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",[922,1056,936],{}," 确实有一些令人厌烦。该如何去掉它呢？那么我们先从 ",[922,1059,1060],{},"std::cout"," 这个东西入手。",[927,1063,1064,1066,1067,1070,1071,1074],{},[922,1065,1060],{}," 其实是一个对象，它的类型为 ",[922,1068,1069],{},"std::ostream","。也就是说，在头文件 ",[922,1072,1073],{},"\u003Ciostream>"," 的某个位置存在这样的声明：",[939,1076,1078],{"className":941,"code":1077,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"namespace std {\n    class istream;\n    class ostream; \u002F\u002F std::ostream 的声明\n\n    \u002F\u002F extern 表示引入的名字是声明而非定义，这里不用管它\n    extern istream cin;\n    extern ostream cout; \u002F\u002F std::cout 是 ostream 类型的变量\n    extern ostream clog;\n    extern ostream cerr;\n}\n",[922,1079,1080,1089,1099,1113,1119,1124,1136,1149,1159,1169],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1081,1082,1085,1087],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1083,1084],{"class":972},"namespace",[948,1086,1037],{"class":1013},[948,1088,983],{"class":958},[948,1090,1091,1094,1097],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1092,1093],{"class":972},"    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类型的变量\n",[948,1150,1152,1154,1157],{"class":950,"line":1151},8,[948,1153,1129],{"class":972},[948,1155,1156],{"class":1132}," ostream clog",[948,1158,1045],{"class":958},[948,1160,1162,1164,1167],{"class":950,"line":1161},9,[948,1163,1129],{"class":972},[948,1165,1166],{"class":1132}," ostream cerr",[948,1168,1045],{"class":958},[948,1170,1172],{"class":950,"line":1171},10,[948,1173,1051],{"class":958},[927,1175,1176,1177,1179,1180,1183],{},"然后呢，",[922,1178,1023],{}," 是一个运算符。如果你阅读了",[993,1181,1182],{"href":166},"位运算符","这一节的话，你会知道它是“左移运算符”，在一般情况下它的操作数都是整数。",[939,1185,1187],{"className":941,"code":1186,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"1 \u003C\u003C 2; \u002F\u002F 左移运算符的一般用法\n",[922,1188,1189],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1190,1191,1195,1198,1201,1203],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1192,1194],{"class":1193},"sbssI","1",[948,1196,1197],{"class":958}," \u003C\u003C",[948,1199,1200],{"class":1193}," 2",[948,1202,1108],{"class":958},[948,1204,1205],{"class":1111}," \u002F\u002F 左移运算符的一般用法\n",[927,1207,1208,1209,1212,1213,1215,1216,1218],{},"而这里，类似 ",[922,1210,1211],{},"cout \u003C\u003C a"," 的写法其实是左移运算符的表达式。它的左操作数是 ",[922,1214,1069],{}," 类型的变量，而右操作数可以是任何算术类型、C 风格字符串之类的东西。所以说，这里，标准库定义了若干个关于运算符 ",[922,1217,1023],{}," 的重载。比如，当我们写下",[939,1220,1222],{"className":941,"code":1221,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int a;\nstd::cout \u003C\u003C a;\n",[922,1223,1224,1232],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1225,1226,1228,1230],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1227,973],{"class":972},[948,1229,1026],{"class":989},[948,1231,1045],{"class":958},[948,1233,1234,1237,1239,1241,1243,1245],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1235,1236],{"class":1013},"std",[948,1238,1017],{"class":958},[948,1240,1020],{"class":989},[948,1242,1023],{"class":958},[948,1244,1026],{"class":989},[948,1246,1045],{"class":958},[927,1248,1249,1250,1252],{},"时，",[922,1251,1023],{}," 运算符调用了形如下面的重载：",[939,1254,1256],{"className":941,"code":1255,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"class ostream {\npublic:\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n    ostream& operator\u003C\u003C(int value) {\n        \u002F\u002F 输出 value 的值\n        return *this;\n    }\n};\n",[922,1257,1258,1267,1275,1280,1306,1311,1319,1324],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1259,1260,1263,1265],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1261,1262],{"class":972},"class",[948,1264,1105],{"class":1013},[948,1266,983],{"class":958},[948,1268,1269,1272],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1270,1271],{"class":972},"public",[948,1273,1274],{"class":958},":\n",[948,1276,1277],{"class":950,"line":986},[948,1278,1279],{"class":1111},"    \u002F\u002F [...]