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delete[]",[936,1117,964],{"class":963},[936,1119,967],{"class":950},[936,1121,1123,1126,1129,1132,1135,1138],{"class":938,"line":1122},16,[936,1124,1125],{"class":963},"        len ",[936,1127,1128],{"class":950},"=",[936,1130,1104],{"class":1131},"sTEyZ",[936,1133,1134],{"class":950},".",[936,1136,1137],{"class":1131},"len",[936,1139,967],{"class":950},[936,1141,1143,1146,1148,1151,1153,1156,1159,1162,1166],{"class":938,"line":1142},17,[936,1144,1145],{"class":963},"        str ",[936,1147,1128],{"class":950},[936,1149,1150],{"class":950}," new",[936,1152,1031],{"class":942},[936,1154,1155],{"class":950},"[",[936,1157,1158],{"class":963},"len ",[936,1160,1161],{"class":950},"+",[936,1163,1165],{"class":1164},"sbssI"," 1",[936,1167,1168],{"class":950},"];\n",[936,1170,1172,1175,1178,1180,1183,1186,1189,1192,1195,1198,1200,1202,1205],{"class":938,"line":1171},18,[936,1173,1174],{"class":1068},"        for",[936,1176,1177],{"class":950}," (",[936,1179,1022],{"class":942},[936,1181,1182],{"class":963}," i{",[936,1184,1185],{"class":1164},"0",[936,1187,1188],{"class":963},"}",[936,1190,1191],{"class":950},";",[936,1193,1194],{"class":963}," i ",[936,1196,1197],{"class":950},"\u003C=",[936,1199,1072],{"class":963},[936,1201,1191],{"class":950},[936,1203,1204],{"class":963}," i",[936,1206,1207],{"class":950},"++)\n",[936,1209,1211,1214,1216,1219,1222,1225,1227,1229,1232,1234,1236],{"class":938,"line":1210},19,[936,1212,1213],{"class":1131},"            str",[936,1215,1155],{"class":950},[936,1217,1218],{"class":963},"i",[936,1220,1221],{"class":950},"]",[936,1223,1224],{"class":950}," =",[936,1226,1104],{"class":1131},[936,1228,1134],{"class":950},[936,1230,1231],{"class":1131},"str",[936,1233,1155],{"class":950},[936,1235,1218],{"class":963},[936,1237,1168],{"class":950},[936,1239,1241],{"class":938,"line":1240},20,[936,1242,1080],{"class":950},[936,1244,1246,1249],{"class":938,"line":1245},21,[936,1247,1248],{"class":942},"private",[936,1250,1251],{"class":950},":\n",[936,1253,1255,1257,1259],{"class":938,"line":1254},22,[936,1256,1054],{"class":942},[936,1258,1072],{"class":963},[936,1260,967],{"class":950},[936,1262,1264],{"class":938,"line":1263},23,[936,1265,1266],{"class":950},"};\n",[918,1268,1269],{},"看看这个例子吧：",[927,1271,1273],{"className":929,"code":1272,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nstruct String; \u002F\u002F 定义略\nvoid f(String a) {\n    a.str[0] = 'B';\n}\nint main() {\n    String sth(\"Dog\");\n    f(sth);\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sth.str \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n}\n",[922,1274,1275,1290,1301,1320,1348,1353,1365,1385,1396,1430],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1276,1277,1280,1283,1287],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1278,1279],{"class":1068},"#include",[936,1281,1282],{"class":950}," \u003C",[936,1284,1286],{"class":1285},"sfazB","iostream",[936,1288,1289],{"class":950},">\n",[936,1291,1292,1294,1296,1298],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,1293,943],{"class":942},[936,1295,947],{"class":946},[936,1297,1191],{"class":950},[936,1299,1300],{"class":980}," \u002F\u002F 