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a",[967,980,982],{"class":981},"sMK4o","{",[967,984,986],{"class":985},"sbssI","42",[967,988,989],{"class":981},"};\n",[967,991,993,995,998,1001,1003,1007,1010],{"class":969,"line":992},2,[967,994,974],{"class":973},[967,996,997],{"class":981},"&",[967,999,1000],{"class":977}," r",[967,1002,982],{"class":981},[967,1004,1006],{"class":1005},"swJcz","a",[967,1008,1009],{"class":981},"};",[967,1011,1013],{"class":1012},"sHwdD","  \u002F\u002F 这就是引用的声明语句\n",[925,1015,1016,1017,1020,1021,1024,1025,1028,1029,1031,1032,1034,1035,1038],{},"这是什么意思呢？意思是，为 ",[953,1018,1019],{},"@类型说明符@"," 类型的变量 ",[953,1022,1023],{},"@变量名@"," 起一个别名，这个别名就叫做 ",[953,1026,1027],{},"@引用名@","。比如刚才的例子中，我们给 ",[953,1030,974],{}," 类型变量 ",[953,1033,1006],{}," 起了一个别名叫做 ",[953,1036,1037],{},"r","。这个过程就好比给孙悟空起了一个别名叫”齐天大圣“——我说孙悟空怎样怎样，齐天大圣就怎样怎样。比如：",[958,1040,1042],{"className":960,"code":1041,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"r = 56;\ncout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C endl; \u002F\u002F 输出 56\n",[953,1043,1044,1058],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1045,1046,1049,1052,1055],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1047,1048],{"class":977},"r ",[967,1050,1051],{"class":981},"=",[967,1053,1054],{"class":985}," 56",[967,1056,1057],{"class":981},";\n",[967,1059,1060,1063,1066,1069,1071,1074,1077],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,1061,1062],{"class":977},"cout ",[967,1064,1065],{"class":981},"\u003C\u003C",[967,1067,1068],{"class":977}," a ",[967,1070,1065],{"class":981},[967,1072,1073],{"class":977}," endl",[967,1075,1076],{"class":981},";",[967,1078,1079],{"class":1012}," \u002F\u002F 输出 56\n",[925,1081,1082,1083,1085,1086,1089,1090,1092,1093,1095,1096,1098,1099,1101,1102,1104],{},"这里，我令 ",[953,1084,1037],{}," 的值更改为 ",[953,1087,1088],{},"56","，但 ",[953,1091,1037],{}," 实际上就是 ",[953,1094,1006],{}," 的别名，所以刚刚的赋值语句完全就是对 ",[953,1097,1006],{}," 赋值。所以最后输出 ",[953,1100,1006],{}," 的值是 ",[953,1103,1088],{}," 。",[925,1106,1107,1108,1110,1111,1113],{},"总结下来就是，当声明引用时，",[953,1109,1027],{}," 将成为初始化器中 ",[953,1112,1023],{}," 的一个别名。这个行为可以称作“绑定引用到一个变量上”。之后，对引用进行各种操作完全就是在对其所绑定的变量进行操作。",[925,1115,1116],{},"那么读者可能会感到疑惑了：我为什么要给一个变量起别名，用原来的名字不好吗？实际上，引用主要的作用并不是单纯地起别名，而是通过“起别名”这个工作原理让函数传参更加灵活好用。",[925,1118,1119],{},"我们来看这个例子：",[958,1121,1123],{"className":960,"code":1122,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nvoid change(int& c,int& d) {\n    c = 30;\n    d = 50;\n}\nint main() {\n    int a{3}, b{5};\n    change(a, b);\n    cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C b \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[953,1124,1125,1141,1155,1189,1202,1215,1221,1234,1260,1277,1306],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1126,1127,1131,1134,1138],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1128,1130],{"class":1129},"s7zQu","#include",[967,1132,1133],{"class":981}," \u003C",[967,1135,1137],{"class":1136},"sfazB","iostream",[967,1139,1140],{"class":981},">\n",[967,1142,1143,1146,1149,1153],