[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":4325},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation":3,"\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_feature":909,"\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_feature-surround":4321},[4,36,56,96,230,270,414,457,508,583,649,685,767,864,900,904],{"title":5,"icon":6,"path":7,"stem":8,"children":9},"附录","i-lucide-bookmark","\u002Fappendix","appendix",[10,12,16,20,24,28,32],{"title":5,"path":7,"stem":11,"icon":6},"appendix\u002Findex",{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15,"icon":6},"命令行界面","\u002Fappendix\u002Fcli","appendix\u002Fcli",{"title":17,"path":18,"stem":19,"icon":6},"代码风格","\u002Fappendix\u002Fcoding_style","appendix\u002Fcoding_style",{"title":21,"path":22,"stem":23,"icon":6},"关键字列表","\u002Fappendix\u002Fkeyword","appendix\u002Fkeyword",{"title":25,"path":26,"stem":27,"icon":6},"运算符优先级和结合方向","\u002Fappendix\u002Foperator","appendix\u002Foperator",{"title":29,"path":30,"stem":31,"icon":6},"预处理指令","\u002Fappendix\u002Fpreprocessor","appendix\u002Fpreprocessor",{"title":33,"path":34,"stem":35,"icon":6},"值类别","\u002Fappendix\u002Fvalue_category","appendix\u002Fvalue_category",{"title":37,"icon":38,"path":39,"stem":40,"children":41},"第〇章 基本概念","i-lucide-monitor","\u002Fch00","ch00",[42,44,48,52],{"title":37,"path":39,"stem":43,"icon":38},"ch00\u002Findex",{"title":45,"path":46,"stem":47,"icon":38},"计算机","\u002Fch00\u002Fcomputer","ch00\u002Fcomputer",{"title":49,"path":50,"stem":51,"icon":38},"编程","\u002Fch00\u002Fprogramming","ch00\u002Fprogramming",{"title":53,"path":54,"stem":55,"icon":38},"编程语言","\u002Fch00\u002Fprogramming_language","ch00\u002Fprogramming_language",{"title":57,"icon":58,"path":59,"stem":60,"children":61},"第一章 感性认识 C++ 程序","i-lucide-book-open","\u002Fch01","ch01",[62,64,68,72,76,80,84,88,92],{"title":57,"path":59,"stem":63,"icon":58},"ch01\u002Findex",{"title":65,"path":66,"stem":67,"icon":58},"赋值和分支","\u002Fch01\u002Fassignment_and_if","ch01\u002Fassignment_and_if",{"title":69,"path":70,"stem":71,"icon":58},"最麻烦的门槛","\u002Fch01\u002Fenvironment","ch01\u002Fenvironment",{"title":73,"path":74,"stem":75,"icon":58},"第一个 C++ 程序","\u002Fch01\u002Ffirst_program","ch01\u002Ffirst_program",{"title":77,"path":78,"stem":79,"icon":58},"输入","\u002Fch01\u002Finput","ch01\u002Finput",{"title":81,"path":82,"stem":83,"icon":58},"综合运用","\u002Fch01\u002Fintegrated_use","ch01\u002Fintegrated_use",{"title":85,"path":86,"stem":87,"icon":58},"循环","\u002Fch01\u002Floop","ch01\u002Floop",{"title":89,"path":90,"stem":91,"icon":58},"更多的输出","\u002Fch01\u002Fmore_output","ch01\u002Fmore_output",{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95,"icon":58},"总结","\u002Fch01\u002Fsummary","ch01\u002Fsummary",{"title":97,"path":98,"stem":99,"children":100,"icon":102},"第二章 理性认识 C++ 程序","\u002Fch02","ch02\u002Findex",[101,103,149,188,227],{"title":97,"path":98,"stem":99,"icon":102},"i-lucide-code",{"title":104,"icon":105,"path":106,"stem":107,"children":108},"第 1 部分 数据成分","i-lucide-database","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Findex",[109,110,114,118,122,126],{"title":104,"path":106,"stem":107,"icon":105},{"title":111,"path":112,"stem":113,"icon":105},"初识数组","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Farray_glance","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Farray_glance",{"title":115,"path":116,"stem":117,"icon":105},"常量","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fconstant","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fconstant",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"icon":105},"声明语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fdeclaration_statement","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fdeclaration_statement",{"title":123,"path":124,"stem":125,"icon":105},"只读变量","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Freadonly_variable","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Freadonly_variable",{"title":127,"icon":128,"path":129,"stem":130,"children":131},"类型系统","i-lucide-dna","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Findex",[132,133,137,141,145],{"title":127,"path":129,"stem":130,"icon":128},{"title":134,"path":135,"stem":136,"icon":128},"布尔类型","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Fboolean_type","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Fboolean_type",{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140,"icon":128},"字符类型","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Fcharacter_type","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Fcharacter_type",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144,"icon":128},"浮点类型","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Ffloat_type","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Ffloat_type",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148,"icon":128},"整型","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Finteger_type","ch02\u002Fpart1\u002Ftype_system\u002Finteger_type",{"title":150,"icon":151,"path":152,"stem":153,"children":154},"第 