定义略\n",[936,1302,1303,1306,1309,1311,1313,1316,1318],{"class":938,"line":970},[936,1304,1305],{"class":942},"void",[936,1307,1308],{"class":987}," f",[936,1310,999],{"class":950},[936,1312,924],{"class":946},[936,1314,1315],{"class":1008}," a",[936,1317,1107],{"class":950},[936,1319,951],{"class":950},[936,1321,1322,1325,1327,1329,1331,1333,1335,1337,1340,1343,1346],{"class":938,"line":977},[936,1323,1324],{"class":1131},"    a",[936,1326,1134],{"class":950},[936,1328,1231],{"class":1131},[936,1330,1155],{"class":950},[936,1332,1185],{"class":1164},[936,1334,1221],{"class":950},[936,1336,1224],{"class":950},[936,1338,1339],{"class":950}," '",[936,1341,1342],{"class":1285},"B",[936,1344,1345],{"class":950},"'",[936,1347,967],{"class":950},[936,1349,1350],{"class":938,"line":984},[936,1351,1352],{"class":950},"}\n",[936,1354,1355,1358,1361,1363],{"class":938,"line":994},[936,1356,1357],{"class":942},"int",[936,1359,1360],{"class":987}," main",[936,1362,1060],{"class":950},[936,1364,951],{"class":950},[936,1366,1367,1370,1373,1375,1378,1381,1383],{"class":938,"line":1015},[936,1368,1369],{"class":1131},"    String ",[936,1371,1372],{"class":987},"sth",[936,1374,999],{"class":950},[936,1376,1377],{"class":950},"\"",[936,1379,1380],{"class":1285},"Dog",[936,1382,1377],{"class":950},[936,1384,1012],{"class":950},[936,1386,1387,1390,1392,1394],{"class":938,"line":1039},[936,1388,1389],{"class":987},"    f",[936,1391,999],{"class":950},[936,1393,1372],{"class":1131},[936,1395,1012],{"class":950},[936,1397,1398,1401,1404,1407,1410,1413,1415,1418,1420,1423,1425,1428],{"class":938,"line":1045},[936,1399,1400],{"class":946},"    std",[936,1402,1403],{"class":950},"::",[936,1405,1406],{"class":1131},"cout ",[936,1408,1409],{"class":950},"\u003C\u003C",[936,1411,1412],{"class":1131}," sth",[936,1414,1134],{"class":950},[936,1416,1417],{"class":1131},"str ",[936,1419,1409],{"class":950},[936,1421,1422],{"class":946}," std",[936,1424,1403],{"class":950},[936,1426,1427],{"class":1131},"endl",[936,1429,967],{"class":950},[936,1431,1432],{"class":938,"line":1051},[936,1433,1352],{"class":950},[918,1435,1436,1437,1440,1441,1444,1445,1448,1449,1452,1453,1455,1456,1458,1459,1452,1461,1463],{},"结果输出是 ",[922,1438,1439],{},"Bog","。发生什么事了？从直觉上来讲，",[922,1442,1443],{},"f"," 函数并不是引用传参的，所以它的 ",[922,1446,1447],{},"a"," 和 ",[922,1450,1451],{},"main"," 的 ",[922,1454,1372],{}," 应该是互相独立的两个变量。但是我们对 ",[922,1457,1447],{}," 的更改竟然作用到了 ",[922,1460,1451],{},[922,1462,1372],{},"？这是为什么呢？",[918,1465,1466,1467,1469,1470,1472],{},"我们已经知道的是，这里的传参调用了复制构造函数；而复制构造函数我们并没定义，所以是预置复制构造——将成员逐一复制初始化。