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,1144,1145],{"class":985},"using",[967,1147,1148],{"class":973}," namespace",[967,1150,1152],{"class":1151},"sBMFI"," std",[967,1154,1057],{"class":981},[967,1156,1158,1161,1165,1168,1171,1175,1178,1180,1183,1186],{"class":969,"line":1157},3,[967,1159,1160],{"class":973},"void",[967,1162,1164],{"class":1163},"s2Zo4"," change",[967,1166,1167],{"class":981},"(",[967,1169,1170],{"class":973},"int&",[967,1172,1174],{"class":1173},"sHdIc"," c",[967,1176,1177],{"class":981},",",[967,1179,1170],{"class":973},[967,1181,1182],{"class":1173}," d",[967,1184,1185],{"class":981},")",[967,1187,1188],{"class":981}," {\n",[967,1190,1192,1195,1197,1200],{"class":969,"line":1191},4,[967,1193,1194],{"class":977},"    c ",[967,1196,1051],{"class":981},[967,1198,1199],{"class":985}," 30",[967,1201,1057],{"class":981},[967,1203,1205,1208,1210,1213],{"class":969,"line":1204},5,[967,1206,1207],{"class":977},"    d ",[967,1209,1051],{"class":981},[967,1211,1212],{"class":985}," 50",[967,1214,1057],{"class":981},[967,1216,1218],{"class":969,"line":1217},6,[967,1219,1220],{"class":981},"}\n",[967,1222,1224,1226,1229,1232],{"class":969,"line":1223},7,[967,1225,974],{"class":973},[967,1227,1228],{"class":1163}," main",[967,1230,1231],{"class":981},"()",[967,1233,1188],{"class":981},[967,1235,1237,1240,1242,1244,1247,1250,1253,1255,1258],{"class":969,"line":1236},8,[967,1238,1239],{"class":973},"    int",[967,1241,978],{"class":977},[967,1243,982],{"class":981},[967,1245,1246],{"class":985},"3",[967,1248,1249],{"class":981},"},",[967,1251,1252],{"class":977}," b",[967,1254,982],{"class":981},[967,1256,1257],{"class":985},"5",[967,1259,989],{"class":981},[967,1261,1263,1266,1268,1270,1272,1274],{"class":969,"line":1262},9,[967,1264,1265],{"class":1163},"    change",[967,1267,1167],{"class":981},[967,1269,1006],{"class":977},[967,1271,1177],{"class":981},[967,1273,1252],{"class":977},[967,1275,1276],{"class":981},");\n",[967,1278,1280,1283,1285,1287,1289,1292,1294,1297,1300,1302,1304],{"class":969,"line":1279},10,[967,1281,1282],{"class":977},"    cout ",[967,1284,1065],{"class":981},[967,1286,1068],{"class":977},[967,1288,1065],{"class":981},[967,1290,1291],{"class":981}," \"",[967,1293,1291],{"class":981},[967,1295,1296],{"class":981}," \u003C\u003C",[967,1298,1299],{"class":977}," b ",[967,1301,1065],{"class":981},[967,1303,1073],{"class":977},[967,1305,1057],{"class":981},[967,1307,1309],{"class":969,"line":1308},11,[967,1310,1220],{"class":981},[925,1312,1313,1314,1317,1318,1322,1323,1325,1326,1329,1330,1332,1333,1336],{},"这个 ",[953,1315,1316],{},"change"," 函数我们已经在",[1006,1319,1321],{"href":1320},"\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_execution#%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92","之前","见过了，但这次的不同是参数类型变成了引用。当你编译运行之后你就能发现结果不一样了：",[953,1324,1316],{}," 函数确实改变了 ",[953,1327,1328],{},"main"," 函数中 ",[953,1331,1006],{}," 和 ",[953,1334,1335],{},"b"," 的值。这是为什么呢？",[925,1338,1339,1340,1343,1344,1346],{},"首先我们回顾一下函数传参的细节：",[929,1341,1342],{},"用实参去初始化形参","。