933,1528,1529],{"class":994}," main",[933,1531,998],{"class":943},[933,1533,977],{"class":943},[933,1535,1536,1539,1541,1544,1547,1549],{"class":935,"line":1054},[933,1537,1538],{"class":1265},"    B",[933,1540,1245],{"class":943},[933,1542,1543],{"class":1265}," b",[933,1545,1546],{"class":943},"{new",[933,1548,1495],{"class":1294},[933,1550,1551],{"class":943},"{}};\n",[933,1553,1554,1556,1559,1562,1564,1566,1569,1572,1575],{"class":935,"line":1072},[933,1555,1259],{"class":939},[933,1557,1558],{"class":943}," (typeid(*",[933,1560,1561],{"class":1265},"b",[933,1563,1252],{"class":943},[933,1565,1276],{"class":943},[933,1567,1568],{"class":943}," typeid(",[933,1570,1571],{"class":1265},"D1",[933,1573,1574],{"class":943},"))",[933,1576,977],{"class":943},[933,1578,1579,1582,1584,1587,1590,1592,1595,1597,1600,1602,1604,1607],{"class":935,"line":1086},[933,1580,1581],{"class":973},"        std",[933,1583,989],{"class":943},[933,1585,1586],{"class":1294},"cout ",[933,1588,1589],{"class":943},"\u003C\u003C",[933,1591,1012],{"class":943},[933,1593,1594],{"class":947},"b has type D1",[933,1596,1018],{"class":943},[933,1598,1599],{"class":943}," \u003C\u003C",[933,1601,986],{"class":973},[933,1603,989],{"class":943},[933,1605,1606],{"class":1294},"endl",[933,1608,1021],{"class":943},[933,1610,1611],{"class":935,"line":1091},[933,1612,1027],{"class":943},[933,1614,1615,1617,1619,1621,1623,1625,1627,1630,1632],{"class":935,"line":1110},[933,1616,1259],{"class":939},[933,1618,1558],{"class":943},[933,1620,1561],{"class":1265},[933,1622,1252],{"class":943},[933,1624,1276],{"class":943},[933,1626,1568],{"class":943},[933,1628,1629],{"class":1265},"D2",[933,1631,1574],{"class":943},[933,1633,977],{"class":943},[933,1635,1636,1638,1640,1642,1644,1646,1649,1651,1653,1655,1657,1659],{"class":935,"line":1115},[933,1637,1581],{"class":973},[933,1639,989],{"class":943},[933,1641,1586],{"class":1294},[933,1643,1589],{"class":943},[933,1645,1012],{"class":943},[933,1647,1648],{"class":947},"b has type D2",[933,1650,1018],{"class":943},[933,1652,1599],{"class":943},[933,1654,986],{"class":973},[933,1656,989],{"class":943},[933,1658,1606],{"class":1294},[933,1660,1021],{"class":943},[933,1662,1663],{"class":935,"line":1131},[933,1664,1027],{"class":943},[933,1666,1667,1670,1672],{"class":935,"line":1148},[933,1668,1669],{"class":943},"    delete",[933,1671,1543],{"class":1265},[933,1673,1021],{"class":943},[933,1675,1676],{"class":935,"line":1162},[933,1677,1335],{"class":943},[919,1679,1680,1681,1684,1685,1688,1689,1691,1692,1695],{},"上面的程序中，",[930,1682,1683],{},"typeid(*b) == typeid(D1)"," 检测 ",[930,1686,1687],{},"*b"," 在运行时是否是 ",[930,1690,1571],{}," 类型的。