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number",[940,1128,1129],{"class":954},";\n",[940,1131,1132,1135,1138,1141],{"class":942,"line":984},[940,1133,1134],{"class":950},"    std",[940,1136,1137],{"class":954},"::",[940,1139,1140],{"class":973},"string name",[940,1142,1129],{"class":954},[940,1144,1145],{"class":942,"line":997},[940,1146,1001],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1000},[940,1148,1149,1151],{"class":942,"line":1004},[940,1150,1007],{"class":946},[940,1152,964],{"class":954},[940,1154,1155,1157,1159,1162,1165,1168,1171,1175,1178,1180],{"class":942,"line":1012},[940,1156,1134],{"class":950},[940,1158,1137],{"class":954},[940,1160,1161],{"class":950},"string",[940,1163,1164],{"class":1015}," getName",[940,1166,1167],{"class":954},"()",[940,1169,1170],{"class":954}," {",[940,1172,1174],{"class":1173},"s7zQu"," return",[940,1176,1177],{"class":973}," name",[940,1179,977],{"class":954},[940,1181,1182],{"class":954}," }\n",[940,1184,1185],{"class":942,"line":1042},[940,1186,1096],{"class":954},[918,1188,1189],{"id":1189},"有",[922,1191,1192],{},"下一种关系叫做“有”，也就是说“A 拥有 B”。这种关系最简单的处理方式是将指向 B 的指针作为 A 的成员。比如：一个班级拥有三十个学生，那么设计班级类的时候需要这样：",[931,1194,1196],{"className":933,"code":1195,"language":935,"meta":936,"style":936},"class Student;\nclass MyClass {\nprivate:\n    Student* students[30]{};\n\npublic:\n    Student& getStudent(int no) {\n        return students[no];\n    }\n\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n};\n",[926,1197,1198,1206,1215,1221,1243,1247,1253,1274,1289,1293,1297,1301],{"__ignoreMap":936},[940,1199,1200,1202,1204],{"class":942,"line":943},[940,1201,947],{"class":946},[940,1203,1111],{"class":950},[940,1205,1129],{"class":954},[940,1207,1208,1210,1213],{"class":942,"line":958},[940,1209,947],{"class":946},[940,1211,1212],{"class":950}," MyClass",[940,1214,955],{"class":954},[940,1216,1217,1219],{"class":942,"line":967},[940,1218,961],{"class":946},[940,1220,964],{"class":954},[940,1222,1223,1226,1229,1233,1236,1240],{"class":942,"line":984},[940,1224,1225],{"class":973},"    Student",[940,1227,1228],{"class":954},"*",[940,1230,1232],{"class":1231},"sTEyZ"," students",[940,1234,1235],{"class":954},"[",[940,1237,1239],{"class":1238},"sbssI","30",[940,1241,1242],{"class":954},"]{};\n",[940,1244,1245],{"class":942,"line":997},[940,1246,1001],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1000},[940,1248,1249,1251],{"class":942,"line":1004},[940,1250,1007],{"class":946},[940,1252,964],{"class":954},[940,1254,1255,1257,1260,1263,1265,1267,1270,1272],{"class":942,"line":1012},[940,1256,1225],{"class":950},[940,1258,1259],{"class":946},"&",[940,1261,1262],{"class":1015}," getStudent",[940,1264,1019],{"class":954},[940,1266,1022],{"class":946},[940,1268,1269],{"class":1025}," no",[940,1271,1036],{"class":954},[940,1273,955],{"class":954},[940,1275,1276,1279,1281,1283,1286],{"class":942,"line":1042},[940,1277,1278],{"class":1173},"        