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}\n",[936,1148,1150],{"class":938,"line":1149},12,[936,1151,1152],{"class":950},"};\n",[918,1154,1155,1158,1159,1161,1162,1165],{},[922,1156,1157],{},"assign"," 函数了。所以，我们只需要把 ",[922,1160,1157],{}," 的名字改成 ",[922,1163,1164],{},"operator="," 就可以了：",[927,1167,1169],{"className":929,"code":1168,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"class String {\npublic:\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n    void operator=(const String& assignVal);\n};\n",[922,1170,1171,1179,1185,1189,1211],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1172,1173,1175,1177],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1174,943],{"class":942},[936,1176,947],{"class":946},[936,1178,951],{"class":950},[936,1180,1181,1183],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,1182,957],{"class":942},[936,1184,960],{"class":950},[936,1186,1187],{"class":938,"line":963},[936,1188,967],{"class":966},[936,1190,1191,1193,1196,1198,1200,1202,1204,1206,1208],{"class":938,"line":970},[936,1192,973],{"class":942},[936,1194,1195],{"class":1056}," operator",[936,1197,1019],{"class":946},[936,1199,980],{"class":950},[936,1201,983],{"class":942},[936,1203,947],{"class":946},[936,1205,988],{"class":942},[936,1207,992],{"class":991},[936,1209,1210],{"class":950},");\n",[936,1212,1213],{"class":938,"line":1000},[936,1214,1152],{"class":950},[918,1216,1217,1218,1221,1222,1225],{},"哦对了，还有返回值类型得是 ",[922,1219,1220],{},"String&"," 类型的，不然 ",[922,1223,1224],{},"a = b = c"," 这种表达式也没法用。稍微改一改：",[927,1227,1229],{"className":929,"code":1228,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"class String {\npublic:\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n    String& operator=(const String& assignVal) {\n        delete[] str;\n        len = assignVal.len;\n        str = new char[len + 1];\n        for (unsigned i{0}; i \u003C= len; i++) {\n            str[i] = assignVal.str[i];\n        }\n        return *this; \u002F\u002F 返回绑定到自己的引用\n    }\n};\n",[922,1230,1231,1239,1245,1249,1274,1282,1296,1316,1346,1370,1374,1385,1389],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1232,1233,1235,1237],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1234,943],{"class":942},[936,1236,947],{"class":946},[936,1238,951],{"class":950},[936,1240,1241,1243],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,1242,957],{"class":942},[936,1244,960],{"class":950},[936,1246,1247],{"class":938,"line":963},[936,1248,967],{"class":966},[936,1250,1251,1254,1256,1258,1260,1262,1264,1266,1268,1270,1272],{"class":938,"line":970},[936,1252,1253],{"class":946},"    String",[936,1255,988],{"class":942},[936,1257,1195],{"class":1056},[936,1259,1019],{"class":946},[936,1261,980],{"class":950},[936,1263,983],{"class":942},[936,1265,947],{"class":946},[936,1267,988],{"class":942},[936,1269,992],{"class":991},[936,1271,995],{"class":950},[936,1273,951],{"class":950},[936,1275,1276,1278,1280],{"class":938,"line":1000},[936,1277,1003],{"class":950},[936,1279,1007],{"class":1006},[936,1281,1010],{"class":950},[936,1283,1284,1286,1288,1290,1292,1294],{"class":938,"line":1013},[936,1285,