具体而言，typeid 运算符由 ",[930,1693,1694],{},"typeid"," 关键字开头，并拥有如下两种格式：",[1697,1698,1699],"sdsc",{},[919,1700,1701],{},"\"typeid(\"表达式\")\"\n\"typeid(\"类型\")\"",[919,1703,1704,1705,1708,1709,1712,1713,1716,1717,1720,1721,1724,1725,1728,1729,1731,1732,1735,1736,1738,1739,1221],{},"对于相同 ",[930,1706,1707],{},"@表达式@"," 的类型或相同 ",[930,1710,1711],{},"@类型@","，typeid 运算符总是得到相同的值（即 ",[930,1714,1715],{},"=="," 为真）。特别需要注意的是：它可以得到具有子类型多态的派生类对象的",[1378,1718,1719],{},"运行时“实际”类型","。在这个例子中，",[930,1722,1723],{},"typeid(*b)"," 与 ",[930,1726,1727],{},"typeid(B)"," 不等，因为 ",[930,1730,1687],{}," 在运行期间并不是 ",[930,1733,1734],{},"B"," 类型的而是 ",[930,1737,1571],{}," 类型的。所以，",[930,1740,1683],{},[919,1742,1743,1744,1746,1747,1750],{},"可以看到，typeid 运算符不得到编译器常量。如果 ",[930,1745,1561],{}," 的指向随着用户输入的改变而改变，那么 typeid 运算符也会得到不同的值。基于此，我们可以这样设计刚才的 ",[930,1748,1749],{},"tryBark","：",[923,1752,1754],{"className":925,"code":1753,"language":927,"meta":928,"style":928},"void tryBark(const Animal* a) {\n    if (typeid(*a) == typeid(Dog)) {\n        const Dog* dog{static_cast\u003Cconst Dog*>(a)};\n        dog->bark();\n    }\n}\n",[930,1755,1756,1776,1796,1818,1828,1832],{"__ignoreMap":928},[933,1757,1758,1760,1762,1764,1766,1768,1770,1772,1774],{"class":935,"line":936},[933,1759,1231],{"class":969},[933,1761,1234],{"class":994},[933,1763,1237],{"class":943},[933,1765,1240],{"class":969},[933,1767,974],{"class":973},[933,1769,1245],{"class":969},[933,1771,1249],{"class":1248},[933,1773,1252],{"class":943},[933,1775,977],{"class":943},[933,1777,1778,1780,1782,1784,1786,1788,1790,1792,1794],{"class":935,"line":954},[933,1779,1259],{"class":939},[933,1781,1558],{"class":943},[933,1783,1266],{"class":1265},[933,1785,1252],{"class":943},[933,1787,1276],{"class":943},[933,1789,1568],{"class":943},[933,1791,1191],{"class":1265},[933,1793,1574],{"class":943},[933,1795,977],{"class":943},[933,1797,1798,1800,1802,1804,1806,1808,1810,1812,1814,1816],{"class":935,"line":966},[933,1799,1291],{"class":969},[933,1801,1120],{"class":1294},[933,1803,1245],{"class":943},[933,1805,1299],{"class":1294},[933,1807,1302],{"class":943},[933,1809,1240],{"class":969},[933,1811,1120],{"class":1294},[933,1813,1309],{"class":943},[933,1815,1266],{"class":1294},[933,1817,1314],{"class":943},[933,1819,1820,1822,1824,1826],{"class":935,"line":980},[933,1821,1319],{"class":1265},[933,1823,1269],{"class":943},[933,1825,1195],{"class":994},[933,1827,1326],{"class":943},[933,1829,1830],{"class":935,"line":1006},[933,1831,1027],{"class":943},[933,1833,1834],{"class":935,"line":1024},[933,1835,1335],{"class":943},[919,1837,1838,1839,1841],{},"从而我们不用手动维护之前的 ",[930,1840,1220],{}," 成员了。",[1359,1843,1844,1890],{},[919,1845,1846,1847,1850,1851,1854,1855,1857,1858,1861,1862,1865,1866,1869,1870,1873,1874,1877,1878,1882,1883,1889],{},"typeid 运算符是一元的，它的结果值类型为 ",[930,1848,1849],{},"std::typeinfo","，定义在 ",[930,1852,1853],{},"\u003Ctypeinfo>"," 头文件中，这也就是为什么语言规定必须引入它。",[930,1856,1849],{}," 除了定义了 ",[930,1859,1860],{},"operator=="," 和 ",[930,1863,1864],{},"operator!