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",[933,1037,952],{}," 成员函数的名字改成结构体名 ",[933,1040,935],{}," 就可以了：",[958,1043,1045],{"className":960,"code":1044,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Ccstring>\nstruct String {\n    char* str;\n\n    \u002F\u002F 原先的 void init(...) { ... }，将名字改成 String，去掉返回值类型说明\n    String(const char* initVal) {\n        len = std::strlen(initVal);   \u002F\u002F 求出初始化字符串的长度，但这次赋值给成员变量\n        str = new char[len + 1];\n        for (unsigned i{0}; i \u003C= len; i++)\n            str[i] = initVal[i];\n    }\n\n    \u002F\u002F 以下成员未做更改\n    unsigned length() {\n        return len;\n    }\n    void assign(const String assignVal) {\n        delete[] str;\n        len = assignVal.len;\n        str = new char[len + 1];\n        for (unsigned i{0}; i \u003C= len; i++) {\n            str[i] = assignVal.str[i];\n        }\n    }\n\nprivate:\n    unsigned len;\n};\n\n\u002F\u002F 然后就可以一行语句完成初始化：\nint main() {\n    String a(\"Hello\"), b(\"Hi\"); \u002F\u002F 初始化\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C a.length() \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C b.length() \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    b.assign(a); \u002F\u002F 使用 assign 成员函数赋值，即 b = a\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C b.str \u003C\u003C std::endl; \u002F\u002F \"Hello\"\n}\n",[933,1046,1047,1062,1073,1086,1100,1107,1114,1137,1166,1196,1237,1262,1268,1273,1279,1293,1303,1308,1330,1340,1356,1377,1409,1434,1440,1445,1450,1459,1468,1474,1479,1485,1498,1535,1571,1600,1620,1651],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1048,1049,1053,1056,1059],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1050,1052],{"class":1051},"s7zQu","#include",[967,1054,1055],{"class":977}," \u003C",[967,1057,1058],{"class":999},"iostream",[967,1060,1061],{"class":977},">\n",[967,1063,1064,1066,1068,1071],{"class":969,"line":981},[967,1065,1052],{"class":1051},[967,1067,1055],{"class":977},[967,1069,1070],{"class":999},"cstring",[967,1072,1061],{"class":977},[967,1074,1076,1080,1083],{"class":969,"line":1075},3,[967,1077,1079],{"class":1078},"spNyl","struct",[967,1081,1082],{"class":1018}," String",[967,1084,1085],{"class":977}," {\n",[967,1087,1089,1092,1095,1098],{"class":969,"line":1088},4,[967,1090,1091],{"class":1078},"    char",[967,1093,1094],{"class":977},"*",[967,1096,1021],{"class":1097},"swJcz",[967,1099,978],{"class":977},[967,1101,1103],{"class":969,"line":1102},5,[967,1104,1106],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1105},true,"\n",[967,1108,1110],{"class":969,"line":1109},6,[967,1111,1113],{"class":1112},"sHwdD","    \u002F\u002F 原先的 void init(...) { ... }，将名字改成 String，去掉返回值类型说明\n",[967,1115,1117,1120,1122,1125,1128,1132,1135],{"class":969,"line":1116},7,[967,1118,1119],{"class":990},"    String",[967,1121,993],{"class":977},[967,1123,1124],{"class":1078},"const",[967,1126,1127],{"class":1078}," char*",[967,1129,1131],{"class":1130},"sHdIc"," initVal",[967,1133,1134],{"class":977},")",[967,1136,1085],{"class":977},[967,1138,1140,1143,1146,1149,1152,1155,1157,1160,1163],{"class":969,"line":1139},8,[967,1141,1142],{"class":1097},"        len ",[967,1144,1145],{"class":977},"=",[967,1147,1148],{"class":1018}," std",[967,1150,1151],{"class":977},"::",[967,1153,1154],{"class":990},"strlen",[967,1156,993],{"class":977},[967,1158,1159],{"class":1097},"initVal",[967,1161,1162],{"class":977},");",[967,1164,1165],{"class":1112},"   \u002F\u002F 求出初始化字符串的长度，但这次赋值给成员变量\n",[967,1167,1169,1172,1174,1177,1180,1183,1186,1189,1193],{"class":969,"line":1168},9,[967,1170,1171],{"class":1097},"        str ",[967,1173,1145],{"class":977},[967,1175,1176],{"class":977}," new",[967,1178,1179],{"class":1078}," char",[967,1181,1182],{"class":977},"[",[967,1184,1185],{"class":1097},"len ",[967,1187,1188],{"class":977},"+",[967,1190,1192],{"class":1191},"sbssI"," 1",[967,1194,1195],{"class":977},"];\n",[967,1197,1199,1202,1205,1208,1211,1214,1217,1220,1223,1226,1229,1231,1234],{"class":969,"line":1198},10,[967,1200,1201],{"class":1051},"        for",[967,1203,1204],{"class":977}," (",[967,1206,1207],{"class":1078},"unsigned",[967,1209,1210],{"class":1097}," i{",[967,1212,1213],{"class":1191},"0",[967,1215,1216],{"class":1097},"}",[967,1218,1219],{"class":977},";",[967,1221,1222],{"class":1097}," i ",[967,1224,1225],{"class":977},"\u003C=",[967,1227,1228],{"class":1097}," len",[967,1230,1219],{"class":977},[967,1232,1233],{"class":1097}," i",[967,1235,1236],{"class":977},"++)\n",[967,1238,1240,1243,1245,1248,1251,1254,1256,1258,1260],{"class":969,"line":1239},11,[967,1241,1242],{"class":973},"            str",[967,1244,1182],{"class":977},[967,1246,1247],{"class":1097},"i",[967,1249,1250],{"class":977},"]",[967,1252,1253],{"class":977}," =",[967,1255,1131],{"class":973},[967,1257,1182],{"class":977},[967,1259,1247],{"class":1097},[967,1261,1195],{"class":977},[967,1263,1265],{"class":969,"line":1264},12,[967,1266,1267],{"class":977},"    }\n",[967,1269,1271],{"class":969,"line":1270},13,[967,1272,1106],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1105},[967,1274,1276],{"class":969,"line":1275},14,[967,1277,1278],{"class":1112},"    \u002F\u002F 以下成员未做更改\n",[967,1280,1282,1285,1288,1291],{"class":969,"line":1281},15,[967,1283,1284],{"class":1078},"    unsigned",[967,1286,1287],{"class":990}," length",[967,1289,1290],{"class":977},"()",[967,1292,1085],{"class":977},[967,1294,1296,1299,1301],{"class":969,"line":1295},16,[967,1297,1298],{"class":1051},"        return",[967,1300,1228],{"class":1097},[967,1302,978],{"class":977},[967,1304,1306],{"class":969,"line":1305},17,[967,1307,1267],{"class":977},[967,1309,1311,1314,1317,1319,1321,1323,1326,1328],{"class":969,"line":1310},18,[967,1312,1313],{"class":1078},"    void",[967,1315,1316],{"class":990}," assign",[967,1318,993],{"class":977},[967,1320,1124],{"class":1078},[967,1322,1082],{"class":1018},[967,1324,1325],{"class":1130}," assignVal",[967,1327,1134],{"class":977},[967,1329,1085],{"class":977},[967,1331,1333,1336,1338],{"class":969,"line":1332},19,[967,1334,1335],{"class":977},"        