\n",[948,1281,1282,1285,1288,1291,1293,1295,1297,1301,1304],{"class":950,"line":1010},[948,1283,1284],{"class":1013},"    ostream",[948,1286,1287],{"class":972},"&",[948,1289,1290],{"class":1193}," operator",[948,1292,1023],{"class":1013},[948,1294,996],{"class":958},[948,1296,973],{"class":972},[948,1298,1300],{"class":1299},"sHdIc"," value",[948,1302,1303],{"class":958},")",[948,1305,983],{"class":958},[948,1307,1308],{"class":950,"line":1048},[948,1309,1310],{"class":1111},"        \u002F\u002F 输出 value 的值\n",[948,1312,1313,1316],{"class":950,"line":1126},[948,1314,1315],{"class":954},"        return",[948,1317,1318],{"class":958}," *this;\n",[948,1320,1321],{"class":950,"line":1138},[948,1322,1323],{"class":958},"    }\n",[948,1325,1326],{"class":950,"line":1151},[948,1327,1328],{"class":958},"};\n",[927,1330,1331,1332,1335,1336,1339,1340,1343,1344,1346,1347,1349,1350,1353,1354,1357,1358,1360,1361,1363,1364,1367,1368,1371,1372,1374],{},"需要注意的是，它的返回值类型为 ",[922,1333,1334],{},"std::ostream&","，值为 ",[922,1337,1338],{},"*this","。这保证了 ",[922,1341,1342],{},"std::cout \u003C\u003C a"," 表达式的结果仍然是 ",[922,1345,1060],{}," 本身。又因为 ",[922,1348,1023],{}," 运算符是从左到右结合的，所以 ",[922,1351,1352],{},"std::cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C b"," 就等价于 ",[922,1355,1356],{},"(std::cout \u003C\u003C a) \u003C\u003C b","：先执行 ",[922,1359,1342],{}," 输出 ",[922,1362,993],{},"，然后就相当于计算表达式 ",[922,1365,1366],{},"std::cout \u003C\u003C b"," ，这时会输出 ",[922,1369,1370],{},"b","。这样就保证了一系列 ",[922,1373,1023],{}," 可以把所有要输出的值连接起来按顺序输出。",[927,1376,1377,1378,1380,1381,1383,1384,1386,1387,1390,1391,1393],{},"那么现在我们要做的是输出 ",[922,1379,932],{},"，也就是要为 ",[922,1382,1069],{}," 的 ",[922,1385,1023],{}," 运算符定义一个右操作数为 ",[922,1388,1389],{},"const String&"," 类型的重载。但 ",[922,1392,1069],{}," 已经是标准库中定义的类型了，我们不可能再把它的定义拆开往里面添加一个成员函数。所以这里我们需要引入非成员的运算符重载语法。",[918,1395,1396],{"id":1396},"非成员的运算符重载形式",[927,1398,1399,1400,1383,1402,1405,1406,1409,1410,1413],{},"先举另一个例子。我们之前重载了 ",[922,1401,932],{},[922,1403,1404],{},"+","，使得 ",[922,1407,1408],{},"String + String"," 表达式被定义。由于转换构造函数的存在，",[922,1411,1412],{},"String + const char[N]"," 也是被允许的：",[939,1415,1417],{"className":941,"code":1416,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main() {\n    String a(\"Hello\");\n    a + \" world\"; \u002F\u002F OK，const char[N] 被转换为 String 类型\n}\n",[922,1418,1419,1429,1446,1466],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1420,1421,1423,1425,1427],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1422,973],{"class":972},[948,1424,977],{"class":976},[948,1426,980],{"class":958},[948,1428,983],{"class":958},[948,1430,1431,1433,1435,1437,1439,1442,1444],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1432,990],{"class":989},[948,1434,993],{"class":976},[948,1436,996],{"class":958},[948,1438,999],{"class":958},[948,1440,1441],{"class":962},"Hello",[948,1443,999],{"class":958},[948,1445,1007],{"class":958},[948,1447,1448,1451,1453,1456,1459,1461,1463],{"class":950,"line":986},[948,1449,1450],{"class":989},"    a ",[948,1452,1404],{"class":958},[948,1454,1455],{"class":958}," \"",[948,1457,1458],{"class":962}," world",[948,1460,999],{"class":958},[948,1462,1108],{"class":958},[948,1464,1465],{"class":1111}," \u002F\u002F