2 部分 运算成分","i-lucide-calculator","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Findex",[155,156,160,164,168,172,176,180,184],{"title":150,"path":152,"stem":153,"icon":151},{"title":157,"path":158,"stem":159,"icon":151},"算术运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Farithmetic_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Farithmetic_operator",{"title":161,"path":162,"stem":163,"icon":151},"赋值运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fassignment_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fassignment_operator",{"title":165,"path":166,"stem":167,"icon":151},"位运算符（选读）","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fbit_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fbit_operator",{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171,"icon":151},"关系运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fcomparison_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fcomparison_operator",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175,"icon":151},"算术类型隐式转换","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fimplicit_conversion","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fimplicit_conversion",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179,"icon":151},"自增减运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fincdec_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fincdec_operator",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183,"icon":151},"逻辑运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Flogical_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Flogical_operator",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"icon":151},"其它常用运算符","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fother_operator","ch02\u002Fpart2\u002Fother_operator",{"title":189,"icon":190,"path":191,"stem":192,"children":193},"第 3 部分 控制成分","i-lucide-git-branch","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Findex",[194,195,199,203,207,211,215,219,223],{"title":189,"path":191,"stem":192,"icon":190},{"title":196,"path":197,"stem":198,"icon":190},"复合语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fcompound_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fcompound_statement",{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"icon":190},"for 语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Ffor_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Ffor_statement",{"title":204,"path":205,"stem":206,"icon":190},"if 语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fif_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fif_statement",{"title":208,"path":209,"stem":210,"icon":190},"跳转语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fjump_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fjump_statement",{"title":212,"path":213,"stem":214,"icon":190},"空语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fnull_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fnull_statement",{"title":216,"path":217,"stem":218,"icon":190},"作用域","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fscope","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fscope",{"title":220,"path":221,"stem":222,"icon":190},"switch 语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fswitch_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fswitch_statement",{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226,"icon":190},"while 语句","\u002Fch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fwhile_statement","ch02\u002Fpart3\u002Fwhile_statement",{"title":93,"path":228,"stem":229,"icon":102},"\u002Fch02\u002Fsummary","ch02\u002Fsummary",{"title":231,"icon":232,"path":233,"stem":234,"children":235},"第三章 过程式编程","i-lucide-function-square","\u002Fch03","ch03",[236,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267],{"title":231,"path":233,"stem":237,"icon":238},"ch03\u002Findex","i-lucide-square-function",{"title":240,"path":241,"stem":242,"icon":232},"函数","\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction","ch03\u002Ffunction",{"title":244,"path":245,"stem":246,"icon":232},"函数的定义、声明和调用","\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_definition","ch03\u002Ffunction_definition",{"title":248,"path":249,"stem":250,"icon":232},"函数的执行","\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_execution","ch03\u002Ffunction_execution",{"title":252,"path":253,"stem":254,"icon":232},"初识函数","\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_glance","ch03\u002Ffunction_glance",{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"icon":232},"递归","\u002Fch03\u002Frecursion","ch03\u002Frecursion",{"title":260,"path":261,"stem":262,"icon":232},"重新认识 