delete[]",[967,1337,1021],{"class":1097},[967,1339,978],{"class":977},[967,1341,1343,1345,1347,1349,1351,1354],{"class":969,"line":1342},20,[967,1344,1142],{"class":1097},[967,1346,1145],{"class":977},[967,1348,1325],{"class":973},[967,1350,987],{"class":977},[967,1352,1353],{"class":973},"len",[967,1355,978],{"class":977},[967,1357,1359,1361,1363,1365,1367,1369,1371,1373,1375],{"class":969,"line":1358},21,[967,1360,1171],{"class":1097},[967,1362,1145],{"class":977},[967,1364,1176],{"class":977},[967,1366,1179],{"class":1078},[967,1368,1182],{"class":977},[967,1370,1185],{"class":1097},[967,1372,1188],{"class":977},[967,1374,1192],{"class":1191},[967,1376,1195],{"class":977},[967,1378,1380,1382,1384,1386,1388,1390,1392,1394,1396,1398,1400,1402,1404,1407],{"class":969,"line":1379},22,[967,1381,1201],{"class":1051},[967,1383,1204],{"class":977},[967,1385,1207],{"class":1078},[967,1387,1210],{"class":1097},[967,1389,1213],{"class":1191},[967,1391,1216],{"class":1097},[967,1393,1219],{"class":977},[967,1395,1222],{"class":1097},[967,1397,1225],{"class":977},[967,1399,1228],{"class":1097},[967,1401,1219],{"class":977},[967,1403,1233],{"class":1097},[967,1405,1406],{"class":977},"++)",[967,1408,1085],{"class":977},[967,1410,1412,1414,1416,1418,1420,1422,1424,1426,1428,1430,1432],{"class":969,"line":1411},23,[967,1413,1242],{"class":973},[967,1415,1182],{"class":977},[967,1417,1247],{"class":1097},[967,1419,1250],{"class":977},[967,1421,1253],{"class":977},[967,1423,1325],{"class":973},[967,1425,987],{"class":977},[967,1427,984],{"class":973},[967,1429,1182],{"class":977},[967,1431,1247],{"class":1097},[967,1433,1195],{"class":977},[967,1435,1437],{"class":969,"line":1436},24,[967,1438,1439],{"class":977},"        }\n",[967,1441,1443],{"class":969,"line":1442},25,[967,1444,1267],{"class":977},[967,1446,1448],{"class":969,"line":1447},26,[967,1449,1106],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1105},[967,1451,1453,1456],{"class":969,"line":1452},27,[967,1454,1455],{"class":1078},"private",[967,1457,1458],{"class":977},":\n",[967,1460,1462,1464,1466],{"class":969,"line":1461},28,[967,1463,1284],{"class":1078},[967,1465,1228],{"class":1097},[967,1467,978],{"class":977},[967,1469,1471],{"class":969,"line":1470},29,[967,1472,1473],{"class":977},"};\n",[967,1475,1477],{"class":969,"line":1476},30,[967,1478,1106],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1105},[967,1480,1482],{"class":969,"line":1481},31,[967,1483,1484],{"class":1112},"\u002F\u002F 然后就可以一行语句完成初始化：\n",[967,1486,1488,1491,1494,1496],{"class":969,"line":1487},32,[967,1489,1490],{"class":1078},"int",[967,1492,1493],{"class":990}," main",[967,1495,1290],{"class":977},[967,1497,1085],{"class":977},[967,1499,1501,1504,1507,1509,1511,1513,1515,1518,1521,1523,1525,1528,1530,1532],{"class":969,"line":1500},33,[967,1502,1503],{"class":973},"    String ",[967,1505,1506],{"class":990},"a",[967,1508,993],{"class":977},[967,1510,996],{"class":977},[967,1512,1000],{"class":999},[967,1514,996],{"class":977},[967,1516,1517],{"class":977},"),",[967,1519,1520],{"class":990}," b",[967,1522,993],{"class":977},[967,1524,996],{"class":977},[967,1526,1527],{"class":999},"Hi",[967,1529,996],{"class":977},[967,1531,1162],{"class":977},[967,1533,1534],{"class":1112}," \u002F\u002F 初始化\n",[967,1536,1538,1541,1543,1546,1549,1552,1554,1557,1559,1562,1564,1566,1569],{"class":969,"line":1537},34,[967,1539,1540],{"class":1018},"    std",[967,1542,1151],{"class":977},[967,1544,1545],{"class":973},"cout ",[967,1547,1548],{"class":977},"\u003C\u003C",[967,1550,1551],{"class":973}," a",[967,1553,987],{"class":977},[967,1555,1556],{"class":990},"length",[967,1558,1290],{"class":977},[967,1560,1561],{"class":977}," \u003C\u003C",[967,1563,1148],{"class":1018},[967,1565,1151],{"class":977},[967,1567,1568],{"class":973},"endl",[967,1570,978],{"class":977},[967,1572,1574,1576,1578,1580,1582,1584,1586,1588,1590,1592,1594,1596,1598],{"class":969,"line":1573},35,[967,1575,1540],{"class":1018},[967,1577,1151],{"class":977},[967,1579,1545],{"class":973},[967,1581,1548],{"class":977},[967,1583,1520],{"class":973},[967,1585,987],{"class":977},[967,1587,1556],{"class":990},[967,1589,1290],{"class":977},[967,1591,1561],{"class":977},[967,1593,1148],{"class":1018},[967,1595,1151],{"class":977},[967,1597,1568],{"class":973},[967,1599,978],{"class":977},[967,1601,1603,1606,1608,1611,1613,1615,1617],{"class":969,"line":1602},36,[967,1604,1605],{"class":973},"    b",[967,1607,987],{"class":977},[967,1609,1610],{"class":990},"assign",[967,1612,993],{"class":977},[967,1614,1506],{"class":973},[967,1616,1162],{"class":977},[967,1618,1619],{"class":1112}," \u002F\u002F 使用 assign 成员函数赋值，即 b = a\n",[967,1621,1623,1625,1627,1629,1631,1633,1635,1638,1640,1642,1644,1646,1648],{"class":969,"line":1622},37,[967,1624,1540],{"class":1018},[967,1626,1151],{"class":977},[967,1628,1545],{"class":973},[967,1630,1548],{"class":977},[967,1632,1520],{"class":973},[967,1634,987],{"class":977},[967,1636,1637],{"class":973},"str ",[967,1639,1548],{"class":977},[967,1641,1148],{"class":1018},[967,1643,1151],{"class":977},[967,1645,1568],{"class":973},[967,1647,1219],{"class":977},[967,1649,1650],{"class":1112}," \u002F\u002F \"Hello\"\n",[967,1652,1654],{"class":969,"line":1653},38,[967,1655,1656],{"class":977},"}\n",[922,1658,1659,1660,1663,1664,1667],{},"注意：构造函数是一种",[926,1661,1662],{},"非常特殊","的成员函数。它的名字必须和结构体名完全一致，而且不能写出返回值类型（",[933,1665,1666],{},"void"," 也不用写）。即：",[1669,1670,1671],"sdsc",{},[922,1672,1673,1674,1677],{},"结构体名 \"(\"参数列表\") {\"\n",[967,1675,1676],{},"一些需要在初始化时执行的内容","\n\"}\"",[922,1679,1680,1681,1684],{},"然后，你可以通过括号括起的 ",[933,1682,1683],{},"@参数列表@"," 作为初始化器进行初始化：",[1669,1686,1687],{},[922,1688,1689],{},"结构体名 变量名\"(\"参数列表\");\"",[922,1691,1692],{},"不过有一个例外：当构造函数的参数列表为空时，你不能这样初始化：",[958,1694,1696],{"className":960,"code":1695,"language":962,"meta":963,"style":963},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nstruct S {\n    int data;\n    S() { \u002F\u002F 无参构造函数\n        std::cout \u003C\u003C \"constructor called.\" \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n    }\n};\nint main() {\n    S a();  \u002F\u002F 这样并不能声明并初始化 S 类型变量 a\n\u002F\u002F  a.data; \u002F\u002F 错误\n    S b;    \u002F\u002F 解决方法：不加初始化器就能调用无参构造函数\n    b.data; \u002F\u002F 正确\n}\n",[933,1697,1698,1708,1717,1727,1740,1769,1773,1777,1787,1800,1808,1818,1832],{"__ignoreMap":963},[967,1699,1700,1702,1704,1706],{"class":969,"line":970},[967,1701,1052],{"class":1051},[967,1703,1055],{"class":977},[967,1705,1058],{"class":999},[967,1707,1061],{"class":977},[967,1709,1710,1712,1715],{"class":969,"line":981},[967,1711,1079],{"class":1078},[967,1713,1714],{"class":1018}," S",[967,1716,1085],{"class":977},[967,1718,1719,1722,1725],{"class":969,"line":1075},[967,1720,1721],{"class":1078},"    