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42);\n",[936,981,982,990],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,983,984,986,988],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,985,946],{"class":945},[939,987,950],{"class":949},[939,989,954],{"class":953},[939,991,992,995,998,1001,1005],{"class":941,"line":957},[939,993,994],{"class":953},"&(",[939,996,997],{"class":949},"a ",[939,999,1000],{"class":953},"=",[939,1002,1004],{"class":1003},"sbssI"," 42",[939,1006,1007],{"class":953},");\n",[918,1009,1010],{},"比如前缀自增表达式：",[929,1012,1014],{"className":931,"code":1013,"language":933,"meta":934,"style":934},"int a;\n&++a;\n",[936,1015,1016,1024],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,1017,1018,1020,1022],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,1019,946],{"class":945},[939,1021,950],{"class":949},[939,1023,954],{"class":953},[939,1025,1026,1029,1031],{"class":941,"line":957},[939,1027,1028],{"class":953},"&++",[939,1030,963],{"class":949},[939,1032,954],{"class":953},[1034,1035],"h6",{"id":1036},"idx_值类别",[918,1038,1039],{},"那么这是什么道理呢？我们来介绍一个概念：表达式的值类别（Value category）。",[918,1041,1042,1043,1047,1048,1051,1052,1054],{},"表达式的值类别决定了这个表达式能否取到一个地址。其中，那些能够取到地址的表达式称为",[1044,1045,1046],"strong",{},"左值","（lvalue），而那些无法取到地址的表达式称为",[1044,1049,1050],{},"右值","（rvalue）。所以，只要一个表达式是左值，那么它就可以作为取地址运算符 ",[936,1053,960],{}," 的操作数。",[918,1056,1057,1058,1061],{},"那么都有哪些表达式是左值呢？很显然，变量属于左值（因为变量可以取到地址，前几节中一直是这样用的）。至于其它的表达式，那些",[1044,1059,1060],{},"运算结果可以确定到一个变量","的表达式都是左值。比如：",[1063,1064,1065,1073,1079,1089,1095,1102,1113,1126],"ul",{},[1066,1067,1068,1069,1072],"li",{},"简单赋值表达式：",[936,1070,1071],{},"a = 1","。",[1066,1074,1075,1076,1072],{},"复合赋值表达式：",[936,1077,1078],{},"a += 1",[1066,1080,1081,1082,1085,1086,1072],{},"前缀自增\u002F减表达式：",[936,1083,1084],{},"++a"," ",[936,1087,1088],{},"--a",[1066,1090,1091,1092,1072],{},"解地址表达式：",[936,1093,1094],{},"*a",[1066,1096,1097,1098,1101],{},"下标表达式 ",[936,1099,1100],{},"a[i]","（大部分情形）。",[1066,1103,1104,1105,1108,1109,1112],{},"逗号表达式 ",[936,1106,1107],{},"a, b","，要求 ",[936,1110,1111],{},"b"," 是左值。",[1066,1114,1115,1116,1108,1119,1121,1122,1125],{},"条件表达式 ",[936,1117,1118],{},"a ? b : c",[936,1120,1111],{}," 和 ",[936,1123,1124],{},"c"," 都是左值。",[1066,1127,1128],{},"……",[918,1130,1131],{},"你会发现，这些表达式的结果都是一个变量，而不是一个孤零零的运算结果。什么叫“孤零零的”结果呢？比如：",[1063,1133,1134,1147,1160,1170,1177],{},[1066,1135,1136,1137,1085,1140,1085,1143,1146],{},"非字符串的字面量：",[936,1138,1139],{},"42",[936,1141,1142],{},"'A'",[936,1144,1145],{},"3.14","。这些字面量不能被取地址。",[1066,1148,1149,1150,1085,1153,1085,1156,1159],{},"各种算术表达式、逻辑表达式、比较表达式 ",[936,1151,1152],{},"a + b",[936,1154,1155],{},"a && b",[936,1157,1158],{},"a > b","。仅仅一个表达式的结果不会关联到任何一个变量。",[1066,1161,1162,1163,1085,1166,1169],{},"后缀自增\u002F减表达式 ",[936,1164,1165],{},"a++",[936,1167,1168],{},"a--"," 。因为它们的结果和运算完成后变量的值是不相等的；运算结果并不能指代那个变量。",[1066,1171,1172,1173,1176],{},"取地址表达式 ",[936,1174,1175],{},"&a","。