OK，const char[N] 被转换为 String 类型\n",[948,1467,1468],{"class":950,"line":1010},[948,1469,1051],{"class":958},[927,1471,1472],{},"但",[939,1474,1476],{"className":941,"code":1475,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main() {\n    String a(\"world\");\n    \"Hello \" + a; \u002F\u002F 错误：const char* 没法和 String 做加法\n}\n",[922,1477,1478,1488,1505,1525],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1479,1480,1482,1484,1486],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1481,973],{"class":972},[948,1483,977],{"class":976},[948,1485,980],{"class":958},[948,1487,983],{"class":958},[948,1489,1490,1492,1494,1496,1498,1501,1503],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1491,990],{"class":989},[948,1493,993],{"class":976},[948,1495,996],{"class":958},[948,1497,999],{"class":958},[948,1499,1500],{"class":962},"world",[948,1502,999],{"class":958},[948,1504,1007],{"class":958},[948,1506,1507,1510,1513,1515,1518,1520,1522],{"class":950,"line":986},[948,1508,1509],{"class":958},"    \"",[948,1511,1512],{"class":962},"Hello ",[948,1514,999],{"class":958},[948,1516,1517],{"class":958}," +",[948,1519,1026],{"class":989},[948,1521,1108],{"class":958},[948,1523,1524],{"class":1111}," \u002F\u002F 错误：const char* 没法和 String 做加法\n",[948,1526,1527],{"class":950,"line":1010},[948,1528,1051],{"class":958},[927,1530,1531],{},"会导致错误。",[927,1533,1534,1535,1538,1539,1542,1543,1545,1546,1549,1550,1545,1552,1555,1556,1558,1559,1561],{},"这是因为对于形如 ",[922,1536,1537],{},"a @ b"," 的二元运算符：其中 ",[922,1540,1541],{},"@"," 是任意非赋值的运算符，",[922,1544,993],{}," 的类型为 ",[922,1547,1548],{},"A","，",[922,1551,1370],{},[922,1553,1554],{},"B","；我们已经知道如果 ",[922,1557,1548],{}," 为类类型，则可以在 ",[922,1560,1548],{}," 的定义中写下：",[939,1563,1565],{"className":941,"code":1564,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"class A {\npublic:\n    T operator@(B\u002F*可选地为引用，或带 const 限定*\u002F b) \u002F* 可选地带 const *\u002F;\n};\n",[922,1566,1567,1576,1582,1604],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1568,1569,1571,1574],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1570,1262],{"class":972},[948,1572,1573],{"class":1013}," A",[948,1575,983],{"class":958},[948,1577,1578,1580],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1579,1271],{"class":972},[948,1581,1274],{"class":958},[948,1583,1584,1587,1589,1591,1594,1597,1599,1602],{"class":950,"line":986},[948,1585,1586],{"class":1132},"    T operator@",[948,1588,996],{"class":958},[948,1590,1554],{"class":1132},[948,1592,1593],{"class":1111},"\u002F*可选地为引用，或带 const 限定*\u002F",[948,1595,1596],{"class":1132}," b",[948,1598,1303],{"class":958},[948,1600,1601],{"class":1111}," \u002F* 可选地带 const *\u002F",[948,1603,1045],{"class":958},[948,1605,1606],{"class":950,"line":1010},[948,1607,1328],{"class":958},[927,1609,1610,1611,1613,1614,1618],{},"如果成员函数列表里面找不到这样的重载，而 ",[922,1612,1554],{}," 是类类型，则编译器会在",[1615,1616,1617],"strong",{},"全局定义域","检查形如这样的函数：",[939,1620,1622],{"className":941,"code":1621,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"T operator@(A\u002F*可选地为引用，或带 const 限定*\u002F a, B\u002F*可选地为引用，或带 const 限定*\u002F b);\n",[922,1623,1624],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1625,1626,1629,1631,1633,1635,1637,1640,1643,1645,1647],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1627,1628],{"class":989},"T operator@",[948,1630,996],{"class":958},[948,1632,1548],{"class":989},[948,1634,1593],{"class":1111},[948,1636,1026],{"class":989},[948,1638,1639],{"class":958},",",[948,1641,1642],{"class":989}," B",[948,1644,1593],{"class":1111},[948,1646,1596],{"class":989},[948,1648,1007],{"class":958},[927,1650,1651,1652,1654,1655,1658],{},"如果有，就执行它。