C++ 程序","\u002Fch03\u002Freview_cpp","ch03\u002Freview_cpp",{"title":264,"path":265,"stem":266,"icon":232},"再谈作用域","\u002Fch03\u002Fscope_again","ch03\u002Fscope_again",{"title":93,"path":268,"stem":269,"icon":232},"\u002Fch03\u002Fsummary","ch03\u002Fsummary",{"title":271,"icon":272,"path":273,"stem":274,"children":275},"第四章 POD 类型与结构","i-lucide-layers","\u002Fch04","ch04",[276,278,301,316,320,338,365,392,407,410],{"title":271,"path":273,"stem":277,"icon":272},"ch04\u002Findex",{"title":279,"icon":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"数组","i-lucide-grid","\u002Fch04\u002Farray","ch04\u002Farray\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297],{"title":279,"path":281,"stem":282,"icon":280},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288,"icon":280},"二维数组","\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002F2d_array","ch04\u002Farray\u002F2d_array",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292,"icon":280},"数组的定义和初始化","\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_init","ch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_init",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296,"icon":280},"数组的用途","\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_usage","ch04\u002Farray\u002Farray_usage",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300,"icon":280},"C 风格字符串","\u002Fch04\u002Farray\u002Fc_string","ch04\u002Farray\u002Fc_string",{"title":302,"icon":303,"path":304,"stem":305,"children":306},"迁移到 C 语言","i-lucide-arrow-right-left","\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c","ch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Findex",[307,308,312],{"title":302,"path":304,"stem":305,"icon":303},{"title":309,"path":310,"stem":311,"icon":303},"需要注意的 C 特性","\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_feature","ch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_feature",{"title":313,"path":314,"stem":315,"icon":303},"C 输入输出","\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_io","ch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_io",{"title":317,"path":318,"stem":319,"icon":272},"枚举","\u002Fch04\u002Fenum","ch04\u002Fenum",{"title":321,"path":322,"stem":323,"children":324,"icon":326},"输入输出成分","\u002Fch04\u002Fio","ch04\u002Fio\u002Findex",[325,327,330,334],{"title":321,"path":322,"stem":323,"icon":326},"i-lucide-terminal",{"title":77,"path":328,"stem":329,"icon":326},"\u002Fch04\u002Fio\u002Finput","ch04\u002Fio\u002Finput",{"title":331,"path":332,"stem":333,"icon":326},"输入失败状态","\u002Fch04\u002Fio\u002Finput_fail","ch04\u002Fio\u002Finput_fail",{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337,"icon":326},"输出","\u002Fch04\u002Fio\u002Foutput","ch04\u002Fio\u002Foutput",{"title":339,"icon":340,"path":341,"stem":342,"children":343},"链表","i-lucide-list","\u002Fch04\u002Flist","ch04\u002Flist\u002Findex",[344,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":339,"path":341,"stem":342,"icon":340},{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348,"icon":340},"new[] 和 delete[]","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Farr_new_del","ch04\u002Flist\u002Farr_new_del",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352,"icon":340},"链表的增删","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Flist_add_del","ch04\u002Flist\u002Flist_add_del",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356,"icon":340},"链表的构建","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Flist_construct","ch04\u002Flist\u002Flist_construct",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360,"icon":340},"安全性","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Fsafety","ch04\u002Flist\u002Fsafety",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364,"icon":340},"存储期","\u002Fch04\u002Flist\u002Fstorage_duration","ch04\u002Flist\u002Fstorage_duration",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369,"icon":371},"指针","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Findex",[370,372,376,380,384,388],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"icon":371},"i-lucide-dot",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375,"icon":371},"何为指针","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379,"icon":371},"指针和数组","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_and_array","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_and_array",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"icon":371},"指针的定义 