1016],{"class":1006},[936,1287,1019],{"class":950},[936,1289,992],{"class":1022},[936,1291,1025],{"class":950},[936,1293,1028],{"class":1022},[936,1295,1010],{"class":950},[936,1297,1298,1300,1302,1304,1306,1308,1310,1312,1314],{"class":938,"line":1033},[936,1299,1036],{"class":1006},[936,1301,1019],{"class":950},[936,1303,1041],{"class":950},[936,1305,1044],{"class":942},[936,1307,1047],{"class":950},[936,1309,1050],{"class":1006},[936,1311,1053],{"class":950},[936,1313,1057],{"class":1056},[936,1315,1060],{"class":950},[936,1317,1318,1320,1322,1324,1326,1328,1330,1332,1334,1336,1338,1340,1342,1344],{"class":938,"line":1063},[936,1319,1067],{"class":1066},[936,1321,1070],{"class":950},[936,1323,1073],{"class":942},[936,1325,1076],{"class":1006},[936,1327,1079],{"class":1056},[936,1329,1082],{"class":1006},[936,1331,1085],{"class":950},[936,1333,1088],{"class":1006},[936,1335,1091],{"class":950},[936,1337,1094],{"class":1006},[936,1339,1085],{"class":950},[936,1341,1099],{"class":1006},[936,1343,1102],{"class":950},[936,1345,951],{"class":950},[936,1347,1348,1350,1352,1354,1356,1358,1360,1362,1364,1366,1368],{"class":938,"line":1107},[936,1349,1110],{"class":1022},[936,1351,1047],{"class":950},[936,1353,1115],{"class":1006},[936,1355,1118],{"class":950},[936,1357,1121],{"class":950},[936,1359,992],{"class":1022},[936,1361,1025],{"class":950},[936,1363,1128],{"class":1022},[936,1365,1047],{"class":950},[936,1367,1115],{"class":1006},[936,1369,1060],{"class":950},[936,1371,1372],{"class":938,"line":1137},[936,1373,1140],{"class":950},[936,1375,1376,1379,1382],{"class":938,"line":1143},[936,1377,1378],{"class":1066},"        return",[936,1380,1381],{"class":950}," *this;",[936,1383,1384],{"class":966}," \u002F\u002F 返回绑定到自己的引用\n",[936,1386,1387],{"class":938,"line":1149},[936,1388,1146],{"class":950},[936,1390,1392],{"class":938,"line":1391},13,[936,1393,1152],{"class":950},[918,1395,1396],{},"这就结束了吗？当然不是。因为现在我们要修复一个小问题。这个问题会发生在下面的代码中：",[927,1398,1400],{"className":929,"code":1399,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nint main() {\n    String a(\"hello\");\n    a = a; \u002F\u002F 问题发生的地方\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C a.str \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n}\n",[922,1401,1402,1417,1430,1450,1465,1498],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1403,1404,1407,1410,1414],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1405,1406],{"class":1066},"#include",[936,1408,1409],{"class":950}," \u003C",[936,1411,1413],{"class":1412},"sfazB","iostream",[936,1415,1416],{"class":950},">\n",[936,1418,1419,1422,1425,1428],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,1420,1421],{"class":942},"int",[936,1423,1424],{"class":976}," main",[936,1426,1427],{"class":950},"()",[936,1429,951],{"class":950},[936,1431,1432,1435,1438,1440,1443,1446,1448],{"class":938,"line":963},[936,1433,1434],{"class":1022},"    String ",[936,1436,1437],{"class":976},"a",[936,1439,980],{"class":950},[936,1441,1442],{"class":950},"\"",[936,1444,1445],{"class":1412},"hello",[936,1447,1442],{"class":950},[936,1449,1210],{"class":950},[936,1451,1452,1455,1457,1460,1462],{"class":938,"line":970},[936,1453,1454],{"class":1022},"    