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\"",[992,1094,1092],{"class":1002},[992,1096,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1098,1100],{"class":994,"line":1099},7,[992,1101,1102],{"class":1002},"}\n",[918,1104,1105],{},"和全局变量类似，它们在程序启动的时候获得内存，但不进行初始化。在第一次执行声明语句时，进行初始化；此后再次执行声明语句时什么也不做，不会再次初始化。",[983,1107,1109],{"className":985,"code":1108,"language":987,"meta":988,"style":988},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nvoid f() {\n    static int a{42};\n    a++;\n    cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C \" \";\n}\nint main() {\n    f();\n    f();\n    f();\n}\n",[978,1110,1111,1121,1131,1141,1155,1161,1177,1181,1194,1203,1210,1217],{"__ignoreMap":988},[992,1112,1113,1115,1117,1119],{"class":994,"line":995},[992,1114,999],{"class":998},[992,1116,1003],{"class":1002},[992,1118,1007],{"class":1006},[992,1120,1010],{"class":1002},[992,1122,1123,1125,1127,1129],{"class":994,"line":1013},[992,1124,1017],{"class":1016},[992,1126,1021],{"class":1020},[992,1128,1025],{"class":1024},[992,1130,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1132,1133,1135,1137,1139],{"class":994,"line":1031},[992,1134,1034],{"class":1020},[992,1136,1038],{"class":1037},[992,1138,1041],{"class":1002},[992,1140,1044],{"class":1002},[992,1142,1143,1145,1147,1149,1151,1153],{"class":994,"line":1047},[992,1144,1050],{"class":1020},[992,1146,1053],{"class":1020},[992,1148,1057],{"class":1056},[992,1150,1060],{"class":1002},[992,1152,1063],{"class":1016},[992,1154,1066],{"class":1002},[992,1156,1157,1159],{"class":994,"line":1069},[992,1158,1072],{"class":1056},[992,1160,1075],{"class":1002},[992,1162,1163,1165,1167,1169,1171,1173,1175],{"class":994,"line":1078},[992,1164,1081],{"class":1056},[992,1166,1084],{"class":1002},[992,1168,1087],{"class":1056},[992,1170,1084],{"class":1002},[992,1172,1092],{"class":1002},[992,1174,1092],{"class":1002},[992,1176,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1178,1179],{"class":994,"line":1099},[992,1180,1102],{"class":1002},[992,1182,1184,1187,1190,1192],{"class":994,"line":1183},8,[992,1185,1186],{"class":1020},"int",[992,1188,1189],{"class":1037}," main",[992,1191,1041],{"class":1002},[992,1193,1044],{"class":1002},[992,1195,1197,1200],{"class":994,"line":1196},9,[992,1198,1199],{"class":1037},"    f",[992,1201,1202],{"class":1002},"();\n",[992,1204,1206,1208],{"class":994,"line":1205},10,[992,1207,1199],{"class":1037},[992,1209,1202],{"class":1002},[992,1211,1213,1215],{"class":994,"line":1212},11,[992,1214,1199],{"class":1037},[992,1216,1202],{"class":1002},[992,1218,1220],{"class":994,"line":1219},12,[992,1221,1102],{"class":1002},[918,1223,1224,1225,1228,1229,1232],{},"比如这里 main 函数调用了三次 ",[978,1226,1227],{},"f","，但因为初始化只执行一次，所以输出为 ",[978,1230,1231],{},"43 44 45","。静态局部变量的存储空间不随着函数的调用和返回而变动，所以不受函数空间大小的限制。",[926,1234,1235],{"id":1235},"动态存储期",[918,1237,1238,1239,1242],{},"但是这些都不适合链表。因为链表中每一个节点都是独立的，我们需要",[922,1240,1241],{},"手动控制","何时创建一个节点，何时令一个节点消亡。