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时，称这个指针的类型为",[980,1105,1106,1107,1109],{},"指向 ",[944,1108,1102],{}," 的指针","类型。类似地，如果一个指针存储了变量 ",[944,1112,1113],{},"a"," 的地址，则称这个指针",[980,1116,1117],{},"指向","变量 ",[944,1120,1113],{},"。",[937,1123,1125],{"className":939,"code":1124,"language":941,"meta":942,"style":942},"int c{76};\nint* address{&c}; \u002F\u002F int* 为指向 int 的指针类型\n                  \u002F\u002F address 为指向变量 c 的指针\n",[944,1126,1127,1139,1156],{"__ignoreMap":942},[929,1128,1129,1131,1133,1135,1137],{"class":948,"line":949},[929,1130,953],{"class":952},[929,1132,998],{"class":960},[929,1134,1001],{"class":956},[929,1136,1005],{"class":1004},[929,1138,971],{"class":956},[929,1140,1141,1143,1145,1147,1149,1151,1153],{"class":948,"line":1010},[929,1142,953],{"class":952},[929,1144,957],{"class":956},[929,1146,961],{"class":960},[929,1148,964],{"class":956},[929,1150,968],{"class":967},[929,1152,1038],{"class":956},[929,1154,1155],{"class":1041}," \u002F\u002F int* 为指向 int 的指针类型\n",[929,1157,1158],{"class":948,"line":1025},[929,1159,1160],{"class":1041},"                  \u002F\u002F address 为指向变量 c 的指针\n",[919,1162,1163],{},"如果用图示画出来，就是：",[919,1165,1166],{},[1167,1168],"img",{"alt":1169,"src":1170},"pointer","https:\u002F\u002Fs1.ax1x.com\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F12\u002FaxkLI1.png",[1172,1173,1174],"blockquote",{},[919,1175,1176],{},"事实上，地址本身就包含了基类型的信息。在后文中，我有时也会称一个地址的基类型为某某某，所以不必纠结于这些用词。",[1178,1179,1180],"h2",{"id":1180},"关于初始化",[919,1182,1183],{},"指针也是变量，因此它的声明方式和普通变量一致：初始化器也是可选的。因此你完全可以",[937,1185,1187],{"className":939,"code":1186,"language":941,"meta":942,"style":942},"int* a;  \u002F\u002F 指向 int 的指针类型\nchar* b; \u002F\u002F 指向 char 的指针类型\n",[944,1188,1189,1203],{"__ignoreMap":942},[929,1190,1191,1193,1195,1198,1200],{"class":948,"line":949},[929,1192,953],{"class":952},[929,1194,957],{"class":956},[929,1196,1197],{"class":960}," a",[929,1199,1060],{"class":956},[929,1201,1202],{"class":1041},"  \u002F\u002F 指向 int 的指针类型\n",[929,1204,1205,1208,1210,1213,1215],{"class":948,"line":1010},[929,1206,1207],{"class":952},"char",[929,1209,957],{"class":956},[929,1211,1212],{"class":960}," b",[929,1214,1060],{"class":956},[929,1216,1217],{"class":1041}," \u002F\u002F 指向 char 的指针类型\n",[919,1219,1220],{},"这样不写初始化器。但是问题来了，如果不写初始化器，这样的表达式：",[937,1222,1224],{"className":939,"code":1223,"language":941,"meta":942,"style":942},"*a = 3;\n*b = 'A';\n",[944,1225,1226,1241],{"__ignoreMap":942},[929,1227,1228,1230,1233,1235,1238],{"class":948,"line":949},[929,1229,957],{"class":956},[929,1231,1232],{"class":960},"a ",[929,1234,1051],{"class":956},[929,1236,1237],{"class":1004}," 3",[929,1239,1240],{"class":956},";\n",[929,1242,1243,1245,1248,1250,1253,1257,1260],{"class":948,"line":1010},[929,1244,957],{"class":956},[929,1246,1247],{"class":960},"b ",[929,1249,1051],{"class":956},[929,1251,1252],{"class":956}," '",[929,1254,1256],{"class":1255},"sfazB","A",[929,1258,1259],{"class":956},"'",[929,1261,1240],{"class":956},[919,1263,1264,1265,1267,1268,1271,1272,1274,1275,1278,1279,1121],{},"会造成什么后果呢？答案是未知的。因为你根本不知道没有初始化时，",[944,1266,1113],{}," 这个指针里存放的到底是那个地址，",[944,1269,1270],{},"*a"," 是个什么东西根本无法得知。如果 ",[944,1273,1113],{}," 或者 ",[944,1276,1277],{},"b"," 指向了非法的存储空间，然后你又对这片存储空间进行了修改，可能会导致很严重的后果（甚至可能影响到操作系统）。所以我们认为",[980,1280,1281],{},"不初始化指针是非常危险的",[1283,1284],"h6",{"id":1285},"idx_空指针",[919,1287,1288,1289,1292,1293,1296],{},"为了解决这个问题，C++ 提供了一个称为",[980,1290,1291],{},"空指针","（Null pointer）的字面量：",[944,1294,1295],{},"nullptr","。它可以转换为指向任何类型的指针类型：",[937,1298,1300],{"className":939,"code":1299,"language":941,"meta":942,"style":942},"int* a{nullptr};\nchar* b{nullptr};\n",[944,1301,1302,1313],{"__ignoreMap":942},[929,1303,1304,1306,1308,1310],{"class":948,"line":949},[929,1305,953],{"class":952},[929,1307,957],{"class":956},[929,1309,1197],{"class":960},[929,1311,1312],{"class":956},"{nullptr};\n",[929,1314,1315,1317,1319,1321],{"class":948,"line":1010},[929,1316,1207],{"class":952},[929,1318,957],{"class":956},[929,1320,1212],{"class":960},[929,1322,1312],{"class":956},[919,1324,1325,1326,1328,1329,1332,1333,1121],{},"尽管此时访问 ",[944,1327,1270],{}," 和 ",[944,1330,1331],{},"*b"," 仍然是非法的（会导致运行时错误），但是它不会造成任何危险。