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main",[981,1101,1102],{"class":995},"()",[981,1104,996],{"class":995},[981,1106,1108,1112,1115,1117,1120,1123,1126,1128,1131,1135,1137,1140],{"class":983,"line":1107},9,[981,1109,1111],{"class":1110},"sTEyZ","    Derived ",[981,1113,1114],{"class":1002},"d1",[981,1116,1006],{"class":995},[981,1118,1119],{"class":1070},"42",[981,1121,1122],{"class":995},"),",[981,1124,1125],{"class":1002}," d2",[981,1127,1006],{"class":995},[981,1129,1130],{"class":995},"\"",[981,1132,1134],{"class":1133},"sfazB","hi",[981,1136,1130],{"class":995},[981,1138,1139],{"class":995},");",[981,1141,1142],{"class":1085}," \u002F\u002F 使用继承的构造函数\n",[981,1144,1146],{"class":983,"line":1145},10,[981,1147,1148],{"class":995},"}\n",[918,1150,1151,1152,1154],{},"当使用继承的构造函数时，派生类部分成员被默认初始化。如果派生类部分成员无法默认初始化，则编译错误。继承基类构造函数无关乎 ",[933,1153,958],{}," 声明的可访问性。",[922,1156,1157],{"id":1157},"再谈预置函数",[918,1159,1160],{},"因为派生类不继承构造函数、复制赋值和析构函数，所以编译器生成预置默认构造和预置复制构造的条件与一般类无异。如果我们将基类考虑为一部分派生类成员构成的集合（或者称基类是一个“成员组”），那么不难推出在继承与以下编译器生成预置函数的规则：",[918,1162,1163],{},"当：",[1165,1166,1167,1171],"ul",{},[1168,1169,1170],"li",{},"派生类未声明任何构造函数，且",[1168,1172,1173],{},"基类和派生类各成员可以默认初始化",[918,1175,1176],{},"则派生类生成预置默认构造函数，其效果是：先默认初始化基类，随后默认初始化派生类各成员。",[918,1178,1163],{},[1165,1180,1181,1184],{},[1168,1182,1183],{},"派生类未声明复制构造函数，且",[1168,1185,1186],{},"基类和派生类各成员可以复制初始化",[918,1188,1189],{},"则派生类生成预置复制构造函数，其效果是先复制初始化基类，随后复制初始化派生类各成员。",[918,1191,1163],{},[1165,1193,1194,1197],{},[1168,1195,1196],{},"派生类未声明复制赋值重载，且",[1168,1198,1199],{},"基类和派生类均有可访问的复制赋值重载",[918,1201,1202],{},"则派生类生成预置复制赋值运算符重载，其效果是先调用基类的复制赋值重载，随后调用派生类各成员的复制赋值重载。",[918,1204,1163],{},[1165,1206,1207,1210],{},[1168,1208,1209],{},"派生类未声明析构函数，且",[1168,1211,1212],{},"基类和派生类均有可访问的析构函数",[918,1214,1215],{},"则派生类生成预置析构函数，其效果是什么都不做。当派生类对象被析构时，会先调用自身的析构函数（若是预置析构函数则什么都不做），随后按成员列表的逆序调用派生类各成员的析构函数，最后调用基类的析构函数。",[918,1217,1218],{},"如果不满足生成预置函数的条件，则编译器不会生成预置构造函数。下面的例子中，基类不可默认初始化，那么派生类就无法生成预置默认构造：",[972,1220,1222],{"className":974,"code":1221,"language":976,"meta":977,"style":977},"class Base {\npublic:\n    Base() = delete;\n    Base(const Base&) = delete;\n};\n\u002F\u002F 由于基类缺失默认构造和复制构造，所以 Derived 不会生成预置构造函数\nclass Derived : public Base { };\nint main() {\n    Derived d; \u002F\u002F 错误\n}\n",[933,1223,1224,1233,1241,1256,1277,1281,1286,1304,1314,1324],{"__ignoreMap":977},[981,1225,1226,1229,1231],{"class":983,"line":984},[981,1227,1228],{"class":987},"class",[981,1230,992],{"class":991},[981,1232,996],{"class":995},[981,1234,1235,1238],{"class":983,"line":999},[981,1236,1237],{"class":987},"public",[981,1239,1240],{"class":995},":\n",[981,1242,1243,1245,1247,1250,1253],{"class":983,"line":1021},[981,1244,1003],{"class