所以，如果把调用 ",[953,1345,1316],{}," 这个传参过程具体写出来的话就是：",[944,1348,1349],{},[925,1350,1351],{},"\"int& c{\"main 函数中的 a\"};\"\n\"int& d{\"main 函数中的 b\"};\"",[925,1353,1354,1355,1357,1358,1360,1361,1364,1365,1357,1367,1360,1369,1372,1373,1332,1375,1377,1378,1380,1381,1383,1384,1332,1386,1388,1389,1329,1391,1332,1393,1395],{},"这时问题已经浮出水面了。引用在进行初始化时，是将引入的名字绑定到用于初始化的变量上去，使得这个变量拥有一个别名。所以，这里是让 ",[953,1356,1328],{}," 函数中的 ",[953,1359,1006],{}," 拥有了一个别名 ",[953,1362,1363],{},"c","，",[953,1366,1328],{},[953,1368,1335],{},[953,1370,1371],{},"d","。而 ",[953,1374,1363],{},[953,1376,1371],{}," 这两个名字的作用域是 ",[953,1379,1316],{}," 函数，所以我们可以通过在 ",[953,1382,1316],{}," 函数中更改别名 ",[953,1385,1363],{},[953,1387,1371],{}," 的值来更改 ",[953,1390,1328],{},[953,1392,1006],{},[953,1394,1335],{}," 的值。",[925,1397,1398,1399,1401],{},"这也就是第三种用来“跨函数”更改变量值的方法。（第一种是全局变量，第二种是运用指针。）这时，如果你在 ",[953,1400,1316],{}," 函数调用语句中传入的实参不是一个左值的话，会导致编译错误：",[958,1403,1405],{"className":960,"code":1404,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"void change(int&, int&); \u002F\u002F 定义略\nint main() {\n    change(3, 5); \u002F\u002F 错误：引用没有绑定到变量（左值）上\n}\n",[953,1406,1407,1428,1438,1456],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1408,1409,1411,1413,1415,1417,1419,1422,1425],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1410,1160],{"class":973},[967,1412,1164],{"class":1163},[967,1414,1167],{"class":981},[967,1416,1170],{"class":973},[967,1418,1177],{"class":981},[967,1420,1421],{"class":973}," int&",[967,1423,1424],{"class":981},");",[967,1426,1427],{"class":1012}," \u002F\u002F 定义略\n",[967,1429,1430,1432,1434,1436],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,1431,974],{"class":973},[967,1433,1228],{"class":1163},[967,1435,1231],{"class":981},[967,1437,1188],{"class":981},[967,1439,1440,1442,1444,1446,1448,1451,1453],{"class":969,"line":1157},[967,1441,1265],{"class":1163},[967,1443,1167],{"class":981},[967,1445,1246],{"class":985},[967,1447,1177],{"class":981},[967,1449,1450],{"class":985}," 5",[967,1452,1424],{"class":981},[967,1454,1455],{"class":1012}," \u002F\u002F 错误：引用没有绑定到变量（左值）上\n",[967,1457,1458],{"class":969,"line":1191},[967,1459,1220],{"class":981},[1461,1462,1463,1470,1522],"blockquote",{},[925,1464,1465,1466,1469],{},"引用仅仅是一个别名而已，它不是变量，",[929,1467,1468],{},"不占用任何存储空间","。所以不存在指向引用的指针，不存在引用构成的数组，不存在引用的引用。",[958,1471,1473],{"className":960,"code":1472,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"int a{42};\nint& r{a}; \u002F\u002F r 是 a 的别名\nint& s{r}; \u002F\u002F s 也是 a 的别名\n",[953,1474,1475,1487,1504],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1476,1477,1479,1481,1483,1485],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1478,974],{"class":973},[967,1480,978],{"class":977},[967,1482,982],{"class":981},[967,1484,986],{"class":985},[967,1486,989],{"class":981},[967,1488,1489,1491,1493,1495,1497,1499,1501],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,1490,974],{"class":973},[967,1492,997],{"class":981},[967,1494,1000],{"class":977},[967,1496,982],{"class":981},[967,1498,1006],{"class":1005},[967,1500,1009],{"class":981},[967,1502,1503],{"class":1012}," \u002F\u002F