（注意这里不会再检查 ",[922,1653,1554],{}," 的成员，因此刚刚 ",[922,1656,1657],{},"\"Hello \" + a"," 并不能实现我们想要的结果。）所以我们应该在全局作用域写下这样的函数：",[939,1660,1662],{"className":941,"code":1661,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"String operator+(const char* a, const String& b) {\n    return String(a) + b; \u002F\u002F 在实现里，转换为 String::operator+(String) 就可以\n}\n",[922,1663,1664,1698,1720],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1665,1666,1668,1670,1672,1674,1677,1680,1682,1684,1687,1690,1692,1694,1696],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1667,932],{"class":1013},[948,1669,1290],{"class":1193},[948,1671,1404],{"class":1013},[948,1673,996],{"class":958},[948,1675,1676],{"class":972},"const",[948,1678,1679],{"class":972}," char*",[948,1681,1026],{"class":1299},[948,1683,1639],{"class":958},[948,1685,1686],{"class":972}," const",[948,1688,1689],{"class":1013}," String",[948,1691,1287],{"class":972},[948,1693,1596],{"class":1299},[948,1695,1303],{"class":958},[948,1697,983],{"class":958},[948,1699,1700,1703,1705,1707,1709,1711,1713,1715,1717],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1701,1702],{"class":954},"    return",[948,1704,1689],{"class":976},[948,1706,996],{"class":958},[948,1708,993],{"class":989},[948,1710,1303],{"class":958},[948,1712,1517],{"class":958},[948,1714,1596],{"class":989},[948,1716,1108],{"class":958},[948,1718,1719],{"class":1111}," \u002F\u002F 在实现里，转换为 String::operator+(String) 就可以\n",[948,1721,1722],{"class":950,"line":986},[948,1723,1051],{"class":958},[1725,1726,1727],"blockquote",{},[927,1728,1729],{},"非成员的运算符重载要求至少有一个操作数是类类型的。所以你不能“覆盖”原有内置类型的运算符运算规则。",[927,1731,1732,1733,1736,1737,1740,1741,1743,1744,1746],{},"这就是非成员的运算符重载了。不过与此相比，对于 ",[922,1734,1735],{},"operator+"," 更好的处理是只定义非成员的 ",[922,1738,1739],{},"String operator+(const String& a, const String& b);","，这样任何可以隐式转换到 ",[922,1742,932],{}," 的类型出现在两侧都可以调用它。你会在",[993,1745,93],{"href":502},"中看到这个版本。",[918,1748,1750,1751],{"id":1749},"回到输出-string","回到输出 ",[922,1752,932],{},[927,1754,1755,1756,1758],{},"那么回到重载运算符 ",[922,1757,1023],{}," 上，相比思路也非常清晰了。我们需要做的只不过是：",[939,1760,1762],{"className":941,"code":1761,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nstd::ostream& operator\u003C\u003C(std::ostream& os, const String& b) {\n    os \u003C\u003C b.str;\n    return os;\n}\n",[922,1763,1764,1774,1816,1832,1840],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1765,1766,1768,1770,1772],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1767,955],{"class":954},[948,1769,959],{"class":958},[948,1771,963],{"class":962},[948,1773,966],{"class":958},[948,1775,1776,1778,1780,1783,1785,1787,1789,1791,1793,1795,1797,1799,1802,1804,1806,1808,1810,1812,1814],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1777,1236],{"class":1013},[948,1779,1017],{"class":958},[948,1781,1782],{"class":1013},"ostream",[948,1784,1287],{"class":972},[948,1786,1290],{"class":1193},[948,1788,1023],{"class":1013},[948,1790,996],{"class":958},[948,1792,1236],{"class":1013},[948,1794,1017],{"class":958},[948,1796,1782],{"class":1013},[948,1798,1287],{"class":972},[948,1800,1801],{"class":1299}," os",[948,1803,1639],{"class":958},[948,1805,1686],{"class":972},[948,1807,1689],{"class":1013},[948,1809,1287],{"class":972},[948,1811,1596],{"class":1299},[948,1813,1303],{"class":958},[948,1815,983],{"class":958},[948,1817,1818,1821,1823,1825,1827,1830],{"class":950,"line":986},[948,1819,1820],{"class":989},"    os ",[948,1822,1023],{"class":958},[948,1824,1596],{"class":989},[948,1826,1029],{"class":958},[948,1828,1829],{"class":989},"str",[948,1831,1045],{"class":958},[948,1833,1834,1836,1838],{"class":950,"line":1010},[948,1835,1702],{"class":954},[948,1837,1801],{"class":989},[948,1839,1045],{"class":958},[948,1841,1842],{"class":950,"line":1048},[948,1843,1051],{"class":958},[927,1845,1846,1847,1849,1850,1852,1853,1856,1857,1859,1860,1862],{},"这里面注意返回值类型为 ",[922,1848,1334],{},"，是为了保证“链式”地输出是合法的。