取到的地址没有存放在任何一个变量里，所以它仅仅是一个运算结果。",[1066,1178,1128],{},[918,1180,1181],{},"像这种，表达式运算结果和变量毫无关系的，称为右值。",[918,1183,1184],{},"通过上面的讨论，我们知道了什么样的表达式能够取地址，什么样的不能：",[929,1186,1188],{"className":931,"code":1187,"language":933,"meta":934,"style":934},"int a;\n&a;          \u002F\u002F OK\n&(a = 1);    \u002F\u002F OK, a = 1 是左值\n&(&a);       \u002F\u002F 错误，&a 是右值\n&(a + 1);    \u002F\u002F 错误，a + 1 是右值\n&42;         \u002F\u002F 错误，非字符串字面量是右值\nint array[4]{};\n&(array[0]); \u002F\u002F OK, 下标表达式是左值\n",[936,1189,1190,1198,1209,1227,1240,1257,1269,1286],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,1191,1192,1194,1196],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,1193,946],{"class":945},[939,1195,950],{"class":949},[939,1197,954],{"class":953},[939,1199,1200,1202,1204,1206],{"class":941,"line":957},[939,1201,960],{"class":953},[939,1203,963],{"class":949},[939,1205,966],{"class":953},[939,1207,1208],{"class":969},"          \u002F\u002F OK\n",[939,1210,1212,1214,1216,1218,1221,1224],{"class":941,"line":1211},3,[939,1213,994],{"class":953},[939,1215,997],{"class":949},[939,1217,1000],{"class":953},[939,1219,1220],{"class":1003}," 1",[939,1222,1223],{"class":953},");",[939,1225,1226],{"class":969},"    \u002F\u002F OK, a = 1 是左值\n",[939,1228,1230,1233,1235,1237],{"class":941,"line":1229},4,[939,1231,1232],{"class":953},"&(&",[939,1234,963],{"class":949},[939,1236,1223],{"class":953},[939,1238,1239],{"class":969},"       \u002F\u002F 错误，&a 是右值\n",[939,1241,1243,1245,1247,1250,1252,1254],{"class":941,"line":1242},5,[939,1244,994],{"class":953},[939,1246,997],{"class":949},[939,1248,1249],{"class":953},"+",[939,1251,1220],{"class":1003},[939,1253,1223],{"class":953},[939,1255,1256],{"class":969},"    \u002F\u002F 错误，a + 1 是右值\n",[939,1258,1260,1262,1264,1266],{"class":941,"line":1259},6,[939,1261,960],{"class":953},[939,1263,1139],{"class":1003},[939,1265,966],{"class":953},[939,1267,1268],{"class":969},"         \u002F\u002F 错误，非字符串字面量是右值\n",[939,1270,1272,1274,1277,1280,1283],{"class":941,"line":1271},7,[939,1273,946],{"class":945},[939,1275,1276],{"class":949}," array",[939,1278,1279],{"class":953},"[",[939,1281,1282],{"class":1003},"4",[939,1284,1285],{"class":953},"]{};\n",[939,1287,1289,1291,1294,1296,1299,1302],{"class":941,"line":1288},8,[939,1290,994],{"class":953},[939,1292,1293],{"class":949},"array",[939,1295,1279],{"class":953},[939,1297,1298],{"class":1003},"0",[939,1300,1301],{"class":953},"]);",[939,1303,1304],{"class":969}," \u002F\u002F OK, 下标表达式是左值\n",[918,1306,1307],{},"而且一般地，左值表达式大多能被赋值（数组除外），即出现在赋值运算符的左侧。",[1309,1310,1311],"blockquote",{},[918,1312,1313],{},"左值一词即源自“赋值运算符左侧”。但是目前更通用的解释为 Locationable value，即可寻址的值。同样地，右值的通用解释为 Readable value，即可读取的值。",[922,1315,1316],{"id":1316},"解地址运算",[918,1318,1319,1320,1323,1324,1327,1328,1330],{},"一个地址可以通过解地址运算符 ",[936,1321,1322],{},"*"," 来获取这个地址存放的变量。解地址表达式 ",[936,1325,1326],{},"*p"," 的结果类型就是 ",[936,1329,918],{}," 的基类型。