Ⅰ","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_def","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_def",{"title":385,"path":386,"stem":387,"icon":371},"指针的定义 Ⅱ","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_def_2","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_def_2",{"title":389,"path":390,"stem":391,"icon":371},"指针的简单使用","\u002Fch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_usage","ch04\u002Fpointer\u002Fpointer_usage",{"title":393,"path":394,"stem":395,"children":396,"icon":398},"结构体","\u002Fch04\u002Fstruct","ch04\u002Fstruct\u002Findex",[397,399,403],{"title":393,"path":394,"stem":395,"icon":398},"i-lucide-box",{"title":400,"path":401,"stem":402,"icon":398},"结构体的定义","\u002Fch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_def","ch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_def",{"title":404,"path":405,"stem":406,"icon":398},"结构体的使用","\u002Fch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_usage","ch04\u002Fstruct\u002Fstruct_usage",{"title":93,"path":408,"stem":409,"icon":272},"\u002Fch04\u002Fsummary","ch04\u002Fsummary",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"icon":272},"联合体","\u002Fch04\u002Funion","ch04\u002Funion",{"title":415,"icon":416,"path":417,"stem":418,"children":419},"第五章 初探面向对象","i-lucide-copy","\u002Fch05","ch05",[420,422,426,430,434,438,442,446,450,454],{"title":415,"path":417,"stem":421,"icon":416},"ch05\u002Findex",{"title":423,"path":424,"stem":425,"icon":416},"构造函数","\u002Fch05\u002Fconstructor","ch05\u002Fconstructor",{"title":427,"path":428,"stem":429,"icon":416},"复制构造函数","\u002Fch05\u002Fcopy_constructor","ch05\u002Fcopy_constructor",{"title":431,"path":432,"stem":433,"icon":416},"预置构造函数","\u002Fch05\u002Fdefaulted_constructor","ch05\u002Fdefaulted_constructor",{"title":435,"path":436,"stem":437,"icon":416},"例子：简单的字符串","\u002Fch05\u002Feasy_string","ch05\u002Feasy_string",{"title":439,"path":440,"stem":441,"icon":416},"收尾工作","\u002Fch05\u002Fmisc","ch05\u002Fmisc",{"title":443,"path":444,"stem":445,"icon":416},"重载","\u002Fch05\u002Foverload","ch05\u002Foverload",{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449,"icon":416},"引用","\u002Fch05\u002Freference","ch05\u002Freference",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"icon":416},"浅复制与深复制","\u002Fch05\u002Fshallow_deep_copy","ch05\u002Fshallow_deep_copy",{"title":93,"path":455,"stem":456,"icon":416},"\u002Fch05\u002Fsummary","ch05\u002Fsummary",{"title":458,"icon":459,"path":460,"stem":461,"children":462},"第六章 运算符重载","i-lucide-component","\u002Fch06","ch06",[463,465,469,473,477,481,485,489,493,497,501,504],{"title":458,"path":460,"stem":464,"icon":459},"ch06\u002Findex",{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"icon":459},"赋值运算符重载","\u002Fch06\u002Fassignment_overload","ch06\u002Fassignment_overload",{"title":470,"path":471,"stem":472,"icon":459},"赋值与初始化","\u002Fch06\u002Fassignment_vs_construct","ch06\u002Fassignment_vs_construct",{"title":474,"path":475,"stem":476,"icon":459},"类型转换重载","\u002Fch06\u002Fcast_overload","ch06\u002Fcast_overload",{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"icon":459},"只读成员函数","\u002Fch06\u002Fconst_member_function","ch06\u002Fconst_member_function",{"title":482,"path":483,"stem":484,"icon":459},"友元","\u002Fch06\u002Ffriend","ch06\u002Ffriend",{"title":486,"path":487,"stem":488,"icon":459},"类外定义成员函数","\u002Fch06\u002Fnoninline_member_function","ch06\u002Fnoninline_member_function",{"title":490,"path":491,"stem":492,"icon":459},"非成员的运算符重载","\u002Fch06\u002Fnonmember_operator","ch06\u002Fnonmember_operator",{"title":494,"path":495,"stem":496,"icon":459},"特殊运算符重载","\u002Fch06\u002Fspecial_operator_overload","ch06\u002Fspecial_operator_overload",{"title":498,"path":499,"stem":500,"icon":459},"静态成员","\u002Fch06\u002Fstatic_member","ch06\u002Fstatic_member",{"title":93,"path":502,"stem":503,"icon":459},"\u002Fch06\u002Fsummary","ch06\u002Fsummary",{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507,"icon":459},"`this` 指针","\u002Fch06\u002Fthis","ch06\u002Fthis",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511,"children":512,"icon":190},"第七章 