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情形2：返回自某个函数的指针，理应被释放但是你不知道\n",[956,1054,1055],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,1056,970],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":969},[956,1058,1059],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,1060,1061],{"class":962},"\u002F\u002F 假设下面这个函数是别人写的。\n",[956,1063,1064],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,1065,1066],{"class":962},"\u002F\u002F 它返回的指针应该在使用完成后 delete，\n",[956,1068,1069],{"class":958,"line":1020},[956,1070,1071],{"class":962},"\u002F\u002F 但你（因没有仔细读文档，或者函数作者没强调这件事）并不知道这个事实\n",[956,1073,1074,1077,1080,1083,1086,1089,1093,1096],{"class":958,"line":1026},[956,1075,1076],{"class":976},"char*",[956,1078,1079],{"class":980}," strdup",[956,1081,1082],{"class":984},"(",[956,1084,1085],{"class":976},"const",[956,1087,1088],{"class":976}," char*",[956,1090,1092],{"class":1091},"sHdIc"," src",[956,1094,1095],{"class":984},")",[956,1097,988],{"class":984},[956,1099,1100,1103,1105,1107,1109,1112,1115,1118],{"class":958,"line":1039},[956,1101,1102],{"class":976},"    char",[956,1104,997],{"class":984},[956,1106,1001],{"class":1000},[956,1108,1004],{"class":984},[956,1110,1111],{"class":976}," char",[956,1113,1114],{"class":984},"[",[956,1116,1117],{"class":962},"\u002F* ... *\u002F",[956,1119,1120],{"class":984},"]};\n",[956,1122,1124],{"class":958,"line":1123},8,[956,1125,1126],{"class":962},"    \u002F\u002F [...]\n",[956,1128,1130,1132,1134],{"class":958,"line":1129},9,[956,1131,1030],{"class":1029},[956,1133,1001],{"class":1000},[956,1135,1036],{"class":984},[956,1137,1139],{"class":958,"line":1138},10,[956,1140,1042],{"class":984},[956,1142,1144],{"class":958,"line":1143},11,[956,1145,970],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":969},[956,1147,1149,1151,1153,1155],{"class":958,"line":1148},12,[956,1150,977],{"class":976},[956,1152,981],{"class":980},[956,1154,985],{"class":984},[956,1156,988],{"class":984},[956,1158,1160,1162,1165,1167,1170,1174,1176],{"class":958,"line":1159},13,[956,1161,1102],{"class":976},[956,1163,1164],{"class":1000}," original[]",[956,1166,1010],{"class":984},[956,1168,1169],{"class":984},"\"",[956,1171,1173],{"class":1172},"sfazB","Hello",[956,1175,1169],{"class":984},[956,1177,1178],{"class":984},"};\n",[956,1180,1182,1184,1186,1189,1191,1194,1196,1200],{"class":958,"line":1181},14,[956,1183,1102],{"class":976},[956,1185,997],{"class":984},[956,1187,1188],{"class":1000}," duplicate",[956,1190,1010],{"class":984},[956,1192,1193],{"class":980},"strdup",[956,1195,1082],{"class":984},[956,1197,1199],{"class":1198},"swJcz","original",[956,1201,1202],{"class":984},")};\n",[956,1204,1206],{"class":958,"line":1205},15,[956,1207,1208],{"class":962},"    \u002F\u002F [...] 没有释放 duplicate\n",[956,1210,1212,1214,1216],{"class":958,"line":1211},16,[956,1213,1030],{"class":1029},[956,1215,1033],{"class":1013},[956,1217,1036],{"class":984},[956,1219,1221],{"class":958,"line":1220},17,[956,1222,1042],{"class":984},[946,1224,1226],{"className":948,"code":1225,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"\u002F\u002F 情形3：对链表等复杂的指针使用情形没有正确处理\n\nstruct Node { Node* next; };\nint main() {\n    int n;\n    Node* list{new Node{}};\n    Node* current{list};\n    for (int i{0}; i \u003C= n; i++) {\n        current->next = new Node{};\n        current = current->next;\n    }\n    \u002F\u002F [...] 