比如：",[929,1332,1334],{"className":931,"code":1333,"language":933,"meta":934,"style":934},"int a;\n*(&a);       \u002F\u002F 直接获取地址 &a 对应的变量，即 a\nint* p{&a};  \u002F\u002F 令指针 p 指向 a\n*p;          \u002F\u002F 获取指针 p 中存放地址对应的变量\n",[936,1335,1336,1344,1356,1377],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,1337,1338,1340,1342],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,1339,946],{"class":945},[939,1341,950],{"class":949},[939,1343,954],{"class":953},[939,1345,1346,1349,1351,1353],{"class":941,"line":957},[939,1347,1348],{"class":953},"*(&",[939,1350,963],{"class":949},[939,1352,1223],{"class":953},[939,1354,1355],{"class":969},"       \u002F\u002F 直接获取地址 &a 对应的变量，即 a\n",[939,1357,1358,1360,1362,1365,1368,1371,1374],{"class":941,"line":1211},[939,1359,946],{"class":945},[939,1361,1322],{"class":953},[939,1363,1364],{"class":949}," p",[939,1366,1367],{"class":953},"{&",[939,1369,963],{"class":1370},"swJcz",[939,1372,1373],{"class":953},"};",[939,1375,1376],{"class":969},"  \u002F\u002F 令指针 p 指向 a\n",[939,1378,1379,1381,1383,1385],{"class":941,"line":1229},[939,1380,1322],{"class":953},[939,1382,918],{"class":949},[939,1384,966],{"class":953},[939,1386,1387],{"class":969},"          \u002F\u002F 获取指针 p 中存放地址对应的变量\n",[918,1389,1390],{},"我们来简单地通过解地址运算来实现交换两个数。",[929,1392,1394],{"className":931,"code":1393,"language":933,"meta":934,"style":934},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\n    int a, b;\n    cin >> a >> b;\n    int* pa{&a};\n    int* pb{&b};\n\n    \u002F\u002F exchange\n    int temp{*pa};\n    *pa = *pb;\n    *pb = temp;\n\n    cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C b \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[936,1395,1396,1412,1426,1440,1455,1472,1488,1503,1509,1515,1531,1550,1564,1569,1600],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,1397,1398,1402,1405,1409],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,1399,1401],{"class":1400},"s7zQu","#include",[939,1403,1404],{"class":953}," \u003C",[939,1406,1408],{"class":1407},"sfazB","iostream",[939,1410,1411],{"class":953},">\n",[939,1413,1414,1417,1420,1424],{"class":941,"line":957},[939,1415,1416],{"class":1003},"using",[939,1418,1419],{"class":945}," namespace",[939,1421,1423],{"class":1422},"sBMFI"," std",[939,1425,954],{"class":953},[939,1427,1428,1430,1434,1437],{"class":941,"line":1211},[939,1429,946],{"class":945},[939,1431,1433],{"class":1432},"s2Zo4"," main",[939,1435,1436],{"class":953},"()",[939,1438,1439],{"class":953}," {\n",[939,1441,1442,1445,1447,1450,1453],{"class":941,"line":1229},[939,1443,1444],{"class":945},"    int",[939,1446,950],{"class":949},[939,1448,1449],{"class":953},",",[939,1451,1452],{"class":949}," b",[939,1454,954],{"class":953},[939,1456,1457,1460,1463,1466,1468,1470],{"class":941,"line":1242},[939,1458,1459],{"class":949},"    cin ",[939,1461,1462],{"class":953},">>",[939,1464,1465],{"class":949}," a ",[939,1467,1462],{"class":953},[939,1469,1452],{"class":949},[939,1471,954],{"class":953},[939,1473,1474,1476,1478,1481,1483,1485],{"class":941,"line":1259},[939,1475,1444],{"class":945},[939,1477,1322],{"class":953},[939,1479,1480],{"class":949}," pa",[939,1482,1367],{"class":953},[939,1484,963],{"class":1370},[939,1486,1487],{"class":953},"};\n",[939,1489,1490,1492,1494,1497,1499,1501],{"class":941,"line":1271},[939,1491,1444],{"class":945},[939,1493,1322],{"class":953},[939,1495,1496],{"class":949}," pb",[939,1498,1367],{"class":953},[939,1500,1111],{"class":1370},[939,1502,1487],{"class":953},[939,1504,1505],{"class":941,"line":1288},[939,1506,1508],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1507},true,"\n",[939,1510,1512],{"class":941,"line":1511},9,[939,1513,1514],{"class":969},"    \u002F\u002F exchange\n",[939,1516,1518,1520,1523,1526,1529],{"class":941,"line":1517},10,[939,1519,1444],{"class":945},[939,1521,1522],{"class":949}," temp",[939,1524,1525],{"class":953},"{*",[939,1527,1528],{"class":1370},"pa",[939,1530,1487],{"class":953},[939,1532,1534,1537,1540,1542,1545,1548],{"class":941,"line":1533},11,[939,1535,1536],{"class":953},"    *",[939,1538,1539],{"class":949},"pa ",[939,1541,1000],{"class":953},[939,1543,1544],{"class":953}," *",[939,1546,1547],{"class":949},"pb",[939,1549,954],{"class":953},[939,1551,1553,1555,1558,1560,1562],{"class":941,"line":1552},12,[939,1554,1536],{"class":953},[939,1556,1557],{"class":949},"pb ",[939,1559,1000],{"class":953},[939,1561,1522],{"class":949},[939,1563,954],{"class":953},[939,1565,1567],{"class":941,"line":1566},13,[939,1568,1508],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1507},[939,1570,1572,1575,1578,1580,1582,1585,1587,1590,1593,1595,1598],{"class":941,"line":1571},14,[939,1573,1574],{"class":949},"    cout ",[939,1576,1577],{"class":953},"\u003C\u003C",[939,1579,1465],{"class":949},[939,1581,1577],{"class":953},[939,1583,1584],{"class":953}," \"",[939,1586,1584],{"class":953},[939,1588,1589],{"class":953}," \u003C\u003C",[939,1591,1592],{"class":949}," b ",[939,1594,1577],{"class":953},[939,1596,1597],{"class":949}," endl",[939,1599,954],{"class":953},[939,1601,1603],{"class":941,"line":1602},15,[939,1604,1605],{"class":953},"}\n",[918,1607,1608,1609,1121,1611,1613,1614,1616,1617,1620,1621,1623,1624,1626,1627,1629,1630,1632],{},"这里第 10 行到第 12 行通过指针和指针的解地址交换了 ",[936,1610,963],{},[936,1612,1111],{}," 两个变量的值。第 10 行先将 ",[936,1615,1528],{}," 指向的变量拷贝一份到 ",[936,1618,1619],{},"temp","，然后将 ",[936,1622,1547],{}," 指向的内容赋值给 ",[936,1625,1528],{}," 指向的变量，最后再让 ",[936,1628,1547],{}," 指向的变量改为 ",[936,1631,1619],{},"。这个操作和之前交换变量的操作并无不同。",[918,1634,1635],{},"那么我们为什么非要用指针来实现交换两个数呢？明明直接对这两个变量操作就足够了，用指针操作有什么优点吗？答案是肯定的，请看这个例子：",[929,1637,1639],{"className":931,"code":1638,"language":933,"meta":934,"style":934},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nvoid exchange(int* pa,int* pb) {\n    int temp{*pa};\n    *pa = *pb;\n    *pb = temp;\n}\nint main() {\n    int a, b;\n    cin >> a >> b;\n    exchange(&a, &b);\n    cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C b \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[936,1640,1641,1651,1661,1689,1701,1715,1727,1731,1741,1753,1767,1786,1810],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,1642,1643,1645,1647,1649],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,1644,1401],{"class":1400},[939,1646,1404],{"class":953},[939,1648,1408],{"class":1407},[939,1650,1411],{"class":953},[939,1652,1653,1655,1657,1659],{"class":941,"line":957},[939,1654,1416],{"class":1003},[939,1656,1419],{"class":945},[939,1658,1423],{"class":1422},[939,1660,954],{"class":953},[939,1662,1663,1666,1669,1672,1675,1678,1680,1682,1684,1687],{"class":941,"line":1211},[939,1664,1665],{"class":945},"void",[939,1667,1668],{"class":1432}," exchange",[939,1670,1671],{"class":953},"(",[939,1673,1674],{"class":945},"int*",[939,1676,1480],{"class":1677},"sHdIc",[939,1679,1449],{"class":953},[939,1681,1674],{"class":945},[939,1683,1496],{"class":1677},[939,1685,1686],{"class":953},")",[939,1688,1439],{"class":953},[939,1690,1691,1693,1695,1697,1699],{"class":941,"line":1229},[939,1692,1444],{"class":945},[939,1694,1522],{"class":949},[939,1696,1525],{"class":953},[939,1698,1528],{"class":1370},[939,1700,1487],{"class":953},[939,1702,1703,1705,1707,1709,1711,1713],{"class":941,"line":1242},[939,1704,1536],{"class":953},[939,1706,1539],{"class":949},[939,1708,1000],{"class":953},[939,1710,1544],{"class":953},[939,1712,1547],{"class":949},[939,1714,954],{"class":953},[939,1716,1717,1719,1721,1723,1725],{"class":941,"line":1259},[939,1718,1536],{"class":953},[939,1720,1557],{"class":949},[939,1722,1000],{"class":953},[939,1724,1522],{"class":949},[939,1726,954],{"class":953},[939,1728,1729],{"class":941,"line":1271},[939,1730,1605],{"class":953},[939,1732,1733,1735,1737,1739],{"class":941,"line":1288},[939,1734,946],{"class":945},[939,1736,1433],{"class":1432},[939,1738,1436],{"class":953},[939,1740,1439],{"class":953},[939,1742,1743,1745,1747,1749,1751],{"class":941,"line":1511},[939,1744,1444],{"class":945},[939,1746,950],{"class":949},[939,1748,1449],{"class":953},[939,1750,1452],{"class":949},[939,1752,954],{"class":953},[939,1754,1755,1757,1759,1761,1763,1765],{"class":941,"line":1517},[939,1756,1459],{"class":949},[939,1758,1462],{"class":953},[939,1760,1465],{"class":949},[939,1762,1462],{"class":953},[939,1764,1452],{"class":949},[939,1766,954],{"class":953},[939,1768,1769,1772,1775,1777,1779,1782,1784],{"class":941,"line":1533},[939,1770,1771],{"class":1432},"    exchange",[939,1773,1774],{"class":953},"(&",[939,1776,963],{"class":949},[939,1778,1449],{"class":953},[939,1780,1781],{"class":953}," &",[939,1783,1111],{"class":949},[939,1785,1007],{"class":953},[939,1787,1788,1790,1792,1794,1796,1798,1800,1802,1804,1806,1808],{"class":941,"line":1552},[939,1789,1574],{"class":949},[939,1791,1577],{"class":953},[939,1793,1465],{"class":949},[939,1795,1577],{"class":953},[939,1797,1584],{"class":953},[939,1799,1584],{"class":953},[939,1801,1589],{"class":953},[939,1803,1592],{"class":949},[939,1805,1577],{"class":953},[939,1807,1597],{"class":949},[939,1809,954],{"class":953},[939,1811,1812],{"class":941,"line":1566},[939,1813,1605],{"class":953},[918,1815,1816,1817,1820,1821,1823,1824,1826,1827,1830,1831,1833,1834,1836],{},"我们可以把交换部分的代码用 ",[936,1818,1819],{},"exchange"," 函数给它包起来。这里，如果用变量作为形参，那么 ",[936,1822,1819],{}," 函数并不会如期工作（因为实参初始化形参时发生了拷贝）。