继承与多态","\u002Fch07","ch07\u002Findex",[513,514,541,545,549,580],{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511,"icon":190},{"title":515,"icon":516,"path":517,"stem":518,"children":519},"继承关系","i-lucide-share","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Findex",[520,521,525,529,533,537],{"title":515,"path":517,"stem":518,"icon":516},{"title":522,"path":523,"stem":524,"icon":516},"关于成员名","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fabout_member_name","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fabout_member_name",{"title":526,"path":527,"stem":528,"icon":516},"派生类的构造","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fderived_constructor","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fderived_constructor",{"title":530,"path":531,"stem":532,"icon":516},"继承中的隐式转换","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fimplicit_cast_in_inheritance","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fimplicit_cast_in_inheritance",{"title":534,"path":535,"stem":536,"icon":516},"其它小问题","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fmisc","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fmisc",{"title":538,"path":539,"stem":540,"icon":516},"保护成员","\u002Fch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fprotected_member","ch07\u002Finheritance\u002Fprotected_member",{"title":542,"path":543,"stem":544,"icon":190},"多重继承","\u002Fch07\u002Fmi","ch07\u002Fmi",{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548,"icon":190},"简单的对象关系","\u002Fch07\u002Fobject_relationships","ch07\u002Fobject_relationships",{"title":550,"icon":551,"path":552,"stem":553,"children":554},"多态","i-lucide-refresh","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Findex",[555,556,560,564,568,572,576],{"title":550,"path":552,"stem":553,"icon":551},{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559,"icon":551},"抽象类","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fabstract_class","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fabstract_class",{"title":561,"path":562,"stem":563,"icon":551},"C++ 风格类型转换","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fcpp_cast","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fcpp_cast",{"title":565,"path":566,"stem":567,"icon":551},"`override` 与 `final`","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Foverride_and_final","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Foverride_and_final",{"title":569,"path":570,"stem":571,"icon":551},"RTTI","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Frtti","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Frtti",{"title":573,"path":574,"stem":575,"icon":551},"虚析构函数","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fvirtual_destructor","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fvirtual_destructor",{"title":577,"path":578,"stem":579,"icon":551},"虚函数","\u002Fch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fvirtual_function","ch07\u002Fpolymorphism\u002Fvirtual_function",{"title":93,"path":581,"stem":582,"icon":190},"\u002Fch07\u002Fsummary","ch07\u002Fsummary",{"title":584,"icon":585,"path":586,"stem":587,"children":588},"第八章 模板基础","i-lucide-layout-template","\u002Fch08","ch08",[589,591,595,599,603,607,646],{"title":584,"path":586,"stem":590,"icon":585},"ch08\u002Findex",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594,"icon":585},"类模板","\u002Fch08\u002Fclass_template","ch08\u002Fclass_template",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598,"icon":585},"默认实参","\u002Fch08\u002Fdefault_argument","ch08\u002Fdefault_argument",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602,"icon":585},"函数模板","\u002Fch08\u002Ffunction_template","ch08\u002Ffunction_template",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"icon":585},"非类型模板参数","\u002Fch08\u002Fnontype_template_param","ch08\u002Fnontype_template_param",{"title":608,"icon":609,"path":610,"stem":611,"children":612},"STL 容器和迭代器","i-lucide-container","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Findex",[613,614,618,622,626,630,634,638,642],{"title":608,"path":610,"stem":611,"icon":609},{"title":615,"path":616,"stem":617,"icon":609},"容器适配器","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fadaptors","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fadaptors",{"title":619,"path":620,"stem":621,"icon":609},"迭代器的概念","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_concept","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_concept",{"title":623,"path":624,"stem":625,"icon":609},"初识迭代器","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_glance","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_glance",{"title":627,"path":628,"stem":629,"icon":609},"迭代器的用途","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_usage","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fiterator_usage",{"title":631,"path":632,"stem":633,"icon":609},"`std::map`","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fmap","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