return",[940,1280,1232],{"class":1231},[940,1282,1235],{"class":954},[940,1284,1285],{"class":973},"no",[940,1287,1288],{"class":954},"];\n",[940,1290,1291],{"class":942,"line":1069},[940,1292,1084],{"class":954},[940,1294,1295],{"class":942,"line":1081},[940,1296,1001],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1000},[940,1298,1299],{"class":942,"line":1087},[940,1300,1090],{"class":980},[940,1302,1303],{"class":942,"line":1093},[940,1304,1096],{"class":954},[922,1306,1307],{},"再比如一个人可以养最多三条狗，那么人和狗的关系则会这样实现：",[931,1309,1311],{"className":933,"code":1310,"language":935,"meta":936,"style":936},"class Dog;\nclass Host {\nprivate:\n    Dog* dogs[3]{};\n    int num;\n\npublic:\n    void addDog(const Dog& d) {\n        if (num == 3) std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Already 3 dogs!\" \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n        else dogs[num++] = &d;\n    }\n};\n",[926,1312,1313,1322,1331,1337,1354,1363,1367,1373,1397,1449,1475,1479],{"__ignoreMap":936},[940,1314,1315,1317,1320],{"class":942,"line":943},[940,1316,947],{"class":946},[940,1318,1319],{"class":950}," Dog",[940,1321,1129],{"class":954},[940,1323,1324,1326,1329],{"class":942,"line":958},[940,1325,947],{"class":946},[940,1327,1328],{"class":950}," Host",[940,1330,955],{"class":954},[940,1332,1333,1335],{"class":942,"line":967},[940,1334,961],{"class":946},[940,1336,964],{"class":954},[940,1338,1339,1342,1344,1347,1349,1352],{"class":942,"line":984},[940,1340,1341],{"class":973},"    Dog",[940,1343,1228],{"class":954},[940,1345,1346],{"class":1231}," dogs",[940,1348,1235],{"class":954},[940,1350,1351],{"class":1238},"3",[940,1353,1242],{"class":954},[940,1355,1356,1358,1361],{"class":942,"line":997},[940,1357,970],{"class":946},[940,1359,1360],{"class":973}," num",[940,1362,1129],{"class":954},[940,1364,1365],{"class":942,"line":1004},[940,1366,1001],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1000},[940,1368,1369,1371],{"class":942,"line":1012},[940,1370,1007],{"class":946},[940,1372,964],{"class":954},[940,1374,1375,1378,1381,1383,1386,1388,1390,1393,1395],{"class":942,"line":1042},[940,1376,1377],{"class":946},"    void",[940,1379,1380],{"class":1015}," addDog",[940,1382,1019],{"class":954},[940,1384,1385],{"class":946},"const",[940,1387,1319],{"class":950},[940,1389,1259],{"class":946},[940,1391,1392],{"class":1025}," d",[940,1394,1036],{"class":954},[940,1396,955],{"class":954},[940,1398,1399,1402,1405,1408,1411,1414,1416,1419,1421,1424,1427,1430,1434,1437,1440,1442,1444,1447],{"class":942,"line":1069},[940,1400,1401],{"class":1173},"        if",[940,1403,1404],{"class":954}," (",[940,1406,1407],{"class":973},"num ",[940,1409,1410],{"class":954},"==",[940,1412,1413],{"class":1238}," 3",[940,1415,1036],{"class":954},[940,1417,1418],{"class":950}," std",[940,1420,1137],{"class":954},[940,1422,1423],{"class":973},"cout ",[940,1425,1426],{"class":954},"\u003C\u003C",[940,1428,1429],{"class":954}," \"",[940,1431,1433],{"class":1432},"sfazB","Already 3 dogs!",[940,1435,1436],{"class":954},"\"",[940,1438,1439],{"class":954}," \u003C\u003C",[940,1441,1418],{"class":950},[940,1443,1137],{"class":954},[940,1445,1446],{"class":973},"endl",[940,1448,1129],{"class":954},[940,1450,1451,1454,1456,1458,1461,1464,1467,1470,1473],{"class":942,"line":1081},[940,1452,1453],{"class":1173},"        else",[940,1455,1346],{"class":1231},[940,1457,1235],{"class":954},[940,1459,1460],{"class":973},"num",[940,1462,1463],{"class":954},"++]",[940,1465,1466],{"class":954}," =",[940,1468,1469],{"class":954}," &",[940,1471,1472],{"class":973},"d",[940,1474,1129],{"class":954},[940,1476,1477],{"class":942,"line":1087},[940,1478,1084],{"class":954},[940,1480,1481],{"class":942,"line":1093},[940,1482,1096],{"class":954},[922,1484,1485,1486,1490],{},"那肯定会有人问，“有”和“部分于”这两种关系感觉没什么区别啊？