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是若干个逗号分隔的名字，表示这个类型的所有可能取值。刚刚小人前进方向的例子中，如果用枚举类型来表示它的话就写成这样：",[988,989,994],"pre",{"className":990,"code":991,"language":992,"meta":993,"style":993},"language-cpp shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","enum Direction {\n    East,\n    South,\n    West,\n    North\n};\n","cpp","",[922,995,996,1012,1022,1030,1038,1044],{"__ignoreMap":993},[968,997,1000,1004,1008],{"class":998,"line":999},"line",1,[968,1001,1003],{"class":1002},"spNyl","enum",[968,1005,1007],{"class":1006},"sBMFI"," Direction",[968,1009,1011],{"class":1010},"sMK4o"," {\n",[968,1013,1015,1019],{"class":998,"line":1014},2,[968,1016,1018],{"class":1017},"sTEyZ","    East",[968,1020,1021],{"class":1010},",\n",[968,1023,1025,1028],{"class":998,"line":1024},3,[968,1026,1027],{"class":1017},"    South",[968,1029,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1031,1033,1036],{"class":998,"line":1032},4,[968,1034,1035],{"class":1017},"    West",[968,1037,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1039,1041],{"class":998,"line":1040},5,[968,1042,1043],{"class":1017},"    North\n",[968,1045,1047],{"class":998,"line":1046},6,[968,1048,1049],{"class":1010},"};\n",[918,1051,1052,1053,1056,1057,925,1060,925,1063,1066,1067,1070],{},"这段代码的意思是，声明一个枚举类型 ",[922,1054,1055],{},"Direction","，它的取值范围只能是 ",[922,1058,1059],{},"East",[922,1061,1062],{},"South",[922,1064,1065],{},"West"," 和 ",[922,1068,1069],{},"North","。下面给出了枚举类型的使用例子：",[988,1072,1074],{"className":990,"code":1073,"language":992,"meta":993,"style":993},"\u002F\u002F 声明并定义一个枚举\nDirection d{East};\n\u002F\u002F 赋值\nd = North;\n\u002F\u002F 判断\nif (d == West) {\n    cout \u003C\u003C \"He is going to west.\" \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n\u002F\u002F d = 3; \u002F\u002F 编译错误：不能将 int 类型变量赋值给 Direction 类型\n",[922,1075,1076,1082,1095,1100,1114,1119,1141,1168,1174],{"__ignoreMap":993},[968,1077,1078],{"class":998,"line":999},[968,1079,1081],{"class":1080},"sHwdD","\u002F\u002F 声明并定义一个枚举\n",[968,1083,1084,1087,1090,1093],{"class":998,"line":1014},[968,1085,1086],{"class":1017},"Direction d",[968,1088,1089],{"class":1010},"{",[968,1091,1059],{"class":1092},"swJcz",[968,1094,1049],{"class":1010},[968,1096,1097],{"class":998,"line":1024},[968,1098,1099],{"class":1080},"\u002F\u002F 赋值\n",[968,1101,1102,1105,1108,1111],{"class":998,"line":1032},[968,1103,1104],{"class":1017},"d ",[968,1106,1107],{"class":1010},"=",[968,1109,1110],{"class":1017}," North",[968,1112,1113],{"class":1010},";\n",[968,1115,1116],{"class":998,"line":1040},[968,1117,1118],{"class":1080},"\u002F\u002F 判断\n",[968,1120,1121,1125,1128,1130,1133,1136,1139],{"class":998,"line":1046},[968,1122,1124],{"class":1123},"s7zQu","if",[968,1126,1127],{"class":1010}," (",[968,1129,1104],{"class":1017},[968,1131,1132],{"class":1010},"==",[968,1134,1135],{"class":1017}," West",[968,1137,1138],{"class":1010},")",[968,1140,1011],{"class":1010},[968,1142,1144,1147,1150,1153,1157,1160,1163,1166],{"class":998,"line":1143},7,[968,1145,1146],{"class":1092},"    cout ",[968,1148,1149],{"class":1010},"\u003C\u003C",[968,1151,1152],{"class":1010}," \"",[968,1154,1156],{"class":1155},"sfazB","He