r 是 a 的别名\n",[967,1505,1506,1508,1510,1513,1515,1517,1519],{"class":969,"line":1157},[967,1507,974],{"class":973},[967,1509,997],{"class":981},[967,1511,1512],{"class":977}," s",[967,1514,982],{"class":981},[967,1516,1037],{"class":1005},[967,1518,1009],{"class":981},[967,1520,1521],{"class":1012}," \u002F\u002F s 也是 a 的别名\n",[925,1523,1524,1525,1528,1529,1531,1532,1534,1535,1537,1538,1541,1542,1545,1546,1548,1549,1551],{},"这里 ",[953,1526,1527],{},"s"," 并不是引用 ",[953,1530,1037],{}," 的引用。",[953,1533,1037],{}," 已经是 ",[953,1536,1006],{}," 的别名了，所以 ",[953,1539,1540],{},"int& s{r};"," 就等价于 ",[953,1543,1544],{},"int& s{a};","。所以 ",[953,1547,1527],{}," 不过是 ",[953,1550,1006],{}," 的另外一个别名罢了。",[1553,1554,1555],"h2",{"id":1555},"绑定到只读类型的引用",[925,1557,1558],{},"先看下面的代码：",[958,1560,1562],{"className":960,"code":1561,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"int a{42};\nconst int& r{a};\n",[953,1563,1564,1576],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1565,1566,1568,1570,1572,1574],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1567,974],{"class":973},[967,1569,978],{"class":977},[967,1571,982],{"class":981},[967,1573,986],{"class":985},[967,1575,989],{"class":981},[967,1577,1578,1581,1584,1586,1588,1590,1592],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,1579,1580],{"class":973},"const",[967,1582,1583],{"class":973}," int",[967,1585,997],{"class":981},[967,1587,1000],{"class":977},[967,1589,982],{"class":981},[967,1591,1006],{"class":1005},[967,1593,989],{"class":981},[925,1595,1596,1597,1599,1600,1603,1604,1606,1607,1609],{},"这里，引用 ",[953,1598,1037],{}," 是绑定到 ",[953,1601,1602],{},"const int"," 类型的引用，而用于初始化它的变量 ",[953,1605,1006],{}," 是 ",[953,1608,974],{}," 类型的。这种写法是被允许的，它的效果是这样的：",[958,1611,1613],{"className":960,"code":1612,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"cout \u003C\u003C r \u003C\u003C endl; \u002F\u002F 等价于 cout\u003C\u003Ca\u003C\u003Cendl;\nr = 56; \u002F\u002F 错误，因为引用绑定到只读类型\na = 56; \u002F\u002F OK\n",[953,1614,1615,1633,1646],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1616,1617,1619,1621,1624,1626,1628,1630],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1618,1062],{"class":977},[967,1620,1065],{"class":981},[967,1622,1623],{"class":977}," r ",[967,1625,1065],{"class":981},[967,1627,1073],{"class":977},[967,1629,1076],{"class":981},[967,1631,1632],{"class":1012}," \u002F\u002F 等价于 cout\u003C\u003Ca\u003C\u003Cendl;\n",[967,1634,1635,1637,1639,1641,1643],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,1636,1048],{"class":977},[967,1638,1051],{"class":981},[967,1640,1054],{"class":985},[967,1642,1076],{"class":981},[967,1644,1645],{"class":1012}," \u002F\u002F 错误，因为引用绑定到只读类型\n",[967,1647,1648,1651,1653,1655,1657],{"class":969,"line":1157},[967,1649,1650],{"class":977},"a ",[967,1652,1051],{"class":981},[967,1654,1054],{"class":985},[967,1656,1076],{"class":981},[967,1658,1659],{"class":1012}," \u002F\u002F OK\n",[925,1661,1662,1663,1665,1666,1669,1670,1673],{},"就是说，如果引用绑定到了 ",[953,1664,1580],{}," 限定的类型，那么就",[929,1667,1668],{},"不能通过引用更改","其所绑定变量的值。