其返回值应当是左侧操作数（实参为 ",[922,1851,924],{},"，这里为形参 ",[922,1854,1855],{},"os","）的引用，所以第一参数的类型也是引用类型的。（因为输出 C 风格字符串可能会对 ",[922,1858,924],{}," 内部成员做修改，所以第一参数不能设置为 ",[922,1861,1676],{}," 的。）",[927,1864,1865],{},"现在来试一试这两个非成员的运算符重载：",[939,1867,1869],{"className":941,"code":1868,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main() {\n    String b(\"world\");\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C (\"Hello \" + b) \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n}\n",[922,1870,1871,1881,1897,1932],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1872,1873,1875,1877,1879],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1874,973],{"class":972},[948,1876,977],{"class":976},[948,1878,980],{"class":958},[948,1880,983],{"class":958},[948,1882,1883,1885,1887,1889,1891,1893,1895],{"class":950,"line":969},[948,1884,990],{"class":989},[948,1886,1370],{"class":976},[948,1888,996],{"class":958},[948,1890,999],{"class":958},[948,1892,1500],{"class":962},[948,1894,999],{"class":958},[948,1896,1007],{"class":958},[948,1898,1899,1901,1903,1905,1907,1910,1912,1914,1916,1918,1920,1922,1924,1926,1928,1930],{"class":950,"line":986},[948,1900,1014],{"class":1013},[948,1902,1017],{"class":958},[948,1904,1020],{"class":989},[948,1906,1023],{"class":958},[948,1908,1909],{"class":958}," (",[948,1911,999],{"class":958},[948,1913,1512],{"class":962},[948,1915,999],{"class":958},[948,1917,1517],{"class":958},[948,1919,1596],{"class":989},[948,1921,1303],{"class":958},[948,1923,1197],{"class":958},[948,1925,1037],{"class":1013},[948,1927,1017],{"class":958},[948,1929,1042],{"class":989},[948,1931,1045],{"class":958},[948,1933,1934],{"class":950,"line":1010},[948,1935,1051],{"class":958},[927,1937,1938,1939,1942,1943,1946,1947,1950,1951,1953,1954,1958,1959,1961,1962,1965],{},"除此之外，输入也是同样的道理。",[922,1940,1941],{},"std::cin"," 是 ",[922,1944,1945],{},"std::istream"," 类型的，它拥有若干个 ",[922,1948,1949],{},">>"," 的重载；它们都返回左操作数（",[922,1952,1338],{},"），所以可以连起来用。",[1955,1956,1957],"em",{},"如果"," 想让 ",[922,1960,932],{}," 也能被 ",[922,1963,1964],{},"cin","，我们所需要做的就是实现下面的函数：",[939,1967,1969],{"className":941,"code":1968,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"std::istream& operator>>(istream& is, String& b);\n",[922,1970,1971],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1972,1973,1975,1977,1980,1982,1984,1986,1988,1990,1992,1995,1997,1999,2001,2003],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1974,1236],{"class":1013},[948,1976,1017],{"class":958},[948,1978,1979],{"class":1013},"istream",[948,1981,1287],{"class":972},[948,1983,1290],{"class":1193},[948,1985,1949],{"class":1013},[948,1987,996],{"class":958},[948,1989,1979],{"class":1013},[948,1991,1287],{"class":972},[948,1993,1994],{"class":1299}," is",[948,1996,1639],{"class":958},[948,1998,1689],{"class":1013},[948,2000,1287],{"class":972},[948,2002,1596],{"class":1299},[948,2004,1007],{"class":958},[927,2006,2007,2008,2010,2011,2013],{},"但由于我们目前的 ",[922,2009,932],{}," 定义很难高效、正确地实现用户输入，所以这里只是示意一下，不提供代码。如果你定义了一个自己的类，想去实现其 ",[922,2012,1941],{}," 的输入，则你需要自己去实现类似上面的函数。",[2015,2016,2017],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki 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