没有正确将 list 内的节点释放掉\n    return 0;\n}\n",[953,1227,1228,1233,1237,1262,1272,1281,1298,1314,1353,1375,1391,1396,1401,1409],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,1229,1230],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,1231,1232],{"class":962},"\u002F\u002F 情形3：对链表等复杂的指针使用情形没有正确处理\n",[956,1234,1235],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,1236,970],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":969},[956,1238,1239,1242,1246,1249,1251,1253,1256,1259],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,1240,1241],{"class":976},"struct",[956,1243,1245],{"class":1244},"sBMFI"," Node",[956,1247,1248],{"class":984}," {",[956,1250,1245],{"class":1198},[956,1252,997],{"class":984},[956,1254,1255],{"class":1198}," next",[956,1257,1258],{"class":984},";",[956,1260,1261],{"class":984}," };\n",[956,1263,1264,1266,1268,1270],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,1265,977],{"class":976},[956,1267,981],{"class":980},[956,1269,985],{"class":984},[956,1271,988],{"class":984},[956,1273,1274,1276,1279],{"class":958,"line":1020},[956,1275,994],{"class":976},[956,1277,1278],{"class":1000}," n",[956,1280,1036],{"class":984},[956,1282,1283,1286,1288,1291,1293,1295],{"class":958,"line":1026},[956,1284,1285],{"class":1000},"    Node",[956,1287,997],{"class":984},[956,1289,1290],{"class":1000}," list",[956,1292,1004],{"class":984},[956,1294,1245],{"class":1198},[956,1296,1297],{"class":984},"{}};\n",[956,1299,1300,1302,1304,1307,1309,1312],{"class":958,"line":1039},[956,1301,1285],{"class":1000},[956,1303,997],{"class":984},[956,1305,1306],{"class":1000}," current",[956,1308,1010],{"class":984},[956,1310,1311],{"class":1198},"list",[956,1313,1178],{"class":984},[956,1315,1316,1319,1322,1324,1327,1330,1333,1335,1338,1341,1343,1345,1348,1351],{"class":958,"line":1123},[956,1317,1318],{"class":1029},"    for",[956,1320,1321],{"class":984}," (",[956,1323,977],{"class":976},[956,1325,1326],{"class":1000}," i{",[956,1328,1329],{"class":1013},"0",[956,1331,1332],{"class":1000},"}",[956,1334,1258],{"class":984},[956,1336,1337],{"class":1000}," i ",[956,1339,1340],{"class":984},"\u003C=",[956,1342,1278],{"class":1000},[956,1344,1258],{"class":984},[956,1346,1347],{"class":1000}," i",[956,1349,1350],{"class":984},"++)",[956,1352,988],{"class":984},[956,1354,1355,1358,1361,1364,1367,1370,1372],{"class":958,"line":1129},[956,1356,1357],{"class":1000},"        current",[956,1359,1360],{"class":984},"->",[956,1362,1363],{"class":1000},"next",[956,1365,1366],{"class":984}," =",[956,1368,1369],{"class":984}," new",[956,1371,1245],{"class":1198},[956,1373,1374],{"class":984},"{};\n",[956,1376,1377,1380,1383,1385,1387,1389],{"class":958,"line":1138},[956,1378,1379],{"class":1198},"        current ",[956,1381,1382],{"class":984},"=",[956,1384,1306],{"class":1000},[956,1386,1360],{"class":984},[956,1388,1363],{"class":1000},[956,1390,1036],{"class":984},[956,1392,1393],{"class":958,"line":1143},[956,1394,1395],{"class":984},"    }\n",[956,1397,1398],{"class":958,"line":1148},[956,1399,1400],{"class":962},"    \u002F\u002F [...] 没有正确将 list 内的节点释放掉\n",[956,1402,1403,1405,1407],{"class":958,"line":1159},[956,1404,1030],{"class":1029},[956,1406,1033],{"class":1013},[956,1408,1036],{"class":984},[956,1410,1411],{"class":958,"line":1181},[956,1412,1042],{"class":984},[946,1414,1416],{"className":948,"code":1415,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"\u002F\u002F 情形4：直接丢弃了指向 new 出来的内存的指针\n\u002F\u002F 此时这片内存再也无法被访问到，更无法被 delete\n\nint main() {\n    new int{};\n    \u002F\u002F 或者\n    int* p{new int{}};\n    p = nullptr;\n}\n",[953,1417,1418,1423,1428,1432,1442,1451,1456,1470,1480],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,1419,1420],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,1421,1422],{"class":962},"\u002F\u002F 情形4：直接丢弃了指向 new 