a ",[936,1456,1019],{"class":950},[936,1458,1459],{"class":1022}," a",[936,1461,1085],{"class":950},[936,1463,1464],{"class":966}," \u002F\u002F 问题发生的地方\n",[936,1466,1467,1470,1473,1476,1479,1481,1483,1486,1488,1491,1493,1496],{"class":938,"line":1000},[936,1468,1469],{"class":946},"    std",[936,1471,1472],{"class":950},"::",[936,1474,1475],{"class":1022},"cout ",[936,1477,1478],{"class":950},"\u003C\u003C",[936,1480,1459],{"class":1022},[936,1482,1025],{"class":950},[936,1484,1485],{"class":1022},"str ",[936,1487,1478],{"class":950},[936,1489,1490],{"class":946}," std",[936,1492,1472],{"class":950},[936,1494,1495],{"class":1022},"endl",[936,1497,1010],{"class":950},[936,1499,1500],{"class":938,"line":1013},[936,1501,1502],{"class":950},"}\n",[918,1504,1505],{},"我们发现这段程序无法输出想要的结果——貌似是程序在运行的时候出现错误了？为什么呢？",[918,1507,1508,1509,1512,1513,1516,1517,1519,1520,1523,1524,1527,1528,1530,1531,1533,1534,1536],{},"请注意 ",[922,1510,1511],{},"a = a;"," 这个语句会调用 ",[922,1514,1515],{},"a.operator="," 函数，也就是之前的 ",[922,1518,1157],{},"。在函数内部，它一上来就 ",[922,1521,1522],{},"delete"," 释放了 ",[922,1525,1526],{},"a.str"," 指向的那片空间，然后把参数 ",[922,1529,1526],{}," 指向的空间的内容复制过去……等等，",[922,1532,1526],{}," 指向的空间已经被释放了！也就是说，我们丢失了 ",[922,1535,1437],{}," 的数据。",[918,1538,1539],{},"所以解决这个问题的办法就是检测一下，如果出现了“自赋值”的情况就什么都不做，直接返回。",[927,1541,1543],{"className":929,"code":1542,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"class String {\npublic:\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n    String& operator=(const String& assignVal) {\n        if (str == assignVal.str) return *this; \u002F\u002F 自赋值直接返回\n        delete[] str;\n        len = assignVal.len;\n        str = new char[len + 1];\n        for (unsigned i{0}; i \u003C= len; i++) {\n            str[i] = assignVal.str[i];\n        }\n        return *this;\n    }\n};\n",[922,1544,1545,1553,1559,1563,1587,1615,1623,1637,1657,1687,1711,1715,1722,1726],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1546,1547,1549,1551],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1548,943],{"class":942},[936,1550,947],{"class":946},[936,1552,951],{"class":950},[936,1554,1555,1557],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,1556,957],{"class":942},[936,1558,960],{"class":950},[936,1560,1561],{"class":938,"line":963},[936,1562,967],{"class":966},[936,1564,1565,1567,1569,1571,1573,1575,1577,1579,1581,1583,1585],{"class":938,"line":970},[936,1566,1253],{"class":946},[936,1568,988],{"class":942},[936,1570,1195],{"class":1056},[936,1572,1019],{"class":946},[936,1574,980],{"class":950},[936,1576,983],{"class":942},[936,1578,947],{"class":946},[936,1580,988],{"class":942},[936,1582,992],{"class":991},[936,1584,995],{"class":950},[936,1586,951],{"class":950},[936,1588,1589,1592,1594,1596,1599,1601,1603,1605,1607,1610,1612],{"class":938,"line":1000},[936,1590,1591],{"class":1066},"        if",[936,1593,1070],{"class":950},[936,1595,1485],{"class":1006},[936,1597,1598],{"class":950},"==",[936,1600,992],{"class":1022},[936,1602,1025],{"class":950},[936,1604,1128],{"class":1022},[936,1606,995],{"class":950},[936,1608,1609],{"class":1066}," return",[936,1611,1381],{"class":950},[936,1613,1614],{"class":966}," \u002F\u002F 