我们称那些可以在运行期间控制何时分配内存、释放内存的变量拥有动态存储期（Dynamic storage duration）。",[918,1244,1245,1246,1249],{},"我们通过 new 表达式手动",[922,1247,1248],{},"向操作系统申请","一片内存，并进行初始化。",[1251,1252,1253,1269],"table",{},[1254,1255,1256],"thead",{},[1257,1258,1259,1263,1266],"tr",{},[1260,1261,1262],"th",{},"运算符",[1260,1264,1265],{},"名称",[1260,1267,1268],{},"作用",[1270,1271,1272,1290],"tbody",{},[1257,1273,1274,1280,1283],{},[1275,1276,1277],"td",{},[978,1278,1279],{},"new T",[1275,1281,1282],{},"new 运算符",[1275,1284,1285,1286,1289],{},"获取一个非数组的 ",[978,1287,1288],{},"T"," 类型变量的存储空间",[1257,1291,1292,1297,1300],{},[1275,1293,1294],{},[978,1295,1296],{},"delete p",[1275,1298,1299],{},"delete 运算符",[1275,1301,1302,1303,1305],{},"将 ",[978,1304,918],{}," 指向的存储空间释放（稍后解释）",[918,1307,1308,1309,1312,1313,1316],{},"new 表达式 ",[978,1310,1311],{},"@\"new\" T@"," 的结果是一个指向 ",[978,1314,1315],{},"@T@"," 类型的指针，这个指针所存放的地址就是刚刚申请到的那片存储空间。比如：",[983,1318,1320],{"className":985,"code":1319,"language":987,"meta":988,"style":988},"int* ptr{nullptr};\nptr = new int;\n",[978,1321,1322,1335],{"__ignoreMap":988},[992,1323,1324,1326,1329,1332],{"class":994,"line":995},[992,1325,1186],{"class":1020},[992,1327,1328],{"class":1002},"*",[992,1330,1331],{"class":1056}," ptr",[992,1333,1334],{"class":1002},"{nullptr};\n",[992,1336,1337,1340,1343,1346,1348],{"class":994,"line":1013},[992,1338,1339],{"class":1056},"ptr ",[992,1341,1342],{"class":1002},"=",[992,1344,1345],{"class":1002}," new",[992,1347,1053],{"class":1020},[992,1349,1028],{"class":1002},[918,1351,1352,1353,1356],{},"这里，",[978,1354,1355],{},"ptr"," 这个指针赋值为 new 表达式申请的地址。你可以通过这个指针来对这个刚刚得到的存储空间进行操作。比如：",[983,1358,1360],{"className":985,"code":1359,"language":987,"meta":988,"style":988},"*ptr = 42;\n",[978,1361,1362],{"__ignoreMap":988},[992,1363,1364,1366,1368,1370,1373],{"class":994,"line":995},[992,1365,1328],{"class":1002},[992,1367,1339],{"class":1056},[992,1369,1342],{"class":1002},[992,1371,1372],{"class":1016}," 42",[992,1374,1028],{"class":1002},[918,1376,1377],{},"为了体现动态存储期的特点，我们这样写：",[983,1379,1381],{"className":985,"code":1380,"language":987,"meta":988,"style":988},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\u002F\u002F 获得一个存储空间，并赋值为 value\nint* getSpace(int value) {\n    int* ptr{new int};\n    *ptr = value;\n    return ptr;\n}\nint main() {\n    int* ptr{nullptr};\n    cout \u003C\u003C \"Continue?\" \u003C\u003C endl;\n    if (cin.get() == 'y')  {\n        ptr = getSpace(42);\n        cout \u003C\u003C *ptr \u003C\u003C endl;\n    }\n    delete ptr; \u002F\u002F 见后文\n}\n",[978,1382,1383,1393,1403,1409,1431,1447,1460,1469,1473,1483,1493,1515,1551,1569,1588,1594,1608],{"__ignoreMap":988},[992,1384,1385,1387,1389,1391],{"class":994,"line":995},[992,1386,999],{"class":998},[992,1388,1003],{"class":1002},[992,1390,1007],{"class":1006},[992,1392,1010],{"class":1002},[992,1394,1395,1397,1399,1401],{"class":994,"line":1013},[992,1396,1017],{"class":1016},[992,1398,1021],{"class":1020},[992,1400,1025],{"class":1024},[992,1402,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1404,1405],{"class":994,"line":1031},[992,1406,1408],{"class":1407},"sHwdD","\u002F\u002F 