所以，我在这里建议：定义指针时必须初始化，若无合适的初始化值则初始化为 ",[944,1334,1295],{},[1172,1336,1337,1342],{},[919,1338,1339,1341],{},[944,1340,1295],{}," 是指针类型的零值，即零初始化时采用的值。",[919,1343,1344,1345,1347,1348,1352,1353,1121],{},"事实上，",[944,1346,1295],{}," 不是指针类型的字面量；它的类型为 ",[1349,1350,1351],"em",{},"空指针类型"," ",[944,1354,1355],{},"std::nullptr_t",[1178,1357,1358],{"id":1358},"关于类型标识",[919,1360,1361,1362,1366,1367,1370,1371,1373],{},"根据之前",[1113,1363,1365],{"href":1364},"\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_init#idx_%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86","类型标识","的概念，我们可以得知指针类型的类型标识是 ",[944,1368,1369],{},"T*","，其中 ",[944,1372,1102],{}," 是基类型。不过由于指针类型属于复合类型，所以在同时声明并定义多个指针时，倘若",[937,1375,1377],{"className":939,"code":1376,"language":941,"meta":942,"style":942},"int* a, b;\n",[944,1378,1379],{"__ignoreMap":942},[929,1380,1381,1383,1385,1387,1390,1392],{"class":948,"line":949},[929,1382,953],{"class":952},[929,1384,957],{"class":956},[929,1386,1197],{"class":960},[929,1388,1389],{"class":956},",",[929,1391,1212],{"class":960},[929,1393,1240],{"class":956},[919,1395,1396,1397,1399,1400,1403,1404,1406,1407,1409,1410,1414,1415,1328,1417,1419],{},"这样写，只有 ",[944,1398,1113],{}," 是一个 ",[944,1401,1402],{},"int*"," 类型的指针，而 ",[944,1405,1277],{}," 只是一个 ",[944,1408,953],{}," 型变量。这一点和",[1113,1411,1413],{"href":1412},"\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_init#%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86","数组的声明","很相似，但是不容易看出。如果你想将 ",[944,1416,1113],{},[944,1418,1277],{}," 都声明为指针，你需要",[937,1421,1423],{"className":939,"code":1422,"language":941,"meta":942,"style":942},"int *a, *b;\n",[944,1424,1425],{"__ignoreMap":942},[929,1426,1427,1429,1432,1434,1436,1438,1440],{"class":948,"line":949},[929,1428,953],{"class":952},[929,1430,1431],{"class":956}," *",[929,1433,1113],{"class":960},[929,1435,1389],{"class":956},[929,1437,1431],{"class":956},[929,1439,1277],{"class":960},[929,1441,1240],{"class":956},[919,1443,1444,1445,1447,1448,1451],{},"这样来做。看上去有一点别扭——其中 ",[944,1446,957],{}," 不是变量名的一部分，而是表示引入的名字是一个指针。这种奇怪的语法是 C 语言遗留下来的糟粕，不要太纠结就是。所以这里我建议，声明并定义指针时",[980,1449,1450],{},"尽量一句一个","：",[937,1453,1455],{"className":939,"code":1454,"language":941,"meta":942,"style":942},"int* a{nullptr};\nint* b{nullptr};\n",[944,1456,1457,1467],{"__ignoreMap":942},[929,1458,1459,1461,1463,1465],{"class":948,"line":949},[929,1460,953],{"class":952},[929,1462,957],{"class":956},[929,1464,1197],{"class":960},[929,1466,1312],{"class":956},[929,1468,1469,1471,1473,1475],{"class":948,"line":1010},[929,1470,953],{"class":952},[929,1472,957],{"class":956},[929,1474,1212],{"class":960},[929,1476,1312],{"class":956},[919,1478,1479],{},"这样就好很多。",[1172,1481,1482],{},[919,1483,1484,1485,1487,1488,1491],{},"关于指针声明符中 ",[944,1486,957],{}," 的位置，",[1113,1489,5],{"href":1490},"\u002Fappendix\u002Fcoding_style#%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E","中提供了更多的讨论与解释。",[1493,1494,1495],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki .swJcz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: 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.sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}",{"title":942,"searchDepth":949,"depth":1010,"links":1497},[1498,1499],{"id":1180,"depth":1010,"text":1180},{"id":1358,"depth":1010,"text":1358},"上节提到了，指针是存放地址的变量。下面我们来学习如何声明并定义一个指针","md",null,{},{"icon":371},{"title":381,"description":1500},"-B61uALnqyOpflEKQfaEIYgFi1p5yNYHOfCy18tLJHs",[1508,1509],{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379,"description":377,"icon":371,"children":-1},{"title":385,"path":386,"stem":387,"description":385,"icon":371,"children":-1},1784618125207]