自赋值直接返回\n",[936,1616,1617,1619,1621],{"class":938,"line":1013},[936,1618,1003],{"class":950},[936,1620,1007],{"class":1006},[936,1622,1010],{"class":950},[936,1624,1625,1627,1629,1631,1633,1635],{"class":938,"line":1033},[936,1626,1016],{"class":1006},[936,1628,1019],{"class":950},[936,1630,992],{"class":1022},[936,1632,1025],{"class":950},[936,1634,1028],{"class":1022},[936,1636,1010],{"class":950},[936,1638,1639,1641,1643,1645,1647,1649,1651,1653,1655],{"class":938,"line":1063},[936,1640,1036],{"class":1006},[936,1642,1019],{"class":950},[936,1644,1041],{"class":950},[936,1646,1044],{"class":942},[936,1648,1047],{"class":950},[936,1650,1050],{"class":1006},[936,1652,1053],{"class":950},[936,1654,1057],{"class":1056},[936,1656,1060],{"class":950},[936,1658,1659,1661,1663,1665,1667,1669,1671,1673,1675,1677,1679,1681,1683,1685],{"class":938,"line":1107},[936,1660,1067],{"class":1066},[936,1662,1070],{"class":950},[936,1664,1073],{"class":942},[936,1666,1076],{"class":1006},[936,1668,1079],{"class":1056},[936,1670,1082],{"class":1006},[936,1672,1085],{"class":950},[936,1674,1088],{"class":1006},[936,1676,1091],{"class":950},[936,1678,1094],{"class":1006},[936,1680,1085],{"class":950},[936,1682,1099],{"class":1006},[936,1684,1102],{"class":950},[936,1686,951],{"class":950},[936,1688,1689,1691,1693,1695,1697,1699,1701,1703,1705,1707,1709],{"class":938,"line":1137},[936,1690,1110],{"class":1022},[936,1692,1047],{"class":950},[936,1694,1115],{"class":1006},[936,1696,1118],{"class":950},[936,1698,1121],{"class":950},[936,1700,992],{"class":1022},[936,1702,1025],{"class":950},[936,1704,1128],{"class":1022},[936,1706,1047],{"class":950},[936,1708,1115],{"class":1006},[936,1710,1060],{"class":950},[936,1712,1713],{"class":938,"line":1143},[936,1714,1140],{"class":950},[936,1716,1717,1719],{"class":938,"line":1149},[936,1718,1378],{"class":1066},[936,1720,1721],{"class":950}," *this;\n",[936,1723,1724],{"class":938,"line":1391},[936,1725,1146],{"class":950},[936,1727,1729],{"class":938,"line":1728},14,[936,1730,1152],{"class":950},[918,1732,1733],{},"最后，我们需要知道的就是，赋值运算符的重载是比较特殊的。请看下面的例子：",[927,1735,1737],{"className":929,"code":1736,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"struct A {\n    int data;\n};\nint main() {\n    A a{12}, b{34};\n    b = a; \u002F\u002F 编译通过\n}\n",[922,1738,1739,1749,1759,1763,1773,1797,1811],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1740,1741,1744,1747],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1742,1743],{"class":942},"struct",[936,1745,1746],{"class":946}," A",[936,1748,951],{"class":950},[936,1750,1751,1754,1757],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,1752,1753],{"class":942},"    int",[936,1755,1756],{"class":1006}," data",[936,1758,1010],{"class":950},[936,1760,1761],{"class":938,"line":963},[936,1762,1152],{"class":950},[936,1764,1765,1767,1769,1771],{"class":938,"line":970},[936,1766,1421],{"class":942},[936,1768,1424],{"class":976},[936,1770,1427],{"class":950},[936,1772,951],{"class":950},[936,1774,1775,1778,1781,1784,1787,1790,1792,1795],{"class":938,"line":1000},[936,1776,1777],{"class":1022},"    