出来的内存的指针\n",[956,1424,1425],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,1426,1427],{"class":962},"\u002F\u002F 此时这片内存再也无法被访问到，更无法被 delete\n",[956,1429,1430],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,1431,970],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":969},[956,1433,1434,1436,1438,1440],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,1435,977],{"class":976},[956,1437,981],{"class":980},[956,1439,985],{"class":984},[956,1441,988],{"class":984},[956,1443,1444,1447,1449],{"class":958,"line":1020},[956,1445,1446],{"class":984},"    new",[956,1448,1007],{"class":976},[956,1450,1374],{"class":984},[956,1452,1453],{"class":958,"line":1026},[956,1454,1455],{"class":962},"    \u002F\u002F 或者\n",[956,1457,1458,1460,1462,1464,1466,1468],{"class":958,"line":1039},[956,1459,994],{"class":976},[956,1461,997],{"class":984},[956,1463,1001],{"class":1000},[956,1465,1004],{"class":984},[956,1467,1007],{"class":976},[956,1469,1297],{"class":984},[956,1471,1472,1475,1477],{"class":958,"line":1123},[956,1473,1474],{"class":1000},"    p ",[956,1476,1382],{"class":984},[956,1478,1479],{"class":984}," nullptr;\n",[956,1481,1482],{"class":958,"line":1129},[956,1483,1042],{"class":984},[946,1485,1487],{"className":948,"code":1486,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"\u002F\u002F 情形5：你以为你 delete 了，其实没有\n#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() {\n    int* p{new int{}};\n    cin >> *p;\n    \u002F\u002F 做一下错误处理……Oops！\n    if (cin.fail()) {\n        cout \u003C\u003C \"Input fail!\" \u003C\u003C endl;\n        return 1;\n    }\n    *p = 120 \u002F *p;\n    cout \u003C\u003C *p \u003C\u003C endl;\n    delete p;\n    \u002F\u002F 注意：前面的 return 1 处没有 delete\n}\n",[953,1488,1489,1494,1508,1521,1525,1535,1549,1564,1569,1590,1614,1624,1628,1650,1667,1676,1681],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,1490,1491],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,1492,1493],{"class":962},"\u002F\u002F 情形5：你以为你 delete 了，其实没有\n",[956,1495,1496,1499,1502,1505],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,1497,1498],{"class":1029},"#include",[956,1500,1501],{"class":984}," \u003C",[956,1503,1504],{"class":1172},"iostream",[956,1506,1507],{"class":984},">\n",[956,1509,1510,1513,1516,1519],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,1511,1512],{"class":1013},"using",[956,1514,1515],{"class":976}," namespace",[956,1517,1518],{"class":1244}," std",[956,1520,1036],{"class":984},[956,1522,1523],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,1524,970],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":969},[956,1526,1527,1529,1531,1533],{"class":958,"line":1020},[956,1528,977],{"class":976},[956,1530,981],{"class":980},[956,1532,985],{"class":984},[956,1534,988],{"class":984},[956,1536,1537,1539,1541,1543,1545,1547],{"class":958,"line":1026},[956,1538,994],{"class":976},[956,1540,997],{"class":984},[956,1542,1001],{"class":1000},[956,1544,1004],{"class":984},[956,1546,1007],{"class":976},[956,1548,1297],{"class":984},[956,1550,1551,1554,1557,1560,1562],{"class":958,"line":1039},[956,1552,1553],{"class":1000},"    cin ",[956,1555,1556],{"class":984},">>",[956,1558,1559],{"class":984}," *",[956,1561,918],{"class":1000},[956,1563,1036],{"class":984},[956,1565,1566],{"class":958,"line":1123},[956,1567,1568],{"class":962},"    \u002F\u002F 做一下错误处理……Oops！