获得一个存储空间，并赋值为 value\n",[992,1410,1411,1414,1417,1420,1422,1426,1429],{"class":994,"line":1047},[992,1412,1413],{"class":1020},"int*",[992,1415,1416],{"class":1037}," getSpace",[992,1418,1419],{"class":1002},"(",[992,1421,1186],{"class":1020},[992,1423,1425],{"class":1424},"sHdIc"," value",[992,1427,1428],{"class":1002},")",[992,1430,1044],{"class":1002},[992,1432,1433,1436,1438,1440,1443,1445],{"class":994,"line":1069},[992,1434,1435],{"class":1020},"    int",[992,1437,1328],{"class":1002},[992,1439,1331],{"class":1056},[992,1441,1442],{"class":1002},"{new",[992,1444,1053],{"class":1020},[992,1446,1066],{"class":1002},[992,1448,1449,1452,1454,1456,1458],{"class":994,"line":1078},[992,1450,1451],{"class":1002},"    *",[992,1453,1339],{"class":1056},[992,1455,1342],{"class":1002},[992,1457,1425],{"class":1056},[992,1459,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1461,1462,1465,1467],{"class":994,"line":1099},[992,1463,1464],{"class":998},"    return",[992,1466,1331],{"class":1056},[992,1468,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1470,1471],{"class":994,"line":1183},[992,1472,1102],{"class":1002},[992,1474,1475,1477,1479,1481],{"class":994,"line":1196},[992,1476,1186],{"class":1020},[992,1478,1189],{"class":1037},[992,1480,1041],{"class":1002},[992,1482,1044],{"class":1002},[992,1484,1485,1487,1489,1491],{"class":994,"line":1205},[992,1486,1435],{"class":1020},[992,1488,1328],{"class":1002},[992,1490,1331],{"class":1056},[992,1492,1334],{"class":1002},[992,1494,1495,1497,1499,1501,1504,1507,1510,1513],{"class":994,"line":1212},[992,1496,1081],{"class":1056},[992,1498,1084],{"class":1002},[992,1500,1092],{"class":1002},[992,1502,1503],{"class":1006},"Continue?",[992,1505,1506],{"class":1002},"\"",[992,1508,1509],{"class":1002}," \u003C\u003C",[992,1511,1512],{"class":1056}," endl",[992,1514,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1516,1517,1520,1523,1526,1529,1532,1534,1537,1540,1543,1546,1548],{"class":994,"line":1219},[992,1518,1519],{"class":998},"    if",[992,1521,1522],{"class":1002}," (",[992,1524,1525],{"class":1056},"cin",[992,1527,1528],{"class":1002},".",[992,1530,1531],{"class":1037},"get",[992,1533,1041],{"class":1002},[992,1535,1536],{"class":1002}," ==",[992,1538,1539],{"class":1002}," '",[992,1541,1542],{"class":1006},"y",[992,1544,1545],{"class":1002},"'",[992,1547,1428],{"class":1002},[992,1549,1550],{"class":1002},"  {\n",[992,1552,1554,1558,1560,1562,1564,1566],{"class":994,"line":1553},13,[992,1555,1557],{"class":1556},"swJcz","        ptr ",[992,1559,1342],{"class":1002},[992,1561,1416],{"class":1037},[992,1563,1419],{"class":1002},[992,1565,1063],{"class":1016},[992,1567,1568],{"class":1002},");\n",[992,1570,1572,1575,1577,1580,1582,1584,1586],{"class":994,"line":1571},14,[992,1573,1574],{"class":1556},"        