A a",[936,1779,1780],{"class":950},"{",[936,1782,1783],{"class":1056},"12",[936,1785,1786],{"class":950},"},",[936,1788,1789],{"class":1022}," b",[936,1791,1780],{"class":950},[936,1793,1794],{"class":1056},"34",[936,1796,1152],{"class":950},[936,1798,1799,1802,1804,1806,1808],{"class":938,"line":1013},[936,1800,1801],{"class":1022},"    b ",[936,1803,1019],{"class":950},[936,1805,1459],{"class":1022},[936,1807,1085],{"class":950},[936,1809,1810],{"class":966}," \u002F\u002F 编译通过\n",[936,1812,1813],{"class":938,"line":1033},[936,1814,1502],{"class":950},[918,1816,1817,1818,1821,1822,1825],{},"我们并没有在类 ",[922,1819,1820],{},"A"," 中定义赋值运算符重载，但 ",[922,1823,1824],{},"b = a"," 却是合法表达式。这是因为在某些条件下，编译器会隐式生成一个赋值运算符重载：",[927,1827,1829],{"className":929,"code":1828,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"struct B { \u002F* 定义略 *\u002F };\nstruct A {\n    int a;\n    B b;\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n    \u002F\u002F 下面是编译器生成的赋值运算符重载\n    A& operator=(const A& rhs) {\n        a = rhs.a;\n        b = rhs.b;\n        \u002F* 这样一直做下去，对所有成员进行赋值 ... *\u002F\n        return *this;\n    }\n}\n",[922,1830,1831,1847,1855,1863,1870,1874,1879,1905,1920,1936,1941,1947,1951],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1832,1833,1835,1838,1841,1844],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1834,1743],{"class":942},[936,1836,1837],{"class":946}," B",[936,1839,1840],{"class":950}," {",[936,1842,1843],{"class":966}," \u002F* 定义略 *\u002F",[936,1845,1846],{"class":950}," };\n",[936,1848,1849,1851,1853],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,1850,1743],{"class":942},[936,1852,1746],{"class":946},[936,1854,951],{"class":950},[936,1856,1857,1859,1861],{"class":938,"line":963},[936,1858,1753],{"class":942},[936,1860,1459],{"class":1006},[936,1862,1010],{"class":950},[936,1864,1865,1868],{"class":938,"line":970},[936,1866,1867],{"class":1006},"    B b",[936,1869,1010],{"class":950},[936,1871,1872],{"class":938,"line":1000},[936,1873,967],{"class":966},[936,1875,1876],{"class":938,"line":1013},[936,1877,1878],{"class":966},"    \u002F\u002F 下面是编译器生成的赋值运算符重载\n",[936,1880,1881,1884,1886,1888,1890,1892,1894,1896,1898,1901,1903],{"class":938,"line":1033},[936,1882,1883],{"class":946},"    A",[936,1885,988],{"class":942},[936,1887,1195],{"class":1056},[936,1889,1019],{"class":946},[936,1891,980],{"class":950},[936,1893,983],{"class":942},[936,1895,1746],{"class":946},[936,1897,988],{"class":942},[936,1899,1900],{"class":991}," rhs",[936,1902,995],{"class":950},[936,1904,951],{"class":950},[936,1906,1907,1910,1912,1914,1916,1918],{"class":938,"line":1063},[936,1908,1909],{"class":1006},"        a ",[936,1911,1019],{"class":950},[936,1913,1900],{"class":1022},[936,1915,1025],{"class":950},[936,1917,1437],{"class":1022},[936,1919,1010],{"class":950},[936,1921,1922,1925,1927,1929,1931,1934],{"class":938,"line":1107},[936,1923,1924],{"class":1006},"        b ",[936,1926,1019],{"class":950},[936,1928,1900],{"class":1022},[936,1930,1025],{"class":950},[936,1932,1933],{"class":1022},"b",[936,1935,1010],{"class":950},[936,1937,1938],{"class":938,"line":1137},[936,1939,1940],{"class":966},"        \u002F* 这样一直做下去，对所有成员进行赋值 ... *\u002F\n",[936,1942,1943,1945],{"class":938,"line":1143},[936,1944,1378],{"class":1066},[936,1946,1721],{"class":950},[936,1948,1949],{"class":938,"line":1149},[936,1950,1146],{"class":950},[936,1952,1953],{"class":938,"line":1391},[936,1954,1502],{"class":950},[918,1956,1957],{},"这个赋值运算符重载姑且称为预置赋值运算符重载吧。