但是直接更改原来变量的值仍然是被允许的。这一通操作看上去会显得很迷惑——但是形如 ",[953,1671,1672],{},"const T&"," 的声明在将来会非常常见。这里暂且先不讨论其意义，留到后面再作具体解释。",[1461,1675,1676],{},[925,1677,1678,1679,1681,1682,1685],{},"引用无法在顶层被 ",[953,1680,1580],{}," 限定（如 ",[953,1683,1684],{},"int& const r{a};"," 是错误的）。",[1461,1687,1688],{},[925,1689,1690,1691,1693,1694,935],{},"非常神奇地，形如 ",[953,1692,1672],{}," 的引用可以绑定到右值上，如 ",[953,1695,1696],{},"const int& r{42};",[1553,1698,1699],{"id":1699},"将引用作为返回值类型",[925,1701,1702],{},"接下来，我们看这样一段代码：",[958,1704,1706],{"className":960,"code":1705,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n\nint globalVar{42};\nint& getGlobalVar() {\n    return globalVar;\n}\n\nint main() {\n    getGlobalVar() += 2;\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C globalVar \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n}\n",[953,1707,1708,1718,1724,1737,1748,1757,1761,1765,1775,1790,1816],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1709,1710,1712,1714,1716],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1711,1130],{"class":1129},[967,1713,1133],{"class":981},[967,1715,1137],{"class":1136},[967,1717,1140],{"class":981},[967,1719,1720],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,1721,1723],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1722},true,"\n",[967,1725,1726,1728,1731,1733,1735],{"class":969,"line":1157},[967,1727,974],{"class":973},[967,1729,1730],{"class":977}," globalVar",[967,1732,982],{"class":981},[967,1734,986],{"class":985},[967,1736,989],{"class":981},[967,1738,1739,1741,1744,1746],{"class":969,"line":1191},[967,1740,1170],{"class":973},[967,1742,1743],{"class":1163}," getGlobalVar",[967,1745,1231],{"class":981},[967,1747,1188],{"class":981},[967,1749,1750,1753,1755],{"class":969,"line":1204},[967,1751,1752],{"class":1129},"    return",[967,1754,1730],{"class":977},[967,1756,1057],{"class":981},[967,1758,1759],{"class":969,"line":1217},[967,1760,1220],{"class":981},[967,1762,1763],{"class":969,"line":1223},[967,1764,1723],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1722},[967,1766,1767,1769,1771,1773],{"class":969,"line":1236},[967,1768,974],{"class":973},[967,1770,1228],{"class":1163},[967,1772,1231],{"class":981},[967,1774,1188],{"class":981},[967,1776,1777,1780,1782,1785,1788],{"class":969,"line":1262},[967,1778,1779],{"class":1163},"    getGlobalVar",[967,1781,1231],{"class":981},[967,1783,1784],{"class":981}," +=",[967,1786,1787],{"class":985}," 2",[967,1789,1057],{"class":981},[967,1791,1792,1795,1798,1800,1802,1805,1807,1809,1811,1814],{"class":969,"line":1279},[967,1793,1794],{"class":1151},"    std",[967,1796,1797],{"class":981},"::",[967,1799,1062],{"class":977},[967,1801,1065],{"class":981},[967,1803,1804],{"class":977}," globalVar ",[967,1806,1065],{"class":981},[967,1808,1152],{"class":1151},[967,1810,1797],{"class":981},[967,1812,1813],{"class":977},"endl",[967,1815,1057],{"class":981},[967,1817,1818],{"class":969,"line":1308},[967,1819,1220],{"class":981},[925,1821,1822,1823,1826,1827,1829],{},"重点在 ",[953,1824,1825],{},"getGlobalVar"," 这个函数。这个函数的返回值类型是 ",[953,1828,1170],{},"，也就是说，它返回了一个别名……？