\n",[956,1570,1571,1574,1576,1579,1582,1585,1588],{"class":958,"line":1129},[956,1572,1573],{"class":1029},"    if",[956,1575,1321],{"class":984},[956,1577,1578],{"class":1000},"cin",[956,1580,1581],{"class":984},".",[956,1583,1584],{"class":980},"fail",[956,1586,1587],{"class":984},"())",[956,1589,988],{"class":984},[956,1591,1592,1595,1598,1601,1604,1606,1609,1612],{"class":958,"line":1138},[956,1593,1594],{"class":1198},"        cout ",[956,1596,1597],{"class":984},"\u003C\u003C",[956,1599,1600],{"class":984}," \"",[956,1602,1603],{"class":1172},"Input fail!",[956,1605,1169],{"class":984},[956,1607,1608],{"class":984}," \u003C\u003C",[956,1610,1611],{"class":1198}," endl",[956,1613,1036],{"class":984},[956,1615,1616,1619,1622],{"class":958,"line":1143},[956,1617,1618],{"class":1029},"        return",[956,1620,1621],{"class":1013}," 1",[956,1623,1036],{"class":984},[956,1625,1626],{"class":958,"line":1148},[956,1627,1395],{"class":984},[956,1629,1630,1633,1636,1638,1641,1644,1646,1648],{"class":958,"line":1159},[956,1631,1632],{"class":984},"    *",[956,1634,1635],{"class":1000},"p ",[956,1637,1382],{"class":984},[956,1639,1640],{"class":1013}," 120",[956,1642,1643],{"class":984}," \u002F",[956,1645,1559],{"class":984},[956,1647,918],{"class":1000},[956,1649,1036],{"class":984},[956,1651,1652,1655,1657,1659,1661,1663,1665],{"class":958,"line":1181},[956,1653,1654],{"class":1000},"    cout ",[956,1656,1597],{"class":984},[956,1658,1559],{"class":984},[956,1660,1635],{"class":1000},[956,1662,1597],{"class":984},[956,1664,1611],{"class":1000},[956,1666,1036],{"class":984},[956,1668,1669,1672,1674],{"class":958,"line":1205},[956,1670,1671],{"class":984},"    delete",[956,1673,1001],{"class":1000},[956,1675,1036],{"class":984},[956,1677,1678],{"class":958,"line":1211},[956,1679,1680],{"class":962},"    \u002F\u002F 注意：前面的 return 1 处没有 delete\n",[956,1682,1683],{"class":958,"line":1220},[956,1684,1042],{"class":984},[918,1686,1687],{},"总之，你可以发现有太多种代码可能导致内存泄漏，人即便再谨慎也可能会出错。因此现代 C++ 已经不推荐手动使用 new 和 delete，而建议使用一种称为“智能指针”的设施来管理内存。但介绍它需要非常多的前置知识，我计划把它的介绍放到本书的第十章。",[931,1689,928],{"id":928},[918,1691,1692],{},"另外一种安全性错误——悬垂指针则简单得多。它的基本代码形式就长成这样：",[946,1694,1696],{"className":948,"code":1695,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"int* getPtr() {\n    int a{42};\n    return &a;\n}\nint main() {\n    int* p{getPtr()};\n}\n",[953,1697,1698,1710,1723,1735,1739,1749,1765],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,1699,1700,1703,1706,1708],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,1701,1702],{"class":976},"int*",[956,1704,1705],{"class":980}," getPtr",[956,1707,985],{"class":984},[956,1709,988],{"class":984},[956,1711,1712,1714,1717,1719,1721],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,1713,994],{"class":976},[956,1715,1716],{"class":1000}," a",[956,1718,1010],{"class":984},[956,1720,1014],{"class":1013},[956,1722,1178],{"class":984},[956,1724,1725,1727,1730,1733],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,1726,1030],{"class":1029},[956,1728,1729],{"class":984}," &",[956,1731,1732],{"class":1000},"a",[956,1734,1036],{"class":984},[956,1736,1737],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,1738,1042],{"class":984},[956,1740,1741,1743,1745,1747],{"class":958,"line":1020},[956,1742,977],{"class":976},[956,1744,981],{"class":980},[956,1746,985],{"class":984},[956,1748,988],{"class":984},[956,1750,1751,1753,1755,1757,1759,1762],{"class":958,"line":1026},[956,1752,994],{"class":976},[956,1754,997],{"class":984},[956,1756,1001],{"class":1000},[956,1758,1010],{"class":984},[956,1760,1761],{"class":980},"getPtr",[956,1763,1764],{"class":984},"()};\n",[956,1766,1767],{"class":958,"line":1039},[956,1768,1042],{"class":984},[918,1770,1771,1772,1774,1775,1777,1778,1780,1781,1783,1784,1786],{},"就这么简单。这里函数 ",[953,1773,1761],{}," 返回了指针，指向函数内的局部变量 ",[953,1776,1732],{},"；但是当函数返回时，所有局部变量所在的内存空间都会被清除。