它干的事情就是给每一个成员都进行一次赋值",[918,1959,1960],{},"那么什么条件下编译器会帮我们做这件事情呢？答案是当你没有定义形如：",[1962,1963,1964,1970,1975],"ul",{},[1965,1966,1967],"li",{},[922,1968,1969],{},"A operator=(T);",[1965,1971,1972],{},[922,1973,1974],{},"A operator=(T&);",[1965,1976,1977],{},[922,1978,1979],{},"A operator=(const T&);",[918,1981,1982,1983,1985,1986,1990,1991,1994],{},"（其中返回值类型 ",[922,1984,1820],{}," 是任意的）这样的赋值运算符重载时，编译器会生成预置赋值运算符重载。这几种赋值运算符重载被称为",[1987,1988,1989],"strong",{},"复制赋值重载","（Copy assignment overload）。如果不好记的话，就只记 ",[922,1992,1993],{},"const T&"," 一种最常用的就行。",[1996,1997,1998,2016],"blockquote",{},[918,1999,2000,2001,2003,2004,2007,2008,2011,2012,2015],{},"和复制构造函数一样，",[922,2002,1974],{}," 某种程度上是违反直觉的，我们并不提倡使用。除此之外，复制赋值重载还包括带 ",[922,2005,2006],{},"volatile"," 限定的两个版本：",[922,2009,2010],{},"A operator=(volatile T&)"," 和 ",[922,2013,2014],{},"A operator=(const volatile T&);","。",[918,2017,2018,2019,2022,2023,2026,2027,2029,2030,2033,2034,2036],{},"如果其中某一个成员（设其类型为 ",[922,2020,2021],{},"M","）只定义形如 ",[922,2024,2025],{},"A operator=(M&);"," 这样不带 ",[922,2028,983],{}," 限定的复制赋值重载，那么编译器会转而生成 ",[922,2031,2032],{},"T& operator=(T&);"," 类型的预置赋值运算符重载而非带 ",[922,2035,983],{}," 限定版本的（因为这样会编译错误：无法把非只读引用绑定到只读变量上）。",[918,2038,2039,2040,2042,2043,2045,2046,2049],{},"你会发现，我们的 ",[922,2041,924],{}," 类定义的 ",[922,2044,1164],{}," 就是复制赋值重载的一种。所以编译器不会画蛇添足地添加预置赋值运算符重载。而我们没有定义这样形式的赋值运算符重载时，编译器就会自动添加一个。所以这保证了在一般情形下，",[922,2047,2048],{},"a = b"," 总是合法的。",[918,2051,2052,2053,2011,2056,2059,2060,2062,2063,2065,2066,2068,2069,2071],{},"为什么说“一般情形”呢？因为我们还有两个小玩意儿 ",[922,2054,2055],{},"=delete",[922,2057,2058],{},"=default","。它们在这里同样适用。",[922,2061,2058],{}," 强制编译器生成预置赋值运算符重载，而 ",[922,2064,2055],{}," 将避免编译器自动生成预置赋值运算符重载。所以，如果这个东西被 ",[922,2067,2055],{}," 了，",[922,2070,2048],{}," 就不合法了：",[927,2073,2075],{"className":929,"code":2074,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"struct A {\n    A& operator=(const A&) = delete;\n};\nint main() {\n    A a, b;\n\u002F\u002F  a = b; \u002F\u002F 编译错误\n}\n",[922,2076,2077,2085,2112,2116,2126,2137,2145],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,2078,2079,2081,2083],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,2080,1743],{"class":942},[936,2082,1746],{"class":946},[936,2084,951],{"class":950},[936,2086,2087,2089,2091,2093,2095,2097,2099,2101,2103,2105,2107,2110],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,2088,1883],{"class":946},[936,2090,988],{"class":942},[936,2092,1195],{"class":1056},[936,2094,1019],{"class":946},[936,2096,980],{"class":950},[936,2098,983],{"class":942},[936,2100,1746],{"class":946},[936,2102,988],{"class":942},[936,2104,995],{"class":950},[936,2106,1121],{"class":950},[936,2108,2109],{"class":1056}," 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