但是如果用指针作为形参，则一切就能正常运转：因为，",[936,1825,1819],{}," 函数得到的是地址——就是 ",[936,1828,1829],{},"main"," 函数里变量存放的位置。当你把这个位置交给 ",[936,1832,1819],{}," 函数时，它便可以随意地通过这个地址去访问 ",[936,1835,1829],{}," 中的变量。就好像你把你家门牌号告诉了其它人，那么这些人就可以随时随地通过门牌号找到你家。",[918,1838,1839,1840,1844,1845,1848,1849,1851],{},"还记得",[963,1841,1843],{"href":1842},"\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_execution#%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92","函数章节","中 ",[936,1846,1847],{},"change"," 函数那个例子吗？同样地，现在我们可以通过将指针作为形参，成功实现在函数中修改 ",[936,1850,1829],{}," 中局部变量的值：",[929,1853,1855],{"className":931,"code":1854,"language":933,"meta":934,"style":934},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nvoid change(int* pa,int* pb) {\n    *pa = 30;\n    *pb = 50;\n}\nint main() {\n    int a{3}, b{5};\n    change(&a, &b);\n    cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C b \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[936,1856,1857,1867,1877,1900,1913,1926,1930,1940,1964,1981,2005],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,1858,1859,1861,1863,1865],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,1860,1401],{"class":1400},[939,1862,1404],{"class":953},[939,1864,1408],{"class":1407},[939,1866,1411],{"class":953},[939,1868,1869,1871,1873,1875],{"class":941,"line":957},[939,1870,1416],{"class":1003},[939,1872,1419],{"class":945},[939,1874,1423],{"class":1422},[939,1876,954],{"class":953},[939,1878,1879,1881,1884,1886,1888,1890,1892,1894,1896,1898],{"class":941,"line":1211},[939,1880,1665],{"class":945},[939,1882,1883],{"class":1432}," change",[939,1885,1671],{"class":953},[939,1887,1674],{"class":945},[939,1889,1480],{"class":1677},[939,1891,1449],{"class":953},[939,1893,1674],{"class":945},[939,1895,1496],{"class":1677},[939,1897,1686],{"class":953},[939,1899,1439],{"class":953},[939,1901,1902,1904,1906,1908,1911],{"class":941,"line":1229},[939,1903,1536],{"class":953},[939,1905,1539],{"class":949},[939,1907,1000],{"class":953},[939,1909,1910],{"class":1003}," 30",[939,1912,954],{"class":953},[939,1914,1915,1917,1919,1921,1924],{"class":941,"line":1242},[939,1916,1536],{"class":953},[939,1918,1557],{"class":949},[939,1920,1000],{"class":953},[939,1922,1923],{"class":1003}," 50",[939,1925,954],{"class":953},[939,1927,1928],{"class":941,"line":1259},[939,1929,1605],{"class":953},[939,1931,1932,1934,1936,1938],{"class":941,"line":1271},[939,1933,946],{"class":945},[939,1935,1433],{"class":1432},[939,1937,1436],{"class":953},[939,1939,1439],{"class":953},[939,1941,1942,1944,1946,1949,1952,1955,1957,1959,1962],{"class":941,"line":1288},[939,1943,1444],{"class":945},[939,1945,950],{"class":949},[939,1947,1948],{"class":953},"{",[939,1950,1951],{"class":1003},"3",[939,1953,1954],{"class":953},"},",[939,1956,1452],{"class":949},[939,1958,1948],{"class":953},[939,1960,1961],{"class":1003},"5",[939,1963,1487],{"class":953},[939,1965,1966,1969,1971,1973,1975,1977,1979],{"class":941,"line":1511},[939,1967,1968],{"class":1432},"    