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main",[936,1159,1160],{"class":957},"()",[936,1162,958],{"class":957},[936,1164,1166,1169,1172,1174,1178,1180,1183,1187,1190],{"class":938,"line":1165},17,[936,1167,1168],{"class":1118},"    String ",[936,1170,1171],{"class":964},"a",[936,1173,976],{"class":957},[936,1175,1177],{"class":1176},"sbssI","5",[936,1179,1005],{"class":957},[936,1181,1182],{"class":957}," '",[936,1184,1186],{"class":1185},"sfazB","x",[936,1188,1189],{"class":957},"'",[936,1191,989],{"class":957},[936,1193,1195,1198,1200,1202,1205],{"class":938,"line":1194},18,[936,1196,1197],{"class":964},"    printStr",[936,1199,976],{"class":957},[936,1201,1171],{"class":1118},[936,1203,1204],{"class":957},");",[936,1206,1207],{"class":942}," \u002F\u002F 理应调用复制构造函数，但复制构造函数在哪儿呢？\n",[936,1209,1211],{"class":938,"line":1210},19,[936,1212,1148],{"class":957},[922,1214,1215,1216,1219,1220,1222],{},"上面这段代码是能够成功编译而且结果看上去没有问题。但是问题就在于，为什么 ",[933,1217,1218],{},"printStr"," 能够在没有复制构造的情形下复制 ",[933,1221,1024],{}," 类型的变量呢？",[922,1224,1225,1226,1229],{},"答案就是，当我们没有声明复制构造函数时，编译器会自动为我们生成一个。这个自动生成的复制构造函数称为",[1227,1228,920],"strong",{},"。",[1231,1232],"h6",{"id":1233},"idx_复制初始化",[922,1235,1236,1237,1240],{},"这个编译器生成的预置复制构造函数做的事情很简单——就是依次对每个成员都",[1227,1238,1239],{},"复制初始化","（Copy initialization）。复制初始化是指：如果是基础数据类型，则直接复制过去；如果是结构体类型，则调用它的复制构造函数。形象地说，就是：",[926,1242,1244],{"className":928,"code":1243,"language":930,"meta":931,"style":931},"struct B { \u002F* 定义略 *\u002F };\nstruct A {\n    int a;\n    B b;\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n    \u002F\u002F 下面是编译器生成的预置复制构造：\n    A(const A& rhs) {\n        \u002F* 用 rhs.a 初始化成员 a ，直接复制过去*\u002F;\n        \u002F* 用 rhs.b 初始化成员 b ，通过调用 B 的复制构造函数 *\u002F;\n        \u002F* 依次复制初始化其它的所有成员 ... *\u002F;\n    }\n};\n",[933,1245,1246,1262,1271,1281,1288,1293,1298,1319,1326,1333,1340,1345],{"__ignoreMap":931},[936,1247,1248,1250,1253,1256,1259],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1249,950],{"class":949},[936,1251,1252],{"class":953}," B",[936,1254,1255],{"class":957}," {",[936,1257,1258],{"class":942}," \u002F* 定义略 *\u002F",[936,1260,1261],{"class":957}," };\n",[936,1263,1264,1266,1269],{"class":938,"line":946},[936,1265,950],{"class":949},[936,1267,1268],{"class":953}," A",[936,1270,958],{"class":957},[936,1272,1273,1276,1279],{"class":938,"line":961},[936,1274,1275],{"class":949},"    int",[936,1277,1278],{"class":1056}," a",[936,1280,1060],{"class":957},[936,1282,1283,1286],{"class":938,"line":971},[936,1284,1285],{"class":1056},"    B b",[936,1287,1060],{"class":957},[936,1289,1290],{"class":938,"line":992},[936,1291,1292],{"class":942},"    \u002F\u002F [...]