假设在某次运行时，",[922,1468,1451],{}," 中 ",[922,1471,1372],{}," 的成员分别为：",[1474,1475,1476,1487],"ul",{},[1477,1478,1479,1480,1482,1483,1486],"li",{},"成员 ",[922,1481,1137],{}," 值为 ",[922,1484,1485],{},"3","；",[1477,1488,1479,1489,1482,1491,1494],{},[922,1490,1231],{},[922,1492,1493],{},"0x873c20","。",[918,1496,1497,1498,1500,1501,1504,1505,1507,1508,1510,1511,1513],{},"其中，",[922,1499,1493],{}," 地址处存放了字符串 ",[922,1502,1503],{},"\"Dog\"","。那么用 ",[922,1506,1372],{}," 复制初始化 ",[922,1509,1443],{}," 中的 ",[922,1512,1447],{},"，我们得到了什么？",[918,1515,1516],{},[1517,1518],"img",{"alt":932,"src":1519},"https:\u002F\u002Fz3.ax1x.com\u002F2021\u002F01\u002F23\u002Fs7OYct.png",[918,1521,1522,1523,1448,1525,1527,1528,1530,1531,1448,1534,1537,1538,1540,1541,1543],{},"嗯，确实 ",[922,1524,1231],{},[922,1526,1447],{}," 是两个独立的、相同的对象。但问题出在了成员 ",[922,1529,1231],{}," 不是数组而是指针！这时，两个指针指向的位置也是相同的——所以，",[922,1532,1533],{},"a.str[0]",[922,1535,1536],{},"sth.str[0]"," 其实是同一个变量。这就是为什么更改了 ",[922,1539,1533],{}," 的值也会作用到 ",[922,1542,1372],{}," 上。",[918,1545,1546],{},"让我们借用 JavaScript 的两个概念来说明这个问题。当成员中含有指针时，朴素地把指针当成普通变量一样直接复制，我们称这种复制方法为“浅复制”。浅复制的结果并不是两个完全独立的变量：因为它们的指针指向同一处，当使用这一处内存的东西时就会出现麻烦。",[918,1548,1549],{},"所以，我们需要的是“深复制”。深复制的效果应当类似这样：",[918,1551,1552],{},[1517,1553],{"alt":932,"src":1554},"https:\u002F\u002Fz3.ax1x.com\u002F2021\u002F01\u002F23\u002Fs7Xn8s.png",[918,1556,1557],{},"也就是：不复制指针的值，而是将指针所指向的那片内存进行复制，然后让两个指针分别指向这两片复制出来的内存。那么怎么实现呢？显然，预置复制构造只能实现“浅复制”，“深复制”需要靠我们自己写。",[927,1559,1561],{"className":929,"code":1560,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"struct String {\n    String(const String& initVal) {\n        len = initVal.len;                 \u002F\u002F 复制长度\n        str = new char[len + 1];                \u002F\u002F 申请新的内存空间\n        for (unsigned i{0}; i \u003C= len; i++)\n            str[i] = initVal.str[i];       \u002F\u002F 然后把内存里的值逐一复制\n    }\n};\n",[922,1562,1563,1571,1590,1607,1631,1659,1686,1690],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1564,1565,1567,1569],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1566,943],{"class":942},[936,1568,947],{"class":946},[936,1570,951],{"class":950},[936,1572,1573,1575,1577,1579,1581,1584,1586,1588],{"class":938,"line":954},[936,1574,988],{"class":987},[936,1576,999],{"class":950},[936,1578,1002],{"class":942},[936,1580,947],{"class":946},[936,1582,1583],{"class":942},"&",[936,1585,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1587,1107],{"class":950},[936,1589,951],{"class":950},[936,1591,1592,1594,1596,1598,1600,1602,1604],{"class":938,"line":970},[936,1593,1125],{"class":963},[936,1595,1128],{"class":950},[936,1597,1009],{"class":1131},[936,1599,1134],{"class":950},[936,1601,1137],{"class":1131},[936,1603,1191],{"class":950},[936,1605,1606],{"class":980},"                 \u002F\u002F 复制长度\n",[936,1608,1609,1611,1613,1615,1617,1619,1621,1623,1625,1628],{"class":938,"line":977},[936,1610,1145],{"class":963},[936,1612,1128],{"class":950},[936,1614,1150],{"class":950},[936,1616,1031],{"class":942},[936,1618,1155],{"class":950},[936,1620,1158],{"class":963},[936,1622,1161],{"class":950},[936,1624,1165],{"class":1164},[936,1626,1627],{"class":950},"];",[936,1629,1630],{"class":980},"                \u002F\u002F 申请新的内存空间\n",[936,1632,1633,1635,1637,1639,1641,1643,1645,1647,1649,1651,1653,1655,1657],{"class":938,"line":984},[936,1634,1174],{"class":1068},[936,1636,1177],{"class":950},[936,1638,1022],{"class":942},[936,1640,1182],{"class":963},[936,1642,1185],{"class":1164},[936,1644,1188],{"class":963},[936,1646,1191],{"class":950},[936,1648,1194],{"class":963},[936,1650,1197],{"class":950},[936,1652,1072],{"class":963},[936,1654,1191],{"class":950},[936,1656,1204],{"class":963},[936,1658,1207],{"class":950},[936,1660,1661,1663,1665,1667,1669,1671,1673,1675,1677,1679,1681,1683],{"class":938,"line":994},[936,1662,1213],{"class":1131},[936,1664,1155],{"class":950},[936,1666,1218],{"class":963},[936,1668,1221],{"class":950},[936,1670,1224],{"class":950},[936,1672,1009],{"class":1131},[936,1674,1134],{"class":950},[936,1676,1231],{"class":1131},[936,1678,1155],{"class":950},[936,1680,1218],{"class":963},[936,1682,1627],{"class":950},[936,1684,1685],{"class":980},"       \u002F\u002F 然后把内存里的值逐一复制\n",[936,1687,1688],{"class":938,"line":1015},[936,1689,1080],{"class":950},[936,1691,1692],{"class":938,"line":1039},[936,1693,1266],{"class":950},[918,1695,1696,1697,1699,1700,1469,1702,1704],{},"然后再来试试 ",[922,1698,1443],{}," 函数，这一次它不会再更改 ",[922,1701,1451],{},[922,1703,1372],{}," 的内容了。可喜可贺。",[918,1706,1707,1708,1711,1712,1714],{},"基于“浅复制”和“深复制”的原理，请读者回过头来再看一看我没有细讲的 ",[922,1709,1710],{},"assign"," 成员函数。它本质上仍然是做“深复制”的赋值，而避免默认的赋值导致的“浅复制”。我这里仅仅把 ",[922,1713,1710],{}," 的函数类型稍作微调：",[927,1716,1718],{"className":929,"code":1717,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"void assign(const String& assignVal);\n",[922,1719,1720],{"__ignoreMap":932},[936,1721,1722,1724,1726,1728,1730,1732,1734,1736],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1723,1305],{"class":942},[936,1725,1095],{"class":987},[936,1727,999],{"class":950},[936,1729,1002],{"class":942},[936,1731,947],{"class":946},[936,1733,1583],{"class":942},[936,1735,1104],{"class":1008},[936,1737,1012],{"class":950},[918,1739,1740,1741,1744,1745,1747],{},"将参数类型改为 ",[922,1742,1743],{},"const T&"," 来避免复制。至于工作原理，这里不再展开；而目前 ",[922,1746,1710],{}," 函数隐含的小问题也留待下一章再作调整。",[1749,1750,1751],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki 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.shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}",{"title":932,"searchDepth":939,"depth":954,"links":1753},[],"md",null,{},{"icon":416},{"title":451,"description":451},"hJiwEkHsrxN-df7qoeAB_9_zEUpK65hfSaV5_dsgrTo",[1761,1763],{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449,"description":1762,"icon":416,"children":-1},"在讲解面向对象相关的知识前，我不得不补充一个非常重要且有用的概念——左值引用（lvalue reference），现阶段简称引用。",{"title":93,"path":455,"stem":456,"description":1764,"icon":416,"children":-1},"本章总结",1784618098616]