fmap",{"title":635,"path":636,"stem":637,"icon":609},"其它顺序容器","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fother_sequence","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fother_sequence",{"title":639,"path":640,"stem":641,"icon":609},"`std::set`","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fset","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fset",{"title":643,"path":644,"stem":645,"icon":609},"`std::vector`","\u002Fch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fvector","ch08\u002Fstl_containers\u002Fvector",{"title":93,"path":647,"stem":648,"icon":585},"\u002Fch08\u002Fsummary","ch08\u002Fsummary",{"title":650,"icon":651,"path":652,"stem":653,"children":654},"第九章 链接","i-lucide-link","\u002Fch09","ch09",[655,657,661,665,669,673,677,681],{"title":650,"path":652,"stem":656,"icon":651},"ch09\u002Findex",{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660,"icon":651},"C 中的链接","\u002Fch09\u002Fc_linking","ch09\u002Fc_linking",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664,"icon":651},"多文件编译实践","\u002Fch09\u002Fcompile_multiple_files","ch09\u002Fcompile_multiple_files",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668,"icon":651},"模板中的友元","\u002Fch09\u002Ffriend_in_template","ch09\u002Ffriend_in_template",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672,"icon":651},"内联","\u002Fch09\u002Finline","ch09\u002Finline",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"icon":651},"单一定义原则","\u002Fch09\u002Fodr","ch09\u002Fodr",{"title":678,"path":679,"stem":680,"icon":651},"符号和连接","\u002Fch09\u002Fsymbol_and_linkage","ch09\u002Fsymbol_and_linkage",{"title":682,"path":683,"stem":684,"icon":651},"模板的链接","\u002Fch09\u002Ftemplate_linking","ch09\u002Ftemplate_linking",{"title":686,"icon":687,"path":688,"stem":689,"children":690},"第十章 常用库介绍 \u003CBadge type=\"warning\" text=\"TBC\" \u002F>","i-lucide-hard-drive","\u002Fch10","ch10",[691,694,717,732,736,740],{"title":692,"path":688,"stem":693,"icon":687},"第十章 常用库介绍","ch10\u002Findex",{"title":695,"icon":696,"path":697,"stem":698,"children":699},"代数数据类型","i-lucide-shapes","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Findex",[700,701,705,709,713],{"title":695,"path":697,"stem":698,"icon":696},{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704,"icon":696},"顶类型 `std::any`","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt\u002Fany","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Fany",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708,"icon":696},"底类型","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt\u002Fnoreturn","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Fnoreturn",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"icon":696},"通用积类型 `std::tuple`","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt\u002Ftuple","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Ftuple",{"title":714,"path":715,"stem":716,"icon":696},"通用和类型 `std::variant`","\u002Fch10\u002Fadt\u002Fvariant","ch10\u002Fadt\u002Fvariant",{"title":718,"icon":719,"path":720,"stem":721,"children":722},"文件读写","i-lucide-file-text","\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io","ch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Findex",[723,724,728],{"title":718,"path":720,"stem":721,"icon":719},{"title":725,"path":726,"stem":727,"icon":719},"C 风格输入输出","\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fc_io","ch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fc_io",{"title":729,"path":730,"stem":731,"icon":719},"流式输入输出","\u002Fch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fstream","ch10\u002Ffile_io\u002Fstream",{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"icon":687},"文件系统","\u002Fch10\u002Ffilesystem","ch10\u002Ffilesystem",{"title":737,"path":738,"stem":739,"icon":687},"伪随机数生成","\u002Fch10\u002Frandom","ch10\u002Frandom",{"title":741,"path":742,"stem":743,"children":744,"icon":746},"移动语义与智能指针","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Findex",[745,747,751,755,759,763],{"title":741,"path":742,"stem":743,"icon":746},"i-lucide-pointer",{"title":748,"path":749,"stem":750,"icon":746},"`std::move` 