\n",[936,1294,1295],{"class":938,"line":1016},[936,1296,1297],{"class":942},"    \u002F\u002F 下面是编译器生成的预置复制构造：\n",[936,1299,1300,1303,1305,1307,1309,1312,1315,1317],{"class":938,"line":1032},[936,1301,1302],{"class":964},"    A",[936,1304,976],{"class":957},[936,1306,979],{"class":949},[936,1308,1268],{"class":953},[936,1310,1311],{"class":949},"&",[936,1313,1314],{"class":985}," rhs",[936,1316,1104],{"class":957},[936,1318,958],{"class":957},[936,1320,1321,1324],{"class":938,"line":1040},[936,1322,1323],{"class":942},"        \u002F* 用 rhs.a 初始化成员 a ，直接复制过去*\u002F",[936,1325,1060],{"class":957},[936,1327,1328,1331],{"class":938,"line":1047},[936,1329,1330],{"class":942},"        \u002F* 用 rhs.b 初始化成员 b ，通过调用 B 的复制构造函数 *\u002F",[936,1332,1060],{"class":957},[936,1334,1335,1338],{"class":938,"line":1063},[936,1336,1337],{"class":942},"        \u002F* 依次复制初始化其它的所有成员 ... *\u002F",[936,1339,1060],{"class":957},[936,1341,1342],{"class":938,"line":1072},[936,1343,1344],{"class":957},"    }\n",[936,1346,1347],{"class":938,"line":1083},[936,1348,1086],{"class":957},[1350,1351,1352],"blockquote",{},[922,1353,1354,1355,1358,1359,1362],{},"我这里不写 ",[933,1356,1357],{},"a = rhs.a;","，",[933,1360,1361],{},"b = rhs.b;"," 是因为这是赋值语句，它和初始化有着本质上的不同。",[922,1364,1365],{},"所以说，预置复制构造函数是一个非常简单的逻辑，就是：如果想把整体复制过来，那就把每一个部分都复制过来就好。",[922,1367,1368,1369,1372,1373,1376,1377,1379],{},"最后请注意编译器何时会做这个操作：当你没有声明形如 ",[933,1370,1371],{},"T(T&);"," 或者 ",[933,1374,1375],{},"T(const T&);"," 的构造函数时，编译器会为你生成形如 ",[933,1378,1375],{}," 的预置复制构造函数。",[1350,1381,1382],{},[922,1383,1384,1385,1388,1389,1392,1393,1395,1396,1398,1399,1401],{},"如果其中某一个成员（设其类型为 ",[933,1386,1387],{},"M","）只声明形如 ",[933,1390,1391],{},"M(M&);"," 这样不带 ",[933,1394,979],{}," 限定的复制构造函数，那么编译器会转而生成 ",[933,1397,1371],{}," 类型的预置复制构造而非带 ",[933,1400,979],{}," 限定版本的（因为这样会编译错误：无法把非只读引用绑定到只读变量上）。",[918,1403,1404],{"id":1404},"预置默认构造函数",[1231,1406],{"id":1407},"idx_默认构造函数",[922,1409,1410,1411,1414],{},"编译器除了会“画蛇添足”地为你添上预置复制构造函数，有时还会添上叫做“预置默认构造函数”的东西。为了理解这个概念，我们先来介绍",[1227,1412,1413],{},"默认构造函数","（Default constructor）是什么意思——其实很简单，就是无参构造函数：",[926,1416,1418],{"className":928,"code":1417,"language":930,"meta":931,"style":931},"struct S {\n    \u002F\u002F 就这个\n    S() { }\n};\n",[933,1419,1420,1429,1434,1446],{"__ignoreMap":931},[936,1421,1422,1424,1427],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1423,950],{"class":949},[936,1425,1426],{"class":953}," S",[936,1428,958],{"class":957},[936,1430,1431],{"class":938,"line":946},[936,1432,1433],{"class":942},"    \u002F\u002F 就这个\n",[936,1435,1436,1439,1441,1443],{"class":938,"line":961},[936,1437,1438],{"class":964},"    S",[936,1440,1160],{"class":957},[936,1442,1255],{"class":957},[936,1444,1445],{"class":957}," }\n",[936,1447,1448],{"class":938,"line":971},[936,1449,1086],{"class":957},[922,1451,1452],{},"正因为调用无参构造函数的特殊性（无需初始化器），所以它有了这样一个特殊的名字。那么预置默认构造函数就是说：编译器会在某些情形时为你自动生成一个默认（无参）构造函数。