为什么一个就存放对象本身而另外一个却存放指向对象的指针呢？这是因为两种关系的区别在于某个确定的 A 是否",[1487,1488,1489],"strong",{},"只属于一个"," B。在“部分于”的例子中，A 总是归这一个 B 所“管”的：分子和分母都是这个分数的部分，而不能是其它分数的部分；学生的学号和姓名只属于它本人，而不能属于别人。但在学生-班级的示例中，一个学生可能会同时属于多个班级（小学班级、中学班级；或者分层教学之类的），甚至不属于任何一个班级；在主人和狗的示例中，一条狗可能会被多个主人“共同管理”，或者是条流浪狗。",[922,1492,1493,1494,1497],{},"从更形象的方面讲，“部分于”更注重于 B ",[1487,1495,1496],{},"单独","的使用。我们创建分数的时候不可能只创建分子或者只创建分母，我们总是创建一个整体的分数。但是“有”的关系让 A 的使用更加“独立”。我们可以先创建一个 A，然后让 B 的一个成员指向它。当 A 离开了 B（这个“有”的关系发生了变动），那么只需要改变指针的指向即可，而不需要再对已经创建好的 B 做任何操作。",[1499,1500,1501],"blockquote",{},[922,1502,1503,1504,1507,1508,1510],{},"从更现代的角度讲，应该使用 ",[926,1505,1506],{},"std::reference_wrapper"," 来存放对象的引用而非使用指针。但是 ",[926,1509,1506],{}," 的使用我觉得现在讲有点太早了。",[918,1512,1513],{"id":1513},"使用",[922,1515,1516],{},"所谓“使用”关系就是说 B 能用到 A （或 A 的某个部分）做事情。这种关系的处理方式实际上和“有”是一样的：B 存储指向 A 的指针。比如士兵可以用它的武器，那么：",[931,1518,1520],{"className":933,"code":1519,"language":935,"meta":936,"style":936},"class Armament;\nclass Soldier {\nprivate:\n    Armament* arm;\n};\n",[926,1521,1522,1531,1540,1546,1558],{"__ignoreMap":936},[940,1523,1524,1526,1529],{"class":942,"line":943},[940,1525,947],{"class":946},[940,1527,1528],{"class":950}," Armament",[940,1530,1129],{"class":954},[940,1532,1533,1535,1538],{"class":942,"line":958},[940,1534,947],{"class":946},[940,1536,1537],{"class":950}," Soldier",[940,1539,955],{"class":954},[940,1541,1542,1544],{"class":942,"line":967},[940,1543,961],{"class":946},[940,1545,964],{"class":954},[940,1547,1548,1551,1553,1556],{"class":942,"line":984},[940,1549,1550],{"class":973},"    Armament",[940,1552,1228],{"class":954},[940,1554,1555],{"class":973}," arm",[940,1557,1129],{"class":954},[940,1559,1560],{"class":942,"line":997},[940,1561,1096],{"class":954},[922,1563,1564],{},"它和“有”的区别就是使用的关系可以是双向的。就刚才的例子，你也可以说武器通过士兵来攻击——某种意义上，这个武器也“使用”了士兵（你总不能说士兵是武器的一部分吧）：",[931,1566,1568],{"className":933,"code":1567,"language":935,"meta":936,"style":936},"class Armament;\nclass Soldier {\nprivate:\n    Armament* arm{};\n    void setArmament(Armament& a);\n};\nclass Armament {\nprivate:\n    const Soldier* holder{};\npublic:\n    void setHolder(const Soldier& s) {\n        holder = &s;\n    }\n};\nvoid Soldier::setArmament(Armament& a) {\n    arm = &a;\n    a.setHolder(*this);\n}\n",[926,1569,1570,1578,1586,1592,1603,1623,1627,1635,1641,1655,1661,1683,1698,1703,1708,1733,1748,1763],{"__ignoreMap":936},[940,1571,1572,1574,1576],{"class":942,"line":943},[940,1573,947],{"class":946},[940,1575,1528],{"class":950},[940,1577,1129],{"class":954},[940,1579,1580,1582,1584],{"class":942,"line":958},[940,1581,947],{"class":946},[940,1583,1537],{"class":950},[940,1585,955],{"class":954},[940,1587,1588,1590],{"class":942,"line":967},[940,1589,961],{"class":946},[940,1591,964],{"class":954},[940,1593,1594,1596,1598,1600],{"class":942,"line":984},[940,1595,1550],{"class":973},[940,1597,1228],{"class":954},[940,1599,1555],{"class":973},[940,1601,1602],{"class":954},"{};\n",[940,1604,1605,1607,1610,1612,1615,1617,1620],{"class":