cout ",[992,1576,1084],{"class":1002},[992,1578,1579],{"class":1002}," *",[992,1581,1339],{"class":1556},[992,1583,1084],{"class":1002},[992,1585,1512],{"class":1556},[992,1587,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1589,1591],{"class":994,"line":1590},15,[992,1592,1593],{"class":1002},"    }\n",[992,1595,1597,1600,1602,1605],{"class":994,"line":1596},16,[992,1598,1599],{"class":1002},"    delete",[992,1601,1331],{"class":1056},[992,1603,1604],{"class":1002},";",[992,1606,1607],{"class":1407}," \u002F\u002F 见后文\n",[992,1609,1611],{"class":994,"line":1610},17,[992,1612,1102],{"class":1002},[918,1614,1352,1615,1618,1619,1621,1622,1624,1625,1627],{},[978,1616,1617],{},"getSpace"," 函数用于获取一片空间，并将指向这个空间的指针返回。而 main 函数中，是否获取这个空间取决于运行期间的输入：如果我们的输入是 ",[978,1620,1542],{},"，则获取空间并存放变量；否则不做任何事情，也不会有任何变量被定义。而且，",[978,1623,1355],{}," 指向的这块存储空间可以在任何场合下访问：我们既可以在 ",[978,1626,1617],{}," 函数中给它赋值，也可以在 main 函数中将它的值输出。这是全局变量和局部变量都无法实现的，也是我们之后实现链表的必需手段。",[918,1629,1630],{},"new 表达式在分配内存完成后会自动进行初始化。你可以把初始化器放在 new 表达式中，比如：",[983,1632,1634],{"className":985,"code":1633,"language":987,"meta":988,"style":988},"new int{42};\n",[978,1635,1636],{"__ignoreMap":988},[992,1637,1638,1641,1643,1645,1647],{"class":994,"line":995},[992,1639,1640],{"class":1002},"new",[992,1642,1053],{"class":1020},[992,1644,1060],{"class":1002},[992,1646,1063],{"class":1016},[992,1648,1066],{"class":1002},[918,1650,1651,1652,1655],{},"这样，这块内存就会执行 ",[978,1653,1654],{},"{42}"," 这个初始化。这个语法在分配结构体内存时很有用，比如下面的代码：",[983,1657,1659],{"className":985,"code":1658,"language":987,"meta":988,"style":988},"struct Node {\n    int data;\n    Node* next;\n};\nvoid f() {\n    Node* head{new Node{42, nullptr}};\n}\n",[978,1660,1661,1671,1680,1692,1696,1706,1729],{"__ignoreMap":988},[992,1662,1663,1666,1669],{"class":994,"line":995},[992,1664,1665],{"class":1020},"struct",[992,1667,1668],{"class":1024}," Node",[992,1670,1044],{"class":1002},[992,1672,1673,1675,1678],{"class":994,"line":1013},[992,1674,1435],{"class":1020},[992,1676,1677],{"class":1556}," data",[992,1679,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1681,1682,1685,1687,1690],{"class":994,"line":1031},[992,1683,1684],{"class":1556},"    Node",[992,1686,1328],{"class":1002},[992,1688,1689],{"class":1556}," next",[992,1691,1028],{"class":1002},[992,1693,1694],{"class":994,"line":1047},[992,1695,1066],{"class":1002},[992,1697,1698,1700,1702,1704],{"class":994,"line":1069},[992,1699,1034],{"class":1020},[992,1701,1038],{"class":1037},[992,1703,1041],{"class":1002},[992,1705,1044],{"class":1002},[992,1707,1708,1710,1712,1715,1717,1719,1721,1723,1726],{"class":994,"line":1078},[992,1709,1684],{"class":1056},[992,1711,1328],{"class":1002},[992,1713,1714],{"class":1056}," head",[992,1716,1442],{"class":1002},[992,1718,1668],{"class":1556},[992,1720,1060],{"class":1002},[992,1722,1063],{"class":1016},[992,1724,1725],{"class":1002},",",[992,1727,1728],{"class":1002}," nullptr}};\n",[992,1730,1731],{"class":994,"line":1099},[992,1732,1102],{"class":1002},[918,1734,1735,1736,1739],{},"通过 new 表达式分配到的内存",[922,1737,1738],{},"必须","要用 delete 表达式释放。