请看例子：",[926,1454,1456],{"className":928,"code":1455,"language":930,"meta":931,"style":931},"\u002F\u002F 我没有为 S 定义任何构造函数\nstruct S {\n    int data;\n};\nint main() {\n    S sth; \u002F\u002F 调用默认（无参）构造函数\n}\n",[933,1457,1458,1463,1471,1480,1484,1494,1505],{"__ignoreMap":931},[936,1459,1460],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1461,1462],{"class":942},"\u002F\u002F 我没有为 S 定义任何构造函数\n",[936,1464,1465,1467,1469],{"class":938,"line":946},[936,1466,950],{"class":949},[936,1468,1426],{"class":953},[936,1470,958],{"class":957},[936,1472,1473,1475,1478],{"class":938,"line":961},[936,1474,1275],{"class":949},[936,1476,1477],{"class":1056}," data",[936,1479,1060],{"class":957},[936,1481,1482],{"class":938,"line":971},[936,1483,1086],{"class":957},[936,1485,1486,1488,1490,1492],{"class":938,"line":992},[936,1487,1154],{"class":949},[936,1489,1157],{"class":964},[936,1491,1160],{"class":957},[936,1493,958],{"class":957},[936,1495,1496,1499,1502],{"class":938,"line":1016},[936,1497,1498],{"class":1118},"    S sth",[936,1500,1501],{"class":957},";",[936,1503,1504],{"class":942}," \u002F\u002F 调用默认（无参）构造函数\n",[936,1506,1507],{"class":938,"line":1032},[936,1508,1148],{"class":957},[1231,1510],{"id":1511},"idx_默认初始化",[922,1513,1514,1515,1518,1519,1522,1523,1525,1526,1529],{},"这段代码在之前几章可以说是理所当然的，但是我们现在回过头来看一下：",[933,1516,1517],{},"S sth;"," 这句话应当调用 ",[933,1520,1521],{},"S"," 的默认构造函数，但是我们并没有写它。而当你没有声明默认构造函数时，编译器会生成一个",[1227,1524,1404],{},"。一般情况下，它所做的事情也很简单：依次将每个成员都",[1227,1527,1528],{},"默认初始化","（Default initialization）。对于结构体类型，默认初始化就是调用它的默认构造函数，而对于非结构体类型，默认初始化就是不初始化（或者说，初始化值是任意的）。形象地说：",[926,1531,1533],{"className":928,"code":1532,"language":930,"meta":931,"style":931},"struct B { \u002F* 定义略 *\u002F };\nstruct A {\n    int a;\n    B b;\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n    \u002F\u002F 下面是编译器生成的预置默认构造：\n    A() {\n        \u002F* 默认初始化成员 a，但实际上什么都没干 *\u002F;\n        \u002F* 默认初始化成员 b，通过调用 B 的默认构造函数 *\u002F;\n        \u002F* 依次默认初始化其它的所有成员 ... *\u002F;\n    }\n};\n",[933,1534,1535,1547,1555,1563,1569,1573,1578,1586,1593,1600,1607,1611],{"__ignoreMap":931},[936,1536,1537,1539,1541,1543,1545],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1538,950],{"class":949},[936,1540,1252],{"class":953},[936,1542,1255],{"class":957},[936,1544,1258],{"class":942},[936,1546,1261],{"class":957},[936,1548,1549,1551,1553],{"class":938,"line":946},[936,1550,950],{"class":949},[936,1552,1268],{"class":953},[936,1554,958],{"class":957},[936,1556,1557,1559,1561],{"class":938,"line":961},[936,1558,1275],{"class":949},[936,1560,1278],{"class":1056},[936,1562,1060],{"class":957},[936,1564,1565,1567],{"class":938,"line":971},[936,1566,1285],{"class":1056},[936,1568,1060],{"class":957},[936,1570,1571],{"class":938,"line":992},[936,1572,1292],{"class":942},[936,1574,1575],{"class":938,"line":1016},[936,1576,1577],{"class":942},"    \u002F\u002F 下面是编译器生成的预置默认构造：\n",[936,1579,1580,1582,1584],{"class":938,"line":1032},[936,1581,1302],{"class":964},[936,1583,1160],{"class":957},[936,1585,958],{"class":957},[936,1587,1588,1591],{"class":938,"line":1040},[936,1589,1590],{"class":942},"        \u002F* 默认初始化成员 a，但实际上什么都没干 *\u002F",[936,1592,1060],{"class":957},[936,1594,1595,1598],{"class":938,"line":1047},[936,1596,1597],{"class":942},"        \u002F* 默认初始化成员 b，通过调用 B 的默认构造函数 *\u002F",[936,1599,1060],{"class":957},[936,1601,1602,1605],{"class":938,"line":1063},[936,1603,1604],{"class":942},"        \u002F* 依次默认初始化其它的所有成员 ... *\u002F",[936,1606,1060],{"class":957},[936,1608,1609],{"class":938,"line":1072},[936,1610,1344],{"class":957},[936,1612,1613],{"class":938,"line":1083},[936,1614,1086],{"class":957},[1350,1616,1617,1625],{},[922,1618,1619,1620,1624],{},"如果某个成员存在",[1171,1621,1623],{"href":1622},"\u002Fch06\u002Fassignment_vs_construct#%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%A4%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%99%A8","默认成员初始化器","，则不执行这个成员的默认初始化。详见后续章节。",[922,1626,1627],{},"对于一个基础类型变量，如果它是自动存储期的，则默认初始化的效果是初始化值为任意值；否则，它的初始化值为零。",[922,1629,1630,1631,1634,1635,1638],{},"最后请注意编译器何时会做这个操作：当你没有声明",[1227,1632,1633],{},"任何","构造函数时，编译器会为你生成形如 ",[933,1636,1637],{},"T();"," 的预置默认构造函数。",[918,1640,93],{"id":93},[922,1642,1643],{},"可以注意到，这两种编译器自动生成的构造函数有相似也有不同。下面的表格做了一些整理：",[1645,1646,1647,1666],"table",{},[1648,1649,1650],"thead",{},[1651,1652,1653,1657,1660,1663],"tr",{},[1654,1655,1656],"th",{},"构造函数类型",[1654,1658,1659],{},"声明形式",[1654,1661,1662],{},"何时生成",[1654,1664,1665],{},"行为",[1667,1668,1669,1687],"tbody",{},[1651,1670,1671,1674,1678,1684],{},[1672,1673,920],"td",{},[1672,1675,1676],{},[933,1677,1375],{},[1672,1679,1680,1681,1683],{},"没有声明其它",[1227,1682,837],{},"构造函数时",[1672,1685,1686],{},"复制初始化所有成员（调用复制构造或直接复制）",[1651,1688,1689,1691,1695,1700],{},[1672,1690,1404],{},[1672,1692,1693],{},[933,1694,1637],{},[1672,1696,1697,1698,1683],{},"没有声明",[1227,1699,1633],{},[1672,1701,1702],{},"默认初始化所有成员（调用默认构造或不初始化）",[922,1704,1705,1706,1709,1710,1229],{},"最后我介绍两种写法：",[933,1707,1708],{},"=default"," 和 ",[933,1711,1712],{},"=delete",[922,1714,1715,1717],{},[933,1716,1708],{}," 表示，这个构造函数就按照预置的来就行。用例：",[926,1719,1721],{"className":928,"code":1720,"language":930,"meta":931,"style":931},"struct S {\n    \u002F\u002F 我不想自己写默认构造函数，就按照预置的来就行\n    S() = default;\n    \u002F\u002F 我也不想自己写复制构造函数，就按照预置的来就行\n    S(const S&) = default;\n\n    S(\u002F* 其它构造函数 *\u002F) { \u002F* [...] *\u002F }\n};\n",[933,1722,1723,1731,1736,1750,1755,1775,1779,1797],{"__ignoreMap":931},[936,1724,1725,1727,1729],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1726,950],{"class":949},[936,1728,1426],{"class":953},[936,1730,958],{"class":957},[936,1732,1733],{"class":938,"line":946},[936,1734,1735],{"class":942},"    \u002F\u002F 我不想自己写默认构造函数，就按照预置的来就行\n",[936,1737,1738,1740,1742,1745,1748],{"class":938,"line":961},[936,1739,1438],{"class":964},[936,1741,1160],{"class":957},[936,1743,1744],{"class":957}," =",[936,1746,1747],{"class":1176}," default",[936,1749,1060],{"class":957},[936,1751,1752],{"class":938,"line":971},[936,1753,1754],{"class":942},"    \u002F\u002F 我也不想自己写复制构造函数，就按照预置的来就行\n",[936,1756,1757,1759,1761,1763,1765,1767,1769,1771,1773],{"class":938,"line":992},[936,1758,1438],{"class":964},[936,1760,976],{"class":957},[936,1762,979],{"class":949},[936,1764,1426],{"class":953},[936,1766,1311],{"class":949},[936,1768,1104],{"class":957},[936,1770,1744],{"class":957},[936,1772,1747],{"class":1176},[936,1774,1060],{"class":957},[936,1776,1777],{"class":938,"line":1016},[936,1778,1044],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1043},[936,1780,1781,1783,1785,1788,1790,1792,1795],{"class":938,"line":1032},[936,1782,1438],{"class":964},[936,1784,976],{"class":957},[936,1786,1787],{"class":942},"\u002F* 其它构造函数 *\u002F",[936,1789,1104],{"class":957},[936,1791,1255],{"class":957},[936,1793,1794],{"class":942}," \u002F* [...] *\u002F",[936,1796,1445],{"class":957},[936,1798,1799],{"class":938,"line":1040},[936,1800,1086],{"class":957},[922,1802,1803,1804,1806],{},"换句话说，",[933,1805,1708],{}," 强制编译器生成预置构造函数，忽略之前所说的生成时机。",[922,1808,1809,1811],{},[933,1810,1712],{}," 表示，不要预置这个构造函数。用例：",[926,1813,1815],{"className":928,"code":1814,"language":930,"meta":931,"style":931},"struct S {\n    \u002F\u002F 不许生成默认构造函数\n    S() = delete;\n};\nint main() {\n    S sth; \u002F\u002F 错误：找不到对应的构造函数\n}\n",[933,1816,1817,1825,1830,1843,1847,1857,1866],{"__ignoreMap":931},[936,1818,1819,1821,1823],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1820,950],{"class":949},[936,1822,1426],{"class":953},[936,1824,958],{"class":957},[936,1826,1827],{"class":938,"line":946},[936,1828,1829],{"class":942},"    \u002F\u002F 不许生成默认构造函数\n",[936,1831,1832,1834,1836,1838,1841],{"class":938,"line":961},[936,1833,1438],{"class":964},[936,1835,1160],{"class":957},[936,1837,1744],{"class":957},[936,1839,1840],{"class":1176}," delete",[936,1842,1060],{"class":957},[936,1844,1845],{"class":938,"line":971},[936,1846,1086],{"class":957},[936,1848,1849,1851,1853,1855],{"class":938,"line":992},[936,1850,1154],{"class":949},[936,1852,1157],{"class":964},[936,1854,1160],{"class":957},[936,1856,958],{"class":957},[936,1858,1859,1861,1863],{"class":938,"line":1016},[936,1860,1498],{"class":1118},[936,1862,1501],{"class":957},[936,1864,1865],{"class":942}," \u002F\u002F 错误：找不到对应的构造函数\n",[936,1867,1868],{"class":938,"line":1032},[936,1869,1148],{"class":957},[926,1871,1873],{"className":928,"code":1872,"language":930,"meta":931,"style":931},"struct S {\n    S() { }\n    \u002F\u002F 不许生成复制构造函数\n    S(const S&) = delete;\n};\nvoid f(S a) { }\nint main() {\n    S sth;\n    f(sth); \u002F\u002F 错误：找不到复制构造函数\n}\n",[933,1874,1875,1883,1893,1898,1918,1922,1941,1951,1957,1972],{"__ignoreMap":931},[936,1876,1877,1879,1881],{"class":938,"line":939},[936,1878,950],{"class":949},[936,1880,1426],{"class":953},[936,1882,958],{"class":957},[936,1884,1885,1887,1889,1891],{"class":938,"line":946},[936,1886,1438],{"class":964},[936,1888,1160],{"class":957},[936,1890,1255],{"class":957},[936,1892,1445],{"class":957},[936,1894,1895],{"class":938,"line":961},[936,1896,1897],{"class":942},"    \u002F\u002F 不许生成复制构造函数\n",[936,1899,1900,1902,1904,1906,1908,1910,1912,1914,1916],{"class":938,"line":971},[936,1901,1438],{"class":964},[936,1903,976],{"class":957},[936,1905,979],{"class":949},[936,1907,1426],{"class":953},[936,1909,1311],{"class":949},[936,1911,1104],{"class":957},[936,1913,1744],{"class":957},[936,1915,1840],{"class":1176},[936,1917,1060],{"class":957},[936,1919,1920],{"class":938,"line":992},[936,1921,1086],{"class":957},[936,1923,1924,1926,1929,1931,1933,1935,1937,1939],{"class":938,"line":1016},[936,1925,1092],{"class":949},[936,1927,1928],{"class":964}," f",[936,1930,976],{"class":957},[936,1932,1521],{"class":953},[936,1934,1278],{"class":985},[936,1936,1104],{"class":957},[936,1938,1255],{"class":957},[936,1940,1445],{"class":957},[936,1942,1943,1945,1947,1949],{"class":938,"line":1032},[936,1944,1154],{"class":949},[936,1946,1157],{"class":964},[936,1948,1160],{"class":957},[936,1950,958],{"class":957},[936,1952,1953,1955],{"class":938,"line":1040},[936,1954,1498],{"class":1118},[936,1956,1060],{"class":957},[936,1958,1959,1962,1964,1967,1969],{"class":938,"line":1047},[936,1960,1961],{"class":964},"    f",[936,1963,976],{"class":957},[936,1965,1966],{"class":1118},"sth",[936,1968,1204],{"class":957},[936,1970,1971],{"class":942}," \u002F\u002F 错误：找不到复制构造函数\n",[936,1973,1974],{"class":938,"line":1063},[936,1975,1148],{"class":957},[922,1977,1803,1978,1980,1981,1984],{},[933,1979,1712],{}," 强制编译器",[1227,1982,1983],{},"不","生成预置构造函数，忽略之前所说的生成时机。",[1986,1987,1988],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki 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var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":931,"searchDepth":939,"depth":946,"links":1990},[1991,1992,1993],{"id":920,"depth":946,"text":920},{"id":1404,"depth":946,"text":1404},{"id":93,"depth":946,"text":93},"有些细心的读者可能发现，按值传递参数是非常常见的场景，也就是说调用复制构造函数应当是经常发生的事情。","md",null,{},{"icon":416},{"title":431,"description":1994},"PksS1mttEMq7LLX8-eVF7NUc1qpWa4G_lhGvkNftiQo",[2002,2003],{"title":427,"path":428,"stem":429,"description":427,"icon":416,"children":-1},{"title":435,"path":436,"stem":437,"description":435,"icon":416,"children":-1},1784618097384]