942,"line":997},[940,1606,1377],{"class":946},[940,1608,1609],{"class":1015}," setArmament",[940,1611,1019],{"class":954},[940,1613,1614],{"class":950},"Armament",[940,1616,1259],{"class":946},[940,1618,1619],{"class":1025}," a",[940,1621,1622],{"class":954},");\n",[940,1624,1625],{"class":942,"line":1004},[940,1626,1096],{"class":954},[940,1628,1629,1631,1633],{"class":942,"line":1012},[940,1630,947],{"class":946},[940,1632,1528],{"class":950},[940,1634,955],{"class":954},[940,1636,1637,1639],{"class":942,"line":1042},[940,1638,961],{"class":946},[940,1640,964],{"class":954},[940,1642,1643,1646,1648,1650,1653],{"class":942,"line":1069},[940,1644,1645],{"class":946},"    const",[940,1647,1537],{"class":973},[940,1649,1228],{"class":954},[940,1651,1652],{"class":973}," holder",[940,1654,1602],{"class":954},[940,1656,1657,1659],{"class":942,"line":1081},[940,1658,1007],{"class":946},[940,1660,964],{"class":954},[940,1662,1663,1665,1668,1670,1672,1674,1676,1679,1681],{"class":942,"line":1087},[940,1664,1377],{"class":946},[940,1666,1667],{"class":1015}," setHolder",[940,1669,1019],{"class":954},[940,1671,1385],{"class":946},[940,1673,1537],{"class":950},[940,1675,1259],{"class":946},[940,1677,1678],{"class":1025}," s",[940,1680,1036],{"class":954},[940,1682,955],{"class":954},[940,1684,1685,1688,1691,1693,1696],{"class":942,"line":1093},[940,1686,1687],{"class":973},"        holder ",[940,1689,1690],{"class":954},"=",[940,1692,1469],{"class":954},[940,1694,1695],{"class":973},"s",[940,1697,1129],{"class":954},[940,1699,1701],{"class":942,"line":1700},13,[940,1702,1084],{"class":954},[940,1704,1706],{"class":942,"line":1705},14,[940,1707,1096],{"class":954},[940,1709,1711,1714,1716,1718,1721,1723,1725,1727,1729,1731],{"class":942,"line":1710},15,[940,1712,1713],{"class":946},"void",[940,1715,1537],{"class":950},[940,1717,1137],{"class":954},[940,1719,1720],{"class":1015},"setArmament",[940,1722,1019],{"class":954},[940,1724,1614],{"class":950},[940,1726,1259],{"class":946},[940,1728,1619],{"class":1025},[940,1730,1036],{"class":954},[940,1732,955],{"class":954},[940,1734,1736,1739,1741,1743,1746],{"class":942,"line":1735},16,[940,1737,1738],{"class":1231},"    arm ",[940,1740,1690],{"class":954},[940,1742,1469],{"class":954},[940,1744,1745],{"class":1231},"a",[940,1747,1129],{"class":954},[940,1749,1751,1754,1757,1760],{"class":942,"line":1750},17,[940,1752,1753],{"class":1231},"    a",[940,1755,1756],{"class":954},".",[940,1758,1759],{"class":1015},"setHolder",[940,1761,1762],{"class":954},"(*this);\n",[940,1764,1766],{"class":942,"line":1765},18,[940,1767,1768],{"class":954},"}\n",[922,1770,1771],{},"于是你可以在武器类中也设置指向其使用者的指针。这样，两者之间可以通过指针相互访问其内容，这就是“使用”的实现了。",[922,1773,1774,1775,1778,1779,1781,1782,1784,1785,1787],{},"这种情形下你是必须使用指针的。如果两方面都存储对象本身而非指针，那么就会出现 ",[926,1776,1777],{},"Soldier"," 类中有 ",[926,1780,1614],{}," 成员，而 ",[926,1783,1614],{}," 又有 ",[926,1786,1777],{}," 成员……这样套娃的事情显然是错误的。",[922,1789,1790,1791,1795,1796,1798,1799,1801,1802,1805],{},"上面的几个例子都用到了",[1745,1792,1794],{"href":1793},"\u002Fch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_def#%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E","不带定义的类声明","。严谨地讲，这种声明被称为前置声明（Forward 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