换句话说，函数返回之后，",[953,1779,1732],{}," 已经不存在了；但 main 函数中的指针 ",[953,1782,918],{}," 却指向了这个 ",[953,1785,1732],{},"。一个指针指向不再存在的变量，此时对这个指针所指向对象做任何操作都是未定义的。",[918,1788,1789],{},"有人觉得不会写出这样蠢的代码。但事实上大有人在：比如有一个常见的需求是返回数组：",[946,1791,1793],{"className":948,"code":1792,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"\u002F*???*\u002F getIotaArr() {\n    int arr[5]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};\n    return arr;\n}\n\nint main() {\n    \u002F*???*\u002F iotaArr;\n    iotaArr = getIotaArr();\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n",[953,1794,1795,1807,1848,1856,1860,1864,1874,1884,1896,1900],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,1796,1797,1800,1803,1805],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,1798,1799],{"class":962},"\u002F*???*\u002F",[956,1801,1802],{"class":980}," getIotaArr",[956,1804,985],{"class":984},[956,1806,988],{"class":984},[956,1808,1809,1811,1814,1816,1819,1822,1825,1828,1831,1833,1836,1838,1841,1843,1846],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,1810,994],{"class":976},[956,1812,1813],{"class":1000}," arr",[956,1815,1114],{"class":984},[956,1817,1818],{"class":1013},"5",[956,1820,1821],{"class":984},"]{",[956,1823,1824],{"class":1013},"1",[956,1826,1827],{"class":984},",",[956,1829,1830],{"class":1013}," 2",[956,1832,1827],{"class":984},[956,1834,1835],{"class":1013}," 3",[956,1837,1827],{"class":984},[956,1839,1840],{"class":1013}," 4",[956,1842,1827],{"class":984},[956,1844,1845],{"class":1013}," 5",[956,1847,1178],{"class":984},[956,1849,1850,1852,1854],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,1851,1030],{"class":1029},[956,1853,1813],{"class":1198},[956,1855,1036],{"class":984},[956,1857,1858],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,1859,1042],{"class":984},[956,1861,1862],{"class":958,"line":1020},[956,1863,970],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":969},[956,1865,1866,1868,1870,1872],{"class":958,"line":1026},[956,1867,977],{"class":976},[956,1869,981],{"class":980},[956,1871,985],{"class":984},[956,1873,988],{"class":984},[956,1875,1876,1879,1882],{"class":958,"line":1039},[956,1877,1878],{"class":962},"    \u002F*???*\u002F",[956,1880,1881],{"class":1000}," iotaArr",[956,1883,1036],{"class":984},[956,1885,1886,1889,1891,1893],{"class":958,"line":1123},[956,1887,1888],{"class":1000},"    iotaArr ",[956,1890,1382],{"class":984},[956,1892,1802],{"class":980},[956,1894,1895],{"class":984},"();\n",[956,1897,1898],{"class":958,"line":1129},[956,1899,1126],{"class":962},[956,1901,1902],{"class":958,"line":1138},[956,1903,1042],{"class":984},[918,1905,1906,1907,1910,1911,1914,1915,1918,1919,1922],{},"这份代码试图定义一个函数，它返回 $\\iota$ 数组，也就是包含 ",[953,1908,1909],{},"1, 2, 3, 4, 5"," 这五个值的数组。但是他不知道返回值类型这里的 ",[953,1912,1913],{},"???"," 该填什么。他尝试了 ",[953,1916,1917],{},"int[5] getIotaArr();"," 或者 ",[953,1920,1921],{},"int (getIotaArr())[5];","，但报了一堆编译错误。于是他错误地认为这里可以用指针：",[946,1924,1926],{"className":948,"code":1925,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"int* getIotaArr() {\n    int arr[5]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};\n    return arr;\n}\n\nint main() {\n    int* iotaArr{nullptr};\n    iotaArr = getIotaArr();\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n",[953,1927,1928,1938,1970,1978,1982,1986,1996,2007,2017,2021],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,1929,1930,1932,1934,1936],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,1931,1702],{"class":976},[956,1933,1802],{"class":980},[956,1935,985],{"class":984},[956,1937,988],{"class":984},[956,1939,1940,1942,1944,1946,1948,1950,1952,1954,1956,1958,1960,1962,1964,1966,1968],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,1941,994],{"class":976},[956,1943,1813],{"class":1000},[956,1945,1114],{"class":984},[956,1947,1818],{"class":1013},[956,1949,1821],{"class":984},[956,1951,1824],{"class":1013},[956,1953,1827],{"class":984},[956,1955,1830],{"class":1013},[956,1957,1827],{"class":984},[956,1959,1835],{"class":1013},[956,1961,1827],{"class":984},[956,1963,1840],{"class":1013},[956,1965,1827],{"class":984},[956,1967,1845],{"class":1013},[956,1969,1178],{"class":984},[956,1971,1972,1974,1976],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,1973,1030],{"class":1029},[956,1975,1813],{"class":1000},[956,1977,1036],{"class":984},[956,1979,1980],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,1981,1042],{"class":984},[956,1983,1984],{"class":958,"line":1020},[956,1985,970],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":969},[956,1987,1988,1990,1992,1994],{"class":958,"line":1026},[956,1989,977],{"class":976},[956,1991,981],{"class":980},[956,1993,985],{"class":984},[956,1995,988],{"class":984},[956,1997,1998,2000,2002,2004],{"class":958,"line":1039},[956,1999,994],{"class":976},[956,2001,997],{"class":984},[956,2003,1881],{"class":1000},[956,2005,2006],{"class":984},"{nullptr};\n",[956,2008,2009,2011,2013,2015],{"class":958,"line":1123},[956,2010,1888],{"class":1000},[956,2012,1382],{"class":984},[956,2014,1802],{"class":980},[956,2016,1895],{"class":984},[956,2018,2019],{"class":958,"line":1129},[956,2020,1126],{"class":962},[956,2022,2023],{"class":958,"line":1138},[956,2024,1042],{"class":984},[918,2026,2027],{},"一运行，发现，没编译错误了！可喜可贺，可喜可贺……个头啊！仔细看，这里返回的指针指向什么？",[918,2029,2030,2031,2034,2035,2038,2039,2042,2043,2045,2046,2048],{},"这里的 return 语句说 ",[953,2032,2033],{},"return arr","，但返回值类型是指针，所以 ",[953,2036,2037],{},"arr"," 会隐式转换成指针类型，指向 ",[953,2040,2041],{},"arr[0]","。也就是说，这里返回的是指向局部变量 ",[953,2044,2041],{}," 的指针！代码返回到 main 函数的时候，",[953,2047,2041],{}," 已经消亡了。",[918,2050,2051],{},"因此这里不能这样写。而天然地，又存在“函数不能返回数组”的语法限制。难道就没办法了吗？方法也是有的，只是都有一些弊端。",[918,2053,2054],{},"第一种解决方案，仍然返回指针，但指向 new 出来的空间。",[946,2056,2058],{"className":948,"code":2057,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"int* getIotaArr() {\n    int* arr{new int[5]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}};\n    return arr;\n}\n",[953,2059,2060,2070,2108,2116],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,2061,2062,2064,2066,2068],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,2063,1702],{"class":976},[956,2065,1802],{"class":980},[956,2067,985],{"class":984},[956,2069,988],{"class":984},[956,2071,2072,2074,2076,2078,2080,2082,2084,2086,2088,2090,2092,2094,2096,2098,2100,2102,2104,2106],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,2073,994],{"class":976},[956,2075,997],{"class":984},[956,2077,1813],{"class":1000},[956,2079,1004],{"class":984},[956,2081,1007],{"class":976},[956,2083,1114],{"class":984},[956,2085,1818],{"class":1013},[956,2087,1821],{"class":984},[956,2089,1824],{"class":1013},[956,2091,1827],{"class":984},[956,2093,1830],{"class":1013},[956,2095,1827],{"class":984},[956,2097,1835],{"class":1013},[956,2099,1827],{"class":984},[956,2101,1840],{"class":1013},[956,2103,1827],{"class":984},[956,2105,1845],{"class":1013},[956,2107,1017],{"class":984},[956,2109,2110,2112,2114],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,2111,1030],{"class":1029},[956,2113,1813],{"class":1000},[956,2115,1036],{"class":984},[956,2117,2118],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,2119,1042],{"class":984},[918,2121,2122],{},"这种写法不会有悬垂指针问题，但可能会有内存泄漏问题——请参看上一个标题的“情形2”。",[918,2124,2125],{},"第二种，返回全局变量，或者静态局部变量。",[946,2127,2129],{"className":948,"code":2128,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"int* getIotaArr() {\n    