这是什么意思呢？",[925,1831,1832,1833,1836,1837,1840,1841,1844,1845,1848,1849,1852,1853,1855,1856,1859,1860,1863,1864,935],{},"当函数返回值类型为引用时，表明整个",[929,1834,1835],{},"函数调用表达式的结果","相当于绑定到 ",[953,1838,1839],{},"@\"return\" 表达式\";\"@"," 中的 ",[953,1842,1843],{},"@表达式@"," 的引用。比如在这里，",[953,1846,1847],{},"getGlobalVar()"," 这个表达式就相当于绑定到变量 ",[953,1850,1851],{},"glbVar"," 的引用；因为函数中的 return 语句返回了它。正因如此，",[953,1854,1847],{}," 就是 ",[953,1857,1858],{},"globalVar"," 的一个别名，因此它可以被赋值或修改（即这里的 ",[953,1861,1862],{},"+= 2","）。这段代码的输出是 ",[953,1865,1866],{},"44",[925,1868,1869],{},"类似的写法还有：",[958,1871,1873],{"className":960,"code":1872,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n\nint a{0}, b{0};\nint& chooseVar(char x) {\n    if (x == 'a') return a;\n    else return b;\n}\n\nint main() {\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"You want to add which variable? \";\n    char x;\n    std::cin >> x;\n    chooseVar(x) += 1;\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C ' ' \u003C\u003C b \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n}\n",[953,1874,1875,1885,1889,1910,1929,1960,1971,1975,1979,1989,2009,2018,2035,2055,2088],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1876,1877,1879,1881,1883],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1878,1130],{"class":1129},[967,1880,1133],{"class":981},[967,1882,1137],{"class":1136},[967,1884,1140],{"class":981},[967,1886,1887],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,1888,1723],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1722},[967,1890,1891,1893,1895,1897,1900,1902,1904,1906,1908],{"class":969,"line":1157},[967,1892,974],{"class":973},[967,1894,978],{"class":977},[967,1896,982],{"class":981},[967,1898,1899],{"class":985},"0",[967,1901,1249],{"class":981},[967,1903,1252],{"class":977},[967,1905,982],{"class":981},[967,1907,1899],{"class":985},[967,1909,989],{"class":981},[967,1911,1912,1914,1917,1919,1922,1925,1927],{"class":969,"line":1191},[967,1913,1170],{"class":973},[967,1915,1916],{"class":1163}," chooseVar",[967,1918,1167],{"class":981},[967,1920,1921],{"class":973},"char",[967,1923,1924],{"class":1173}," x",[967,1926,1185],{"class":981},[967,1928,1188],{"class":981},[967,1930,1931,1934,1937,1940,1943,1946,1948,1951,1953,1956,1958],{"class":969,"line":1204},[967,1932,1933],{"class":1129},"    if",[967,1935,1936],{"class":981}," (",[967,1938,1939],{"class":977},"x ",[967,1941,1942],{"class":981},"==",[967,1944,1945],{"class":981}," '",[967,1947,1006],{"class":1136},[967,1949,1950],{"class":981},"'",[967,1952,1185],{"class":981},[967,1954,1955],{"class":1129}," return",[967,1957,978],{"class":977},[967,1959,1057],{"class":981},[967,1961,1962,1965,1967,1969],{"class":969,"line":1217},[967,1963,1964],{"class":1129},"    