比如：",[983,1741,1743],{"className":985,"code":1742,"language":987,"meta":988,"style":988},"int* ptr{new int};\n\u002F\u002F [...] 对 *ptr 的操作\ndelete ptr;\n",[978,1744,1745,1759,1764],{"__ignoreMap":988},[992,1746,1747,1749,1751,1753,1755,1757],{"class":994,"line":995},[992,1748,1186],{"class":1020},[992,1750,1328],{"class":1002},[992,1752,1331],{"class":1056},[992,1754,1442],{"class":1002},[992,1756,1053],{"class":1020},[992,1758,1066],{"class":1002},[992,1760,1761],{"class":994,"line":1013},[992,1762,1763],{"class":1407},"\u002F\u002F [...] 对 *ptr 的操作\n",[992,1765,1766,1769,1771],{"class":994,"line":1031},[992,1767,1768],{"class":1002},"delete",[992,1770,1331],{"class":1056},[992,1772,1028],{"class":1002},[918,1774,1775,1776,1779,1780,1782,1783,1786,1787,1790],{},"当执行 ",[978,1777,1778],{},"delete ptr;"," 后，",[978,1781,1355],{}," 指向的内存空间",[922,1784,1785],{},"归还给操作系统","，因此 ",[978,1788,1789],{},"*ptr"," 成为了非法操作——这片存储空间已经不能再用了！我们在删除链表节点的时候，就需要执行这样的操作。",[918,1792,1793,1794,1797],{},"::: danger\nnew 到的存储空间用 delete 释放，这是一个必须养成的编程习惯。",[922,1795,1796],{},"如果 new 完不 delete，可能导致严重的内存泄漏问题","。所以请务必细心编写你的代码。\n:::",[926,1799,93],{"id":93},[918,1801,1802],{},"最后我们用一张表来总结这些存储期。如果上面的内容没有太看懂，希望这张表能够帮你理解。",[1251,1804,1805,1825],{},[1254,1806,1807,1808],{},"\n    ",[1257,1809,1810,1811,1810,1813,1810,1816,1810,1819,1810,1822,1807],{},"\n        ",[1260,1812,362],{},[1260,1814,1815],{},"常见情形",[1260,1817,1818],{},"何时分配内存",[1260,1820,1821],{},"何时初始化",[1260,1823,1824],{},"何时释放内存",[1270,1826,1807,1827,1807,1843,1807,1855,1807,1874,1807,1882],{},[1257,1828,1810,1829,1810,1831,1810,1834,1810,1837,1810,1840,1807],{},[1260,1830,928],{"rowSpan":1013},[1275,1832,1833],{},"复合语句中声明的变量",[1275,1835,1836],{},"进入复合语句时",[1275,1838,1839],{},"执行声明语句时",[1275,1841,1842],{},"离开复合语句时",[1257,1844,1810,1845,1810,1848,1810,1852,1807],{},[1275,1846,1847],{},"函数形参",[1275,1849,1851],{"colSpan":1013,"align":1850},"center","调用函数时",[1275,1853,1854],{},"从函数返回时",[1257,1856,1810,1857,1810,1859,1810,1862,1810,1865,1810,1871,1807],{},[1260,1858,948],{"rowSpan":1013},[1275,1860,1861],{},"全局变量",[1275,1863,1864],{"rowSpan":1013},"程序启动时",[1275,1866,1864,1867],{},[1868,1869,1870],"sub",{},"（常量初始化）",[1275,1872,1873],{"rowSpan":1013},"程序退出时",[1257,1875,1810,1876,1810,1879,1807],{},[1275,1877,1878],{},"静态局部变量",[1275,1880,1881],{},"第一次执行声明语句时",[1257,1883,1810,1884,1810,1886,1810,1889,1810,1892,1807],{},[1260,1885,1235],{},[1275,1887,1888],{},"通过 new 表达式获得内存",[1275,1890,1891],{"colSpan":1013,"align":1850},"执行 new 表达式时",[1275,1893,1894],{},"执行 delete 表达式时",[1896,1897,1898],"blockquote",{},[918,1899,1900],{},"除了上述三种存储期，还有线程存储期（Thread storage duration）。",[1902,1903,1904],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki 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