is going to west.",[968,1158,1159],{"class":1010},"\"",[968,1161,1162],{"class":1010}," \u003C\u003C",[968,1164,1165],{"class":1092}," endl",[968,1167,1113],{"class":1010},[968,1169,1171],{"class":998,"line":1170},8,[968,1172,1173],{"class":1010},"}\n",[968,1175,1177,1180],{"class":998,"line":1176},9,[968,1178,1179],{"class":1080},"\u002F\u002F d = 3;",[968,1181,1182],{"class":1080}," \u002F\u002F 编译错误：不能将 int 类型变量赋值给 Direction 类型\n",[918,1184,1185,1186,1188,1189,925,1191,925,1193,1066,1195,1197],{},"需要注意的是，这种声明不仅引入了类型名 ",[922,1187,1055],{},"，还向全局命名空间引入了四个枚举项（",[922,1190,1059],{},[922,1192,1062],{},[922,1194,1065],{},[922,1196,1069],{},"）的名字，从而你能在任何地方使用这些枚举项。如果不希望这种名字的污染，可以使用带作用域的枚举类型：",[962,1199,1200],{},[918,1201,1202,1203,971,1205,1207],{},"\"enum\" (\"class\"|\"struct\") 枚举类型名 ",[968,1204,970],{},[968,1206,974],{},"\n\"}\"",[918,1209,1210,1211,1213,1214,1217,1218,1221,1222,1225],{},"在 ",[922,1212,1003],{}," 关键字后加上 ",[922,1215,1216],{},"class"," 或者 ",[922,1219,1220],{},"struct","，这个枚举便成为了带有作用域的枚举类型。当枚举类型带有作用域时，其枚举项需要带 ",[922,1223,1224],{},"@枚举类型名\"::\"@"," 前缀使用：",[988,1227,1229],{"className":990,"code":1228,"language":992,"meta":993,"style":993},"enum class Direction {\n    East,\n    South,\n    West,\n    North\n};\nDirection d{Direction::East};\nd = Direction::North;\n\u002F\u002F d = North; \u002F\u002F 编译错误：North 未定义\n",[922,1230,1231,1242,1248,1254,1260,1264,1268,1283,1297],{"__ignoreMap":993},[968,1232,1233,1235,1238,1240],{"class":998,"line":999},[968,1234,1003],{"class":1002},[968,1236,1237],{"class":1002}," class",[968,1239,1007],{"class":1006},[968,1241,1011],{"class":1010},[968,1243,1244,1246],{"class":998,"line":1014},[968,1245,1018],{"class":1017},[968,1247,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1249,1250,1252],{"class":998,"line":1024},[968,1251,1027],{"class":1017},[968,1253,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1255,1256,1258],{"class":998,"line":1032},[968,1257,1035],{"class":1017},[968,1259,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1261,1262],{"class":998,"line":1040},[968,1263,1043],{"class":1017},[968,1265,1266],{"class":998,"line":1046},[968,1267,1049],{"class":1010},[968,1269,1270,1272,1274,1276,1279,1281],{"class":998,"line":1143},[968,1271,1086],{"class":1017},[968,1273,1089],{"class":1010},[968,1275,1055],{"class":1006},[968,1277,1278],{"class":1010},"::",[968,1280,1059],{"class":1092},[968,1282,1049],{"class":1010},[968,1284,1285,1287,1289,1291,1293,1295],{"class":998,"line":1170},[968,1286,1104],{"class":1017},[968,1288,1107],{"class":1010},[968,1290,1007],{"class":1006},[968,1292,1278],{"class":1010},[968,1294,1069],{"class":1017},[968,1296,1113],{"class":1010},[968,1298,1299,1302],{"class":998,"line":1176},[968,1300,1301],{"class":1080},"\u002F\u002F d = North;",[968,1303,1304],{"class":1080}," \u002F\u002F 编译错误：North 未定义\n",[918,1306,1307],{},"我们推荐在 C++ 中使用带有作用域的枚举，这样能有助于避免命名冲突。",[1309,1310,1311],"h2",{"id":1311},"枚举类型的底层实现",[918,1313,1314,1315,1318,1319,1321,1322,925,1324,925,1326,1066,1328,1330,1331,925,1333,925,1336,925,1339,1342],{},"关于枚举类型，我们还需要了解其底层是如何实现的。