else",[967,1966,1955],{"class":1129},[967,1968,1252],{"class":977},[967,1970,1057],{"class":981},[967,1972,1973],{"class":969,"line":1223},[967,1974,1220],{"class":981},[967,1976,1977],{"class":969,"line":1236},[967,1978,1723],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1722},[967,1980,1981,1983,1985,1987],{"class":969,"line":1262},[967,1982,974],{"class":973},[967,1984,1228],{"class":1163},[967,1986,1231],{"class":981},[967,1988,1188],{"class":981},[967,1990,1991,1993,1995,1997,1999,2001,2004,2007],{"class":969,"line":1279},[967,1992,1794],{"class":1151},[967,1994,1797],{"class":981},[967,1996,1062],{"class":977},[967,1998,1065],{"class":981},[967,2000,1291],{"class":981},[967,2002,2003],{"class":1136},"You want to add which variable? ",[967,2005,2006],{"class":981},"\"",[967,2008,1057],{"class":981},[967,2010,2011,2014,2016],{"class":969,"line":1308},[967,2012,2013],{"class":973},"    char",[967,2015,1924],{"class":977},[967,2017,1057],{"class":981},[967,2019,2021,2023,2025,2028,2031,2033],{"class":969,"line":2020},12,[967,2022,1794],{"class":1151},[967,2024,1797],{"class":981},[967,2026,2027],{"class":977},"cin ",[967,2029,2030],{"class":981},">>",[967,2032,1924],{"class":977},[967,2034,1057],{"class":981},[967,2036,2038,2041,2043,2046,2048,2050,2053],{"class":969,"line":2037},13,[967,2039,2040],{"class":1163},"    chooseVar",[967,2042,1167],{"class":981},[967,2044,2045],{"class":977},"x",[967,2047,1185],{"class":981},[967,2049,1784],{"class":981},[967,2051,2052],{"class":985}," 1",[967,2054,1057],{"class":981},[967,2056,2058,2060,2062,2064,2066,2068,2070,2072,2074,2076,2078,2080,2082,2084,2086],{"class":969,"line":2057},14,[967,2059,1794],{"class":1151},[967,2061,1797],{"class":981},[967,2063,1062],{"class":977},[967,2065,1065],{"class":981},[967,2067,1068],{"class":977},[967,2069,1065],{"class":981},[967,2071,1945],{"class":981},[967,2073,1945],{"class":981},[967,2075,1296],{"class":981},[967,2077,1299],{"class":977},[967,2079,1065],{"class":981},[967,2081,1152],{"class":1151},[967,2083,1797],{"class":981},[967,2085,1813],{"class":977},[967,2087,1057],{"class":981},[967,2089,2091],{"class":969,"line":2090},15,[967,2092,1220],{"class":981},[925,2094,2095,2096,2099,2100,2103,2104,2107,2108,2110,2111,2113,2114,2116,2117,2119],{},"由于 ",[953,2097,2098],{},"chooseVar"," 函数返回的是引用类型，所以 ",[953,2101,2102],{},"chooseVar(x)"," 相当于某个变量的别名。因此它可以被修改或者赋值，例如这里的 ",[953,2105,2106],{},"chooseVar(x) += 1","这个函数根据传入的实参，决定将整个调用表达式绑定到全局变量 ",[953,2109,1006],{}," 还是 ",[953,2112,1335],{},"。因此总结下来，这段代码可以根据输入来选择对 ",[953,2115,1006],{}," 自增还是对 ",[953,2118,1335],{}," 自增。",[925,2121,2122],{},"虽然这种语法可以写出很神奇的代码，但错误使用反而会导致危险。比如下面的函数",[958,2124,2126],{"className":960,"code":2125,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"int& f() {\n    int x{42};\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n    return x;\n}\n",[953,2127,2128,2139,2151,2156,2164],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,2129,2130,2132,2135,2137],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,2131,1170],{"class":973},[967,2133,2134],{"class":1163}," f",[967,2136,1231],{"class":981},[967,2138,1188],{"class":981},[967,2140,2141,2143,2145,2147,2149],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,2142,1239],{"class":973},[967,2144,1924],{"class":977},[967,2146,982],{"class":981},[967,2148,986],{"class":985},[967,2150,989],{"class":981},[967,2152,2153],{"class":969,"line":1157},[967,2154,2155],{"class":1012},"    \u002F\u002F [...]