与转发引用","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fmove_and_forward","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fmove_and_forward",{"title":752,"path":753,"stem":754,"icon":746},"所有权","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fownership","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fownership",{"title":756,"path":757,"stem":758,"icon":746},"右值引用","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Frvalue_reference","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Frvalue_reference",{"title":760,"path":761,"stem":762,"icon":746},"`std::shared_ptr`","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fshared_ptr","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fshared_ptr",{"title":764,"path":765,"stem":766,"icon":746},"特殊成员函数","\u002Fch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fspecial_member_function","ch10\u002Fsmart_pointer\u002Fspecial_member_function",{"title":768,"icon":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"第十一章 函数式编程","i-lucide-sparkles","\u002Fch11","ch11",[773,775,794,821,825],{"title":768,"path":770,"stem":774,"icon":769},"ch11\u002Findex",{"title":776,"icon":777,"path":778,"stem":779,"children":780},"语法进阶","i-lucide-graduation-cap","\u002Fch11\u002Fadvanced","ch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Findex",[781,782,786,790],{"title":776,"path":778,"stem":779,"icon":777},{"title":783,"path":784,"stem":785,"icon":777},"实参依赖查找","\u002Fch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fadl","ch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fadl",{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"icon":777},"可调用","\u002Fch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fcallable","ch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fcallable",{"title":791,"path":792,"stem":793,"icon":777},"预置比较","\u002Fch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fdefaulted_compare","ch11\u002Fadvanced\u002Fdefaulted_compare",{"title":795,"icon":796,"path":797,"stem":798,"children":799},"语法基础","i-lucide-book-text","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Findex",[800,801,805,809,813,817],{"title":795,"path":797,"stem":798,"icon":796},{"title":802,"path":803,"stem":804,"icon":796},"闭包","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Fclosure","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Fclosure",{"title":806,"path":807,"stem":808,"icon":796},"函数也即对象","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Ffunction_as_object","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Ffunction_as_object",{"title":810,"path":811,"stem":812,"icon":796},"高阶函数","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Fhigher_order_function","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Fhigher_order_function",{"title":814,"path":815,"stem":816,"icon":796},"Lambda 表达式","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Flambda","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Flambda",{"title":818,"path":819,"stem":820,"icon":796},"Lambda 表达式捕获","\u002Fch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Flambda_capture","ch11\u002Fgrammar\u002Flambda_capture",{"title":822,"path":823,"stem":824,"icon":769},"`std::sort`","\u002Fch11\u002Fstd_sort","ch11\u002Fstd_sort",{"title":826,"icon":827,"path":828,"stem":829,"children":830},"STL 算法","i-lucide-sort-asc","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Findex",[831,832,836,840,844,848,852,856,860],{"title":826,"path":828,"stem":829,"icon":827},{"title":833,"path":834,"stem":835,"icon":827},"迁移到 STLv1","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fcompare_with_legacy","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fcompare_with_legacy",{"title":837,"path":838,"stem":839,"icon":827},"复制","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fcopy","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fcopy",{"title":841,"path":842,"stem":843,"icon":827},"筛选","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Ffilter","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Ffilter",{"title":845,"path":846,"stem":847,"icon":827},"其它算法","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fothers","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fothers",{"title":849,"path":850,"stem":851,"icon":827},"初识范围","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Frange","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Frange",{"title":853,"path":854,"stem":855,"icon":827},"归约","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Freduce","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Freduce",{"title":857,"path":858,"stem":859,"icon":827},"排序","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fsort","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Fsort",{"title":861,"path":862,"stem":863,"icon":827},"变换","\u002Fch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Ftransform","ch11\u002Fstl_algorithms\u002Ftransform",{"title":865,"icon":866,"path":867,"stem":868,"children":869},"第十二章 模板","i-lucide-git-fork","\u002Fch12","ch12",[870,873,877,881,885],{"title":871,"path":867,"stem":872,"icon":866},"第十二章 