对于一个枚举类型来说，其实际上定义了若干个整数类型常量作为其枚举项。这些常量的值是从 ",[922,1316,1317],{},"0"," 开始的连续整数。比如在最初的 ",[922,1320,1055],{}," 例子中，编译器定义了四个常量 ",[922,1323,1059],{},[922,1325,1062],{},[922,1327,1065],{},[922,1329,1069],{},"，它们的取值分别为 ",[922,1332,1317],{},[922,1334,1335],{},"1",[922,1337,1338],{},"2",[922,1340,1341],{},"3","。也就是说，",[988,1344,1346],{"className":990,"code":1345,"language":992,"meta":993,"style":993},"Direction d{East};\nd = North;\n",[922,1347,1348,1358],{"__ignoreMap":993},[968,1349,1350,1352,1354,1356],{"class":998,"line":999},[968,1351,1086],{"class":1017},[968,1353,1089],{"class":1010},[968,1355,1059],{"class":1092},[968,1357,1049],{"class":1010},[968,1359,1360,1362,1364,1366],{"class":998,"line":1014},[968,1361,1104],{"class":1017},[968,1363,1107],{"class":1010},[968,1365,1110],{"class":1017},[968,1367,1113],{"class":1010},[918,1369,1370],{},"会被编译器翻译成",[988,1372,1374],{"className":990,"code":1373,"language":992,"meta":993,"style":993},"int d{0};\nd = 3;\n",[922,1375,1376,1390],{"__ignoreMap":993},[968,1377,1378,1380,1383,1385,1388],{"class":998,"line":999},[968,1379,924],{"class":1002},[968,1381,1382],{"class":1017}," d",[968,1384,1089],{"class":1010},[968,1386,1317],{"class":1387},"sbssI",[968,1389,1049],{"class":1010},[968,1391,1392,1394,1396,1399],{"class":998,"line":1014},[968,1393,1104],{"class":1017},[968,1395,1107],{"class":1010},[968,1397,1398],{"class":1387}," 3",[968,1400,1113],{"class":1010},[918,1402,1403],{},"正因为枚举项底层实现是整数类型，所以 C++ 允许从枚举项到整数类型的转换。（但反过来不行，如果反过来就违背了枚举类型“有限个取值”的初衷。）",[988,1405,1407],{"className":990,"code":1406,"language":992,"meta":993,"style":993},"int a{North}; \u002F\u002F 即 int a{3};\n",[922,1408,1409],{"__ignoreMap":993},[968,1410,1411,1413,1416,1418,1420,1423],{"class":998,"line":999},[968,1412,924],{"class":1002},[968,1414,1415],{"class":1017}," a",[968,1417,1089],{"class":1010},[968,1419,1069],{"class":1092},[968,1421,1422],{"class":1010},"};",[968,1424,1425],{"class":1080}," \u002F\u002F 即 int a{3};\n",[918,1427,1428],{},"你可以手动指定一个枚举项底层的值。",[988,1430,1432],{"className":990,"code":1431,"language":992,"meta":993,"style":993},"enum Mode {\n    Execute = 1,\n    Write = 2,\n    Read = 4\n};\n",[922,1433,1434,1443,1456,1468,1478],{"__ignoreMap":993},[968,1435,1436,1438,1441],{"class":998,"line":999},[968,1437,1003],{"class":1002},[968,1439,1440],{"class":1006}," Mode",[968,1442,1011],{"class":1010},[968,1444,1445,1448,1451,1454],{"class":998,"line":1014},[968,1446,1447],{"class":1017},"    Execute",[968,1449,1450],{"class":1010}," =",[968,1452,1453],{"class":1387}," 1",[968,1455,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1457,1458,1461,1463,1466],{"class":998,"line":1024},[968,1459,1460],{"class":1017},"    Write",[968,1462,1450],{"class":1010},[968,1464,1465],{"class":1387}," 2",[968,1467,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1469,1470,1473,1475],{"class":998,"line":1032},[968,1471,1472],{"class":1017},"    Read",[968,1474,1450],{"class":1010},[968,1476,1477],{"class":1387}," 4\n",[968,1479,1480],{"class":998,"line":1040},[968,1481,1049],{"class":1010},[918,1483,1484,1485,1488,1489,1492,1493,1496,1497,1500],{},"在这个例子中，枚举 ",[922,1486,1487],{},"Mode"," 的三个枚举项以 ",[922,1490,1491],{},"@\"=\" 常量@"," 的后缀的形式给出了对应枚举项底层的值。