change",[939,1970,1774],{"class":953},[939,1972,963],{"class":949},[939,1974,1449],{"class":953},[939,1976,1781],{"class":953},[939,1978,1111],{"class":949},[939,1980,1007],{"class":953},[939,1982,1983,1985,1987,1989,1991,1993,1995,1997,1999,2001,2003],{"class":941,"line":1517},[939,1984,1574],{"class":949},[939,1986,1577],{"class":953},[939,1988,1465],{"class":949},[939,1990,1577],{"class":953},[939,1992,1584],{"class":953},[939,1994,1584],{"class":953},[939,1996,1589],{"class":953},[939,1998,1592],{"class":949},[939,2000,1577],{"class":953},[939,2002,1597],{"class":949},[939,2004,954],{"class":953},[939,2006,2007],{"class":941,"line":1533},[939,2008,1605],{"class":953},[918,2010,2011],{},"这也就是指针的威力的体现——它可以无视任何障碍，不管是不是在一个函数内，直接读写指针指向变量的值。也正因为如此，进行指针操作时需要非常谨慎。",[922,2013,2014],{"id":2014},"算术运算",[918,2016,2017],{},"我们现在来解释这个问题：明明指针存放的都是地址，为什么还需要指明基类型呢？通过下面这个例子，就能够体会到基类型的作用：",[929,2019,2021],{"className":931,"code":2020,"language":933,"meta":934,"style":934},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\n    long* a{nullptr};\n    short* b{nullptr};\n    cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C b \u003C\u003C endl;\n    cout \u003C\u003C a + 1 \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C b + 1 \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[936,2022,2023,2033,2043,2053,2065,2076,2100,2132],{"__ignoreMap":934},[939,2024,2025,2027,2029,2031],{"class":941,"line":942},[939,2026,1401],{"class":1400},[939,2028,1404],{"class":953},[939,2030,1408],{"class":1407},[939,2032,1411],{"class":953},[939,2034,2035,2037,2039,2041],{"class":941,"line":957},[939,2036,1416],{"class":1003},[939,2038,1419],{"class":945},[939,2040,1423],{"class":1422},[939,2042,954],{"class":953},[939,2044,2045,2047,2049,2051],{"class":941,"line":1211},[939,2046,946],{"class":945},[939,2048,1433],{"class":1432},[939,2050,1436],{"class":953},[939,2052,1439],{"class":953},[939,2054,2055,2058,2060,2062],{"class":941,"line":1229},[939,2056,2057],{"class":945},"    long",[939,2059,1322],{"class":953},[939,2061,950],{"class":949},[939,2063,2064],{"class":953},"{nullptr};\n",[939,2066,2067,2070,2072,2074],{"class":941,"line":1242},[939,2068,2069],{"class":945},"    short",[939,2071,1322],{"class":953},[939,2073,1452],{"class":949},[939,2075,2064],{"class":953},[939,2077,2078,2080,2082,2084,2086,2088,2090,2092,2094,2096,2098],{"class":941,"line":1259},[939,2079,1574],{"class":949},[939,2081,1577],{"class":953},[939,2083,1465],{"class":949},[939,2085,1577],{"class":953},[939,2087,1584],{"class":953},[939,2089,1584],{"class":953},[939,2091,1589],{"class":953},[939,2093,1592],{"class":949},[939,2095,1577],{"class":953},[939,2097,1597],{"class":949},[939,2099,954],{"class":953},[939,2101,2102,2104,2106,2108,2110,2112,2114,2116,2118,2120,2122,2124,2126,2128,2130],{"class":941,"line":1271},[939,2103,1574],{"class":949},[939,2105,1577],{"class":953},[939,2107,1465],{"class":949},[939,2109,1249],{"class":953},[939,2111,1220],{"class":1003},[939,2113,1589],{"class":953},[939,2115,1584],{"class":953},[939,2117,1584],{"class":953},[939,2119,1589],{"class":953},[939,2121,1592],{"class":949},[939,2123,1249],{"class":953},[939,2125,1220],{"class":1003},[939,2127,1589],{"class":953},[939,2129,1597],{"class":949},[939,2131,954],{"class":953},[939,2133,2134],{"class":941,"line":1288},[939,2135,1605],{"class":953},[918,2137,2138],{},"它的编译运行结果可能为：",[2140,2141,2142],"io-block",{},[918,2143,2144],{},"0 0\n0x4 0x2",[918,2146,2147,2148,1121,2150,2152,2153,2156,2157,1072],{},"你会发现， ",[936,2149,963],{},[936,2151,1111],{}," 同样是指针，而且最初都是零值；但它们 ",[936,2154,2155],{},"+1"," 的结果却不同。