\n",[967,2157,2158,2160,2162],{"class":969,"line":1191},[967,2159,1752],{"class":1129},[967,2161,1924],{"class":977},[967,2163,1057],{"class":981},[967,2165,2166],{"class":969,"line":1204},[967,2167,1220],{"class":981},[925,2169,2170,2171,2174,2175,2178,2179,2181,2182,2184,2185,2187,2188,2190],{},"注意 ",[953,2172,2173],{},"f"," 的返回值类型是一个引用，但是它 ",[953,2176,2177],{},"return"," 的是局部变量 ",[953,2180,2045],{},"，也就是说返回的那个引用实际上是绑定到了局部变量 ",[953,2183,2045],{}," 上去。而 ",[953,2186,2045],{}," 这个局部变量在函数返回之后就消亡了，也就是说 ",[953,2189,2173],{}," 的返回值绑定到了一个已经不存在的变量上！进一步地，如果",[958,2192,2194],{"className":960,"code":2193,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"int main() {\n    int& r{f()};\n}\n",[953,2195,2196,2206,2221],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,2197,2198,2200,2202,2204],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,2199,974],{"class":973},[967,2201,1228],{"class":1163},[967,2203,1231],{"class":981},[967,2205,1188],{"class":981},[967,2207,2208,2210,2212,2214,2216,2218],{"class":969,"line":992},[967,2209,1239],{"class":973},[967,2211,997],{"class":981},[967,2213,1000],{"class":977},[967,2215,982],{"class":981},[967,2217,2173],{"class":1163},[967,2219,2220],{"class":981},"()};\n",[967,2222,2223],{"class":969,"line":1157},[967,2224,1220],{"class":981},[925,2226,2227,2228,2230,2231,2234,2235,2237,2238,2240,2241,2244,2245,2249],{},"这样写，引用 ",[953,2229,1037],{}," 会绑定到 ",[953,2232,2233],{},"f()"," 上（也就是绑定到已消亡的 ",[953,2236,2045],{}," 上），会导致未定义行为。像 ",[953,2239,1037],{}," 这种绑定到已消亡变量的引用称为",[929,2242,2243],{},"悬垂引用","（Dangling reference），是最常见的错误之一。它本质上和",[1006,2246,2248],{"href":2247},"\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Fsafety#%E6%82%AC%E5%9E%82%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88","悬垂指针","的错误是类似的，但更难发现和调试。我在这里给出一个建议：在返回引用时，检查这个引用：",[2251,2252,2253,2257,2260,2267],"ul",{},[2254,2255,2256],"li",{},"要么绑定到全局变量（或静态局部变量）；",[2254,2258,2259],{},"要么绑定到引用类型的形参；",[2254,2261,2262,2263,2266],{},"要么来自 ",[953,2264,2265],{},"this","（还没讲，之后再说），",[2254,2268,2269,2270,2273],{},"否则",[929,2271,2272],{},"很可能","是一个悬垂引用错误。",[1461,2275,2276],{},[925,2277,2278],{},"C++2b 将返回绑定到局部变量的左值引用视为编译错误；但语法上仍然允许返回绑定到局部变量的右值引用（尽管这是错误的）。",[2280,2281,2282],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki .swJcz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .sHdIc, html code.shiki .sHdIc{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#BABED8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}",{"title":963,"searchDepth":970,"depth":992,"links":2284},[2285,2286],{"id":1555,"depth":992,"text":1555},{"id":1699,"depth":992,"text":1699},"在讲解面向对象相关的知识前，我不得不补充一个非常重要且有用的概念——左值引用（lvalue reference），现阶段简称引用。","md",null,{},{"icon":416},{"title":447,"description":2287},"N05V-MyHNiX1YHXVSjkGMzDElvWKDmldzz0mpTXCMiI",[2295,2297],{"title":443,"path":444,"stem":445,"description":2296,"icon":416,"children":-1},"我们先把面向对象的话题放在一边，来看一看 C++ 的重载（Overload）机制。",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"description":451,"icon":416,"children":-1},1784618098358]