=","，还定义了成员函数 ",[930,1867,1868],{},"name","，通过 ",[930,1871,1872],{},"@typeid(*x*).name()@"," 即可获取到有关 ",[930,1875,1876],{},"@x@"," 的类型名。这个类型名是实现定义的，比如可能为",[1879,1880,1881],"em",{},"重整名字","（更多资料可参阅",[1266,1884,1888],{"href":1885,"rel":1886},"https:\u002F\u002Fzh.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%97%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0",[1887],"nofollow","维基百科","）。",[919,1891,1892,1893,1221],{},"typeid 运算符会忽略顶层只读限定，即 ",[930,1894,1895],{},"typeid(const T) == typeid(T)",[1383,1897,1899],{"id":1898},"dynamic_cast",[930,1900,1898],{},[919,1902,1903,1904,1906],{},"RTTI 所引入的第二种编程方法就是 ",[930,1905,1898],{},"，即上一节中提到的最后一种 C++ 风格转换。",[919,1908,1909,1910,1912,1913,1915,1916,1918,1919,1921,1922,1925,1926,1928,1929,1931,1932,1934],{},"请稍微留意一下刚才 typeid 运算符版本的 ",[930,1911,1749],{},"。函数首先通过 ",[930,1914,1694],{}," 检查 ",[930,1917,1266],{}," 的运行时类型，如果是 ",[930,1920,1191],{}," 则通过 ",[930,1923,1924],{},"static_cast"," 转换到 ",[930,1927,1191],{}," 类型，从而可以调用其 ",[930,1930,1195],{}," 语句。现在，",[930,1933,1898],{}," 可以将检查类型和类型转换两件事情合二为一。请看下面的代码：",[923,1936,1938],{"className":925,"code":1937,"language":927,"meta":928,"style":928},"void tryBark(const Animal* a) {\n    const Dog* dog{dynamic_cast\u003Cconst Dog*>(a)};\n    if (dog != nullptr) { \u002F\u002F 也可写作 if (dog) { ... }\n        dog->bark();\n    }\n}\n",[930,1939,1940,1960,1984,2004,2014,2018],{"__ignoreMap":928},[933,1941,1942,1944,1946,1948,1950,1952,1954,1956,1958],{"class":935,"line":936},[933,1943,1231],{"class":969},[933,1945,1234],{"class":994},[933,1947,1237],{"class":943},[933,1949,1240],{"class":969},[933,1951,974],{"class":973},[933,1953,1245],{"class":969},[933,1955,1249],{"class":1248},[933,1957,1252],{"class":943},[933,1959,977],{"class":943},[933,1961,1962,1965,1967,1969,1971,1974,1976,1978,1980,1982],{"class":935,"line":954},[933,1963,1964],{"class":969},"    const",[933,1966,1120],{"class":1265},[933,1968,1245],{"class":943},[933,1970,1299],{"class":1265},[933,1972,1973],{"class":943},"{dynamic_cast\u003C",[933,1975,1240],{"class":969},[933,1977,1120],{"class":1294},[933,1979,1309],{"class":943},[933,1981,1266],{"class":1294},[933,1983,1314],{"class":943},[933,1985,1986,1988,1990,1993,1996,1999,2001],{"class":935,"line":966},[933,1987,1259],{"class":939},[933,1989,1262],{"class":943},[933,1991,1992],{"class":1265},"dog ",[933,1994,1995],{"class":943},"!