int",[967,1723,1724],{"class":1097}," data",[967,1726,978],{"class":977},[967,1728,1729,1732,1734,1737],{"class":969,"line":1088},[967,1730,1731],{"class":990},"    S",[967,1733,1290],{"class":977},[967,1735,1736],{"class":977}," {",[967,1738,1739],{"class":1112}," \u002F\u002F 无参构造函数\n",[967,1741,1742,1745,1747,1749,1751,1754,1757,1759,1761,1763,1765,1767],{"class":969,"line":1102},[967,1743,1744],{"class":1018},"        std",[967,1746,1151],{"class":977},[967,1748,1545],{"class":1097},[967,1750,1548],{"class":977},[967,1752,1753],{"class":977}," \"",[967,1755,1756],{"class":999},"constructor called.",[967,1758,996],{"class":977},[967,1760,1561],{"class":977},[967,1762,1148],{"class":1018},[967,1764,1151],{"class":977},[967,1766,1568],{"class":1097},[967,1768,978],{"class":977},[967,1770,1771],{"class":969,"line":1109},[967,1772,1267],{"class":977},[967,1774,1775],{"class":969,"line":1116},[967,1776,1473],{"class":977},[967,1778,1779,1781,1783,1785],{"class":969,"line":1139},[967,1780,1490],{"class":1078},[967,1782,1493],{"class":990},[967,1784,1290],{"class":977},[967,1786,1085],{"class":977},[967,1788,1789,1792,1794,1797],{"class":969,"line":1168},[967,1790,1791],{"class":973},"    S ",[967,1793,1506],{"class":990},[967,1795,1796],{"class":977},"();",[967,1798,1799],{"class":1112},"  \u002F\u002F 这样并不能声明并初始化 S 类型变量 a\n",[967,1801,1802,1805],{"class":969,"line":1198},[967,1803,1804],{"class":1112},"\u002F\u002F  a.data;",[967,1806,1807],{"class":1112}," \u002F\u002F 错误\n",[967,1809,1810,1813,1815],{"class":969,"line":1239},[967,1811,1812],{"class":973},"    S b",[967,1814,1219],{"class":977},[967,1816,1817],{"class":1112},"    \u002F\u002F 解决方法：不加初始化器就能调用无参构造函数\n",[967,1819,1820,1822,1824,1827,1829],{"class":969,"line":1264},[967,1821,1605],{"class":973},[967,1823,987],{"class":977},[967,1825,1826],{"class":973},"data",[967,1828,1219],{"class":977},[967,1830,1831],{"class":1112}," \u002F\u002F 正确\n",[967,1833,1834],{"class":969,"line":1270},[967,1835,1656],{"class":977},[922,1837,1838,1839,1842,1843,1845,1846,1849,1850,1852,1853,1856],{},"上面的代码只能正确声明并初始化变量 ",[933,1840,1841],{},"b","，而不能声明变量 ",[933,1844,1506],{},"。这是因为形如 ",[933,1847,1848],{},"T a();"," 的语句实际上是一个函数声明——它引入了名为 ",[933,1851,1506],{}," 的函数，不接受参数且返回值类型为 ",[933,1854,1855],{},"T","。这种奇怪的、不符合直觉的行为被称为 C++ 中“最烦人的分析”。",[922,1858,1859],{},"最后让我们总结一下在初始化结构体时，我们已经学过的初始化器：",[1861,1862,1863,1874,1881],"ul",{},[941,1864,1865,1869,1870,1873],{},[1506,1866,1868],{"href":1867},"\u002Fch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_def#idx_%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96","大括号初始化器","：",[933,1871,1872],{},"@\"{\"初始化值列表\"}\"@","。此时，会将列表中的每个值按照成员声明的顺序逐一初始化；",[941,1875,1876,1877,1880],{},"小括号初始化器：",[933,1878,1879],{},"@\"(\"初始化值列表\")\"@","。此时，会调用构造函数（细节见后续章节）。",[941,1882,1883],{},"无初始化器：若有无参构造函数，则调用构造函数；若为基础数据类型，则不进行初始化。",[1885,1886,1887,1890],"blockquote",{},[922,1888,1889],{},"一旦出现一个构造函数，就不能试图通过大括号初始化器来聚合初始化（也即“逐成员初始化”）结构体了。",[922,1891,1892],{},"在 C++20 中，两种初始化器事实上是可以混用的。",[922,1894,1895],{},"刚才说过，构造函数是非常特殊的成员函数，所以我们需要更多的章节来学习。下一节，我们将从重载的概念讲起，看看构造函数还能玩出什么花来。",[1897,1898,1899],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki 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