static int arr[5]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};\n    return arr;\n}\n",[953,2130,2131,2141,2176,2184],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,2132,2133,2135,2137,2139],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,2134,1702],{"class":976},[956,2136,1802],{"class":980},[956,2138,985],{"class":984},[956,2140,988],{"class":984},[956,2142,2143,2146,2148,2150,2152,2154,2156,2158,2160,2162,2164,2166,2168,2170,2172,2174],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,2144,2145],{"class":976},"    static",[956,2147,1007],{"class":976},[956,2149,1813],{"class":1000},[956,2151,1114],{"class":984},[956,2153,1818],{"class":1013},[956,2155,1821],{"class":984},[956,2157,1824],{"class":1013},[956,2159,1827],{"class":984},[956,2161,1830],{"class":1013},[956,2163,1827],{"class":984},[956,2165,1835],{"class":1013},[956,2167,1827],{"class":984},[956,2169,1840],{"class":1013},[956,2171,1827],{"class":984},[956,2173,1845],{"class":1013},[956,2175,1178],{"class":984},[956,2177,2178,2180,2182],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,2179,1030],{"class":1029},[956,2181,1813],{"class":1000},[956,2183,1036],{"class":984},[956,2185,2186],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,2187,1042],{"class":984},[918,2189,2190,2191,2194],{},"由于全局变量或者静态局部变量不会随着函数返回而释放，所以这样做是 OK 的。但代价是，全局只有这一份内存，每次调用 ",[953,2192,2193],{},"getIotaArr"," 返回的值都是指向同一个变量或数组的，可能会造成使用上的不便。",[918,2196,2197],{},"第三种，把数组包装到结构体里，然后返回。",[946,2199,2201],{"className":948,"code":2200,"language":950,"meta":951,"style":951},"struct ArrayOf5 {\n    int value[5];\n};\nArrayOf5 getIotaArr() {\n    ArrayOf5 arr{{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}};\n    return arr;\n}\n",[953,2202,2203,2212,2226,2230,2241,2269,2277],{"__ignoreMap":951},[956,2204,2205,2207,2210],{"class":958,"line":959},[956,2206,1241],{"class":976},[956,2208,2209],{"class":1244}," ArrayOf5",[956,2211,988],{"class":984},[956,2213,2214,2216,2219,2221,2223],{"class":958,"line":966},[956,2215,994],{"class":976},[956,2217,2218],{"class":1000}," value",[956,2220,1114],{"class":984},[956,2222,1818],{"class":1013},[956,2224,2225],{"class":984},"];\n",[956,2227,2228],{"class":958,"line":973},[956,2229,1178],{"class":984},[956,2231,2232,2235,2237,2239],{"class":958,"line":991},[956,2233,2234],{"class":1244},"ArrayOf5",[956,2236,1802],{"class":980},[956,2238,985],{"class":984},[956,2240,988],{"class":984},[956,2242,2243,2246,2249,2251,2253,2255,2257,2259,2261,2263,2265,2267],{"class":958,"line":1020},[956,2244,2245],{"class":1000},"    ArrayOf5 arr",[956,2247,2248],{"class":984},"{{",[956,2250,1824],{"class":1013},[956,2252,1827],{"class":984},[956,2254,1830],{"class":1013},[956,2256,1827],{"class":984},[956,2258,1835],{"class":1013},[956,2260,1827],{"class":984},[956,2262,1840],{"class":1013},[956,2264,1827],{"class":984},[956,2266,1845],{"class":1013},[956,2268,1017],{"class":984},[956,2270,2271,2273,2275],{"class":958,"line":1026},[956,2272,1030],{"class":1029},[956,2274,1813],{"class":1000},[956,2276,1036],{"class":984},[956,2278,2279],{"class":958,"line":1039},[956,2280,1042],{"class":984},[918,2282,2283],{},"这种写法不会有任何安全问题，惟一的弊端就是丑，难用，啰嗦。",[918,2285,2286,2287,2290],{},"当然，悬垂指针也是有办法避免的。除了之前提到的“智能指针”能有所帮助外，还可以改用 ",[953,2288,2289],{},"std::array"," （会在第八章介绍）等设施来实现刚刚的需求。",[2292,2293,2294],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html 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