=",[933,1997,1998],{"class":943}," nullptr)",[933,2000,1104],{"class":943},[933,2002,2003],{"class":1457}," \u002F\u002F 也可写作 if (dog) { ... }\n",[933,2005,2006,2008,2010,2012],{"class":935,"line":980},[933,2007,1319],{"class":1265},[933,2009,1269],{"class":943},[933,2011,1195],{"class":994},[933,2013,1326],{"class":943},[933,2015,2016],{"class":935,"line":1006},[933,2017,1027],{"class":943},[933,2019,2020],{"class":935,"line":1024},[933,2021,1335],{"class":943},[919,2023,2024,2025,2027],{},"正如刚才所述，",[930,2026,1898],{}," 做了两件事：",[2029,2030,2031,2041],"ol",{},[2032,2033,2034,2035,2037,2038,2040],"li",{},"检查 ",[930,2036,1266],{}," 所指向的“实际”类型是否为 ",[930,2039,1191],{},"；",[2032,2042,2043,2044,2047,2048,2050,2051,1221],{},"若是，则得到 ",[930,2045,2046],{},"const Dog*"," 类型的值，指向这个 ",[930,2049,1191],{},"；否则，得到 ",[930,2052,2053],{},"nullptr",[919,2055,2056,2057,2059,2060,2062,2063,2065,2066,2068,2069,2071,2072,2074,2075,2077,2078,2080,2081,2083],{},"然后，我们只需判断 ",[930,2058,1155],{}," 是否为 ",[930,2061,2053],{}," 即可。总得来看，",[930,2064,1898],{}," 在用法上和 ",[930,2067,1924],{}," 具有一定相似性：它可以用来做“向下转型”。但不同的是，",[930,2070,1898],{}," 会在转型之前做额外的检查：如果 ",[930,2073,1266],{}," 不能安全地转换到目标类型，则返回 ",[930,2076,2053],{},"。所以 ",[930,2079,1898],{}," 不可能得到危险的结果，这也是为什么称它比 ",[930,2082,1924],{}," 更安全的原因。",[919,2085,2086,2087,2089],{},"值得一提的是，我在第二章 ",[1266,2088,220],{"href":221},"的一个注中给出了 if 语句的声明形式——即在条件处引入带初始化器的声明而非表达式来作为判断条件。在这里，我们可以运用这种形式的 if 语句来实现更简洁的写法：",[923,2091,2093],{"className":925,"code":2092,"language":927,"meta":928,"style":928},"void tryBark(const Animal* a) {\n    if (const Dog* dog{dynamic_cast\u003Cconst Dog*>(a)}) {\n        dog->bark();\n    }\n}\n",[930,2094,2095,2115,2150,2160,2164],{"__ignoreMap":928},[933,2096,2097,2099,2101,2103,2105,2107,2109,2111,2113],{"class":935,"line":936},[933,2098,1231],{"class":969},[933,2100,1234],{"class":994},[933,2102,1237],{"class":943},[933,2104,1240],{"class":969},[933,2106,974],{"class":973},[933,2108,1245],{"class":969},[933,2110,1249],{"class":1248},[933,2112,1252],{"class":943},[933,2114,977],{"class":943},[933,2116,2117,2119,2121,2123,2125,2127,2130,2133,2135,2137,2139,2141,2143,2146,2148],{"class":935,"line":954},[933,2118,1259],{"class":939},[933,2120,1262],{"class":943},[933,2122,1240],{"class":969},[933,2124,1120],{"class":1265},[933,2126,1245],{"class":943},[933,2128,2129],{"class":1265}," dog{",[933,2131,2132],{"class":943},"dynamic_cast\u003C",[933,2134,1240],{"class":969},[933,2136,1120],{"class":1265},[933,2138,1309],{"class":943},[933,2140,1266],{"class":1265},[933,2142,1252],{"class":943},[933,2144,2145],{"class":1265},"}",[933,2147,1252],{"class":943},[933,2149,977],{"class":943},[933,2151,2152,2154,2156,2158],{"class":935,"line":966},[933,2153,1319],{"class":1265},[933,2155,1269],{"class":943},[933,2157,1195],{"class":994},[933,2159,1326],{"class":943},[933,2161,2162],{"class":935,"line":980},[933,2163,1027],{"class":943},[933,2165,2166],{"class":935,"line":1006},[933,2167,1335],{"class":943},[1359,2169,2170],{},[919,2171,2172,2173,2175,2176,2178],{},"如果将 ",[930,2174,1898],{}," 用在引用上，则检查失败会抛出异常。