所以，此时如果写下 ",[922,1494,1495],{},"int a{Read};"," 则代表了 ",[922,1498,1499],{},"int a{4};","。",[1502,1503,1504],"blockquote",{},[918,1505,1506],{},"如果没有显式给出一个枚举项底层的值，则它的值为上一个枚举项的取值 +1。第一个枚举项底层的值默认为 0。",[918,1508,1509,1510,1513,1514,1516,1517,1519,1520,1522],{},"枚举项底层的类型被称为这个枚举类型的基类型（Enum base type），简称",[953,1511,1512],{},"基","。默认一个枚举的基是 ",[922,1515,924],{},"，所以在上面所有例子中见到的枚举或枚举项都会被翻译成 ",[922,1518,924],{}," 类型的变量或值的操作。当然，你可以更改一个枚举的基，方法就是指定最初提到的 ",[922,1521,981],{},"：",[988,1524,1526],{"className":990,"code":1525,"language":992,"meta":993,"style":993},"enum class Direction: short {\n    East,\n    South,\n    West,\n    North\n};\nint main() {\n    Direction d{Direction::East};\n    sizeof(d); \u002F\u002F sizeof(d) 的值等于 sizeof(short)\n}\n",[922,1527,1528,1544,1550,1556,1562,1566,1570,1583,1598,1612],{"__ignoreMap":993},[968,1529,1530,1532,1534,1536,1539,1542],{"class":998,"line":999},[968,1531,1003],{"class":1002},[968,1533,1237],{"class":1002},[968,1535,1007],{"class":1006},[968,1537,1538],{"class":1010},":",[968,1540,1541],{"class":1002}," short",[968,1543,1011],{"class":1010},[968,1545,1546,1548],{"class":998,"line":1014},[968,1547,1018],{"class":1017},[968,1549,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1551,1552,1554],{"class":998,"line":1024},[968,1553,1027],{"class":1017},[968,1555,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1557,1558,1560],{"class":998,"line":1032},[968,1559,1035],{"class":1017},[968,1561,1021],{"class":1010},[968,1563,1564],{"class":998,"line":1040},[968,1565,1043],{"class":1017},[968,1567,1568],{"class":998,"line":1046},[968,1569,1049],{"class":1010},[968,1571,1572,1574,1578,1581],{"class":998,"line":1143},[968,1573,924],{"class":1002},[968,1575,1577],{"class":1576},"s2Zo4"," main",[968,1579,1580],{"class":1010},"()",[968,1582,1011],{"class":1010},[968,1584,1585,1588,1590,1592,1594,1596],{"class":998,"line":1170},[968,1586,1587],{"class":1017},"    Direction d",[968,1589,1089],{"class":1010},[968,1591,1055],{"class":1006},[968,1593,1278],{"class":1010},[968,1595,1059],{"class":1092},[968,1597,1049],{"class":1010},[968,1599,1600,1603,1606,1609],{"class":998,"line":1176},[968,1601,1602],{"class":1010},"    sizeof(",[968,1604,1605],{"class":1017},"d",[968,1607,1608],{"class":1010},");",[968,1610,1611],{"class":1080}," \u002F\u002F sizeof(d) 的值等于 sizeof(short)\n",[968,1613,1615],{"class":998,"line":1614},10,[968,1616,1173],{"class":1010},[918,1618,1619],{},"更改枚举的基会影响枚举类型的变量所占用的存储空间，以及其所能取到的枚举项的最大个数。",[1621,1622,1623],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki .swJcz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}",{"title":993,"searchDepth":999,"depth":1014,"links":1625},[1626],{"id":1311,"depth":1014,"text":1311},"我之前讲了一些整数类型，如 int long long 等等，它们的取值范围都比较大。","md",null,{},{"icon":272},{"title":317,"description":1627},"yC1gQNDxWN9CF-DINxBVUqiWU0dGD0rYh12H5dxjg7M",[1635,1637],{"title":313,"path":314,"stem":315,"description":1636,"icon":303,"children":-1},"在 C++ 中，我们用 cin 和 cout 来控制输入输出；然而在 C 中，我...",{"title":321,"path":322,"stem":323,"description":321,"icon":326,"children":-1},1784618095579]