这就是指针在执行加减运算时执行的策略：指针位移的长度",[1044,2158,2159],{},"取决于基类型的大小",[918,2161,2162,2163,2166,2167,2170,2171,2175],{},"我们首先了解输出地址时得到的这个十六进制数的含义：它代表了这个地址到内存起始位置距离多少个",[1044,2164,2165],{},"字节","。比如地址 ",[936,2168,2169],{},"0x62fe08"," 是指，它距离内存的开头有 $\\mathrm{(62fe08)",[2172,2173,2174],"em",{},"{16}}$ 个字节，即它是内存上的第 $\\mathrm{(62fe08)","{16}}$ 个字节（从 $0$ 开始）。",[918,2177,2178,2179,2182,2183,2185,2186,2193,2194,2197,2198,2201,2202,2205,2206,2208,2209,2212,2213,2216,2217,2219,2220,2223,2224,2227,2228,2197,2231,2234,2235,2238],{},"对于指向 ",[936,2180,2181],{},"T"," 类型的指针，它 ",[936,2184,2155],{}," 的含义则是，让这个指针",[1044,2187,2188,2189,2192],{},"向后移动 ",[936,2190,2191],{},"sizeof(T)"," 个字节","。比如刚才的例子中，",[936,2195,2196],{},"sizeof(b)"," 为 ",[936,2199,2200],{},"2","，所以 ",[936,2203,2204],{},"b + 1"," 使得原来为 ",[936,2207,1298],{}," 的指针向后移动到 ",[936,2210,2211],{},"0x2","；同理，",[936,2214,2215],{},"sizeof(a)"," 若为 ",[936,2218,1282],{},"，则 ",[936,2221,2222],{},"a + 1"," 向后移动到 ",[936,2225,2226],{},"0x4","。（若 ",[936,2229,2230],{},"sizeof(long)",[936,2232,2233],{},"8","，则移动到 ",[936,2236,2237],{},"0x8","。）",[918,2240,2241,2242,2244,2245,2219,2247,2250,2251,2254,2255,2258,2259,2261],{},"类似地，若又一个指向 ",[936,2243,2181],{}," 类型的指针 ",[936,2246,918],{},[936,2248,2249],{},"p + n"," 就是让这个指针向后移动 ",[936,2252,2253],{},"sizeof(T) * n"," 个字节。反之，",[936,2256,2257],{},"p - n"," 就是让这个指针向前移动 ",[936,2260,2253],{}," 个字节。",[918,2263,2264,2265,2268,2269,1072],{},"除此之外，两个指针之间可以做减法（如 ",[936,2266,2267],{},"p1 - p2","），这样运算得到的结果是两个地址之间相差了多少个 ",[936,2270,2191],{},[1309,2272,2273],{},[918,2274,2275],{},"然而上面叙述的规则均是标准中未定义的；只有对指向数组元素的指针进行算术运算是被定义的行为。",[918,2277,2278],{},"指针的算术运算可以用下面的图片说明：",[918,2280,2281],{},[2282,2283],"img",{"alt":2284,"src":2285},"pointer +1","https:\u002F\u002Fs1.ax1x.com\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F14\u002FdCSian.png",[918,2287,2288],{},"那么问题来了：为什么要这样设计指针的运算？它的主要用途其实是在数组上。指针和数组有着密不可分的联系，我将在下一节解释它。",[2290,2291,2292],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: 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.sHdIc{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#BABED8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}",{"title":934,"searchDepth":942,"depth":957,"links":2294},[2295,2296,2297],{"id":924,"depth":957,"text":924},{"id":1316,"depth":957,"text":1316},{"id":2014,"depth":957,"text":2014},"md",null,{},{"icon":371},{"title":389,"description":389},"CMZEqDtX28RxpgIxColFOASf6lvELqti_8rc60VHpro",[2305,2306],{"title":385,"path":386,"stem":387,"description":385,"icon":371,"children":-1},{"title":393,"path":394,"stem":395,"description":393,"icon":398,"children":-1},1784618127080]