":1002},[981,1246,1102],{"class":995},[981,1248,1249],{"class":995}," =",[981,1251,1252],{"class":1070}," delete",[981,1254,1255],{"class":995},";\n",[981,1257,1258,1260,1262,1264,1266,1269,1271,1273,1275],{"class":983,"line":1043},[981,1259,1003],{"class":1002},[981,1261,1006],{"class":995},[981,1263,1028],{"class":987},[981,1265,992],{"class":991},[981,1267,1268],{"class":987},"&",[981,1270,1012],{"class":995},[981,1272,1249],{"class":995},[981,1274,1252],{"class":1070},[981,1276,1255],{"class":995},[981,1278,1279],{"class":983,"line":1049},[981,1280,1046],{"class":995},[981,1282,1283],{"class":983,"line":1067},[981,1284,1285],{"class":1085},"\u002F\u002F 由于基类缺失默认构造和复制构造，所以 Derived 不会生成预置构造函数\n",[981,1287,1288,1290,1292,1294,1297,1299,1301],{"class":983,"line":1089},[981,1289,1228],{"class":987},[981,1291,1054],{"class":991},[981,1293,1057],{"class":995},[981,1295,1296],{"class":987}," public",[981,1298,992],{"class":991},[981,1300,1015],{"class":995},[981,1302,1303],{"class":995}," };\n",[981,1305,1306,1308,1310,1312],{"class":983,"line":1094},[981,1307,1009],{"class":987},[981,1309,1099],{"class":1002},[981,1311,1102],{"class":995},[981,1313,996],{"class":995},[981,1315,1316,1319,1321],{"class":983,"line":1107},[981,1317,1318],{"class":1110},"    Derived d",[981,1320,1082],{"class":995},[981,1322,1323],{"class":1085}," \u002F\u002F 错误\n",[981,1325,1326],{"class":983,"line":1145},[981,1327,1148],{"class":995},[918,1329,1330],{},"上面的代码会出现编译错误。",[922,1332,1333],{"id":1333},"三之原则与零之原则",[918,1335,1336],{},"在本部分的结尾，我简单介绍一下所谓的“三之原则”和“零之原则”。这两条原则并不是语法规则，而是教你养成一些良好的编码习惯。",[1165,1338,1339,1342],{},[1168,1340,1341],{},"三之原则（The rule of 3）是这样说的：如果需要自己定义复制构造函数、复制赋值重载或析构函数的其中一个，则这三个尽可能都要被手动定义。也就是说，这三者要么都不用（采用预置的），要么都得写。这条原则保证了所有内存的管理都是妥当的，一定程度上避免了内存泄漏的可能。",[1168,1343,1344,1345,1348],{},"零之原则（The rule of 0）和三之原则相反，它是说如果你不需要手动管理内存（比如在构造函数里执行 ",[933,1346,1347],{},"new","），那么就尽可能地使用编译器生成的预置复制构造、预置复制赋值和预置析构。这保证了代码的简洁性和可复用性。",[1350,1351,1352],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki .swJcz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":977,"searchDepth":984,"depth":999,"links":1354},[1355,1359,1360],{"id":924,"depth":999,"text":924,"children":1356},[1357],{"id":954,"depth":1021,"text":1358},"通过 using 声明继承构造函数（选读）",{"id":1157,"depth":999,"text":1157},{"id":1333,"depth":999,"text":1333},"md",null,{},{"icon":516},{"title":534,"description":534},"v1cRNVQB_CPcHrhXvPLFIgQgcA4zxfrEH6a00WFeWu4",[1368,1370],{"title":530,"path":531,"stem":532,"description":1369,"icon":516,"children":-1},"类的继承带来了许多隐式转换的可能。它们有的很直接，有的比较间接，有的稍不留意可能引发问题。",{"title":538,"path":539,"stem":540,"description":1371,"icon":516,"children":-1},"所谓“保护成员”，就是介于“公开成员”和“私有成员”之间的一种成员。",1784618129753]