（与 ",[930,2177,2053],{}," 相反，不存在空引用类型。）",[1383,2180,2181],{"id":2181},"注意事项",[919,2183,2184,2185,2187,2188,1221],{},"typeid 运算符和 ",[930,2186,1898],{}," 是 C++ 中 RTTI 的体现方法。它们共同的特点是可以获取一个指针指向的运行时“实际”类型。而获取“实际”类型这个过程并不是容易实现的，它需要保存一些额外信息——多态信息。一般地，这些信息会与虚函数调用相关的一些内部结构相关，所以 ",[1378,2189,2190],{},"C++ 只允许拥有虚函数的类使用 RTTI",[1359,2192,2193],{},[919,2194,2195,2196,2199,2200,2202,2203,2205,2206,2208,2209,2211,2212,2214,2215,2218,2219,2221],{},"RTTI 的实现原理一般是在虚函数表中增加指向 ",[930,2197,2198],{},"std::type_info"," 的指针。每个 ",[930,2201,2198],{}," 根据继承关系构成有向无环图。 ",[930,2204,1694],{}," 直接获取虚函数表中的这个指针，而 ",[930,2207,1898],{}," 需要在有向无环图中进行遍历搜索直至成功或失败。所以 ",[930,2210,1694],{}," 的运行时性能与一般多态显著无差别，但 ",[930,2213,1898],{}," 的",[1378,2216,2217],{},"性能消耗较大","。但凡开启了 RTTI，由于需要存储这些 ",[930,2220,2198],{},"，编译出的二进制文件也会变大。",[919,2223,2224,2225,2228,2229,2231,2232,2234,2235,2237,2238,2240,2241,2244,2245,2248,2249,2251],{},"拥有虚函数的类及其派生类被称为",[1378,2226,2227],{},"多态类型","（Polymorphic type）。多态类型的指针（或引用）会指向（或绑定到）两种意义上的类型：一是它声明时所使用的类型（即上例中的 ",[930,2230,1206],{},"），而是它所“实际”指向的类型（上例中可以理解为 ",[930,2233,1191],{}," 或 ",[930,2236,1199],{},"，取决于运行期间的赋值）。可以看出，前者的类型（",[930,2239,1206],{},"）在编译期间就可以确定，而后者的类型每一次运行随着用户输入变化可能得到不同的类型。所以，前者被称为",[1378,2242,2243],{},"静态类型","（Static type），后者被称为",[1378,2246,2247],{},"动态类型","（Dynamic type）。再次重申，静态类型和动态类型只存在于",[1378,2250,2227],{},"指针（或引用）所指向（或绑定到）类型这一范畴内。",[919,2253,2254,2255,2257,2258,2261,2262,2264,2265,2267,2268,2270],{},"上文在最初引入 typeid 运算符的一个小例子中，我为基类 ",[930,2256,1734],{}," 添加了一个虚的析构函数 ",[930,2259,2260],{},"virtual ~B();","。这使得 ",[930,2263,1734],{}," 成为了多态类型，从而 ",[930,2266,1694],{}," 才能正常工作。如果删去它，那么 ",[930,2269,1694],{}," 只能获取到“静态类型”，也就没有 RTTI 了。我将在后续章节对虚析构函数做更多的介绍，它除了“迫使”基类成为多态类型外还有更重要的用途。",[2272,2273,2274],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki 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pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki .swJcz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}",{"title":928,"searchDepth":936,"depth":954,"links":2276},[2277,2278,2279],{"id":1385,"depth":954,"text":1386},{"id":1898,"depth":954,"text":1898},{"id":2181,"depth":954,"text":2181},"md",null,{},{"icon":551},{"title":569,"description":569},"jrhSeA91q_UMSc2HxGcxYnk9Cn0FkExO6GqFw5EzSFc",[2287,2289],{"title":565,"path":566,"stem":567,"description":2288,"icon":551,"children":-1},"在本部分的最后，我们介绍两个为多态而设计的有特殊含义的标识符 override 和 final。",{"title":573,"path":574,"stem":575,"description":573,"icon":551,"children":-1},1784618131562]