模板进阶","ch12\u002Findex",{"title":874,"path":875,"stem":876},"C++20 概念","\u002Fch12\u002Fconcepts","ch12\u002Fconcepts",{"title":878,"path":879,"stem":880},"模板元编程","\u002Fch12\u002Fmetaprogramming","ch12\u002Fmetaprogramming",{"title":882,"path":883,"stem":884},"模板特化与偏特化","\u002Fch12\u002Fspecialization","ch12\u002Fspecialization",{"title":886,"icon":887,"path":888,"stem":889,"children":890},"静态派发","i-lucide-route","\u002Fch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch","ch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Findex",[891,892,896],{"title":886,"path":888,"stem":889},{"title":893,"path":894,"stem":895},"定制点","\u002Fch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Fcustomize_point","ch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Fcustomize_point",{"title":897,"path":898,"stem":899},"类型擦除","\u002Fch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Ftype_erasure","ch12\u002Fstatic_dispatch\u002Ftype_erasure",{"title":901,"path":902,"stem":903,"icon":6},"后记","\u002Fpostscript","postscript",{"title":905,"path":906,"stem":907,"icon":908},"技术信息","\u002Ftechnical_info","technical_info","i-lucide-info",{"id":910,"title":309,"body":911,"description":4314,"extension":4315,"links":4316,"meta":4317,"navigation":4318,"path":310,"seo":4319,"stem":311,"__hash__":4320},"docs\u002Fch04\u002Fcompare_with_c\u002Fc_feature.md",{"type":912,"value":913,"toc":4271},"minimark",[914,918,922,926,930,938,1006,1012,1015,1021,1045,1052,1055,1070,1077,1080,1083,1117,1133,1136,1143,1205,1211,1264,1267,1311,1314,1317,1320,1377,1380,1383,1391,1401,1434,1451,1482,1488,1494,1569,1572,1575,1595,1599,1602,1666,1669,1672,1746,1749,1784,1787,1790,1794,1797,1852,1855,1858,1866,1870,1873,1912,1919,2010,2013,2115,2118,2142,2149,2157,2167,2170,2202,2225,2229,2232,2273,2283,2324,2330,2370,2373,2419,2422,2425,2498,2505,2509,2512,2517,2520,2557,2575,2660,2669,2673,2676,2757,2784,2789,2792,2875,2901,2909,2931,2936,2943,2949,2954,2961,2966,2998,3000,3212,3219,3225,3275,3282,3353,3376,3379,3382,3412,3415,3418,3422,3425,3496,3499,3550,3558,3560,3587,3627,3643,3646,3649,3690,3693,3699,3751,3757,3763,3831,3835,3838,3872,3882,3928,3932,3935,3978,4024,4027,4030,4109,4187,4190,4267],[915,916,309],"h1",{"id":917},"需要注意的-c-特性",[919,920,921],"h2",{"id":921},"不同特性",[923,924,925],"p",{},"就目前而言 C 和 C++ 的语法大致上相似，唯有如下不同：",[927,928,929],"h3",{"id":929},"无参函数声明",[923,931,932,933,937],{},"在 C 中，不接受实参的函数声明需要在参数列表处写上 ",[934,935,936],"code",{},"void","：",[939,940,945],"pre",{"className":941,"code":942,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"language-c shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","void f(void);    \u002F* 不是 void f(); *\u002F\nint main(void) { \u002F* 此处的 void 不是必需的，但也建议写上 *\u002F\n    \u002F* [...] *\u002F\n}\n","c","",[934,946,947,972,994,1000],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,949,952,955,959,963,965,968],"span",{"class":950,"line":951},"line",1,[948,953,936],{"class":954},"spNyl",[948,956,958],{"class":957},"s2Zo4"," f",[948,960,962],{"class":961},"sMK4o","(",[948,964,936],{"class":954},[948,966,967],{"class":961},");",[948,969,971],{"class":970},"sHwdD","    \u002F* 不是 void f(); *\u002F\n",[948,973,975,978,981,983,985,988,991],{"class":950,"line":974},2,[948,976,977],{"class":954},"int",[948,979,980],{"class":957}," main",[948,982,962],{"class":961},[948,984,936],{"class":954},[948,986,987],{"class":961},")",[948,989,990],{"class":961}," {",[948,992,993],{"class":970}," \u002F* 此处的 void 不是必需的，但也建议写上 *\u002F\n",[948,995,997],{"class":950,"line":996},3,[948,998,999],{"class":970},"    \u002F* [...] *\u002F\n",[948,1001,1003],{"class":950,"line":1002},4,[948,1004,1005],{"class":961},"}\n",[1007,1008,1009],"blockquote",{},[923,1010,1011],{},"这是因为，在 C 中空参数列表意味着“可传入任何参数”，而不是不接受参数。",[927,1013,1014],{"id":1014},"字符字面量",[923,1016,1017,1018,1020],{},"在 C 中，字符字面量拥有 ",[934,1019,977],{}," 类型：",[939,1022,1024],{"className":941,"code":1023,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"sizeof('A'); \u002F* 等价于 sizeof(int) *\u002F\n",[934,1025,1026],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1027,1028,1031,1034,1038,1040,1042],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1029,1030],{"class":961},"sizeof(",[948,1032,1033],{"class":961},"'",[948,1035,1037],{"class":1036},"sfazB","A",[948,1039,1033],{"class":961},[948,1041,967],{"class":961},[948,1043,1044],{"class":970}," \u002F* 等价于 sizeof(int) *\u002F\n",[923,1046,1047,1048,1051],{},"而在 C++ 中，这种字符字面量是 ",[934,1049,1050],{},"char"," 类型的。",[927,1053,1054],{"id":1054},"字符串字面量",[923,1056,1057,1058,1061,1062,1065,1066,1069],{},"在 C 中，字符串字面量拥有 ",[934,1059,1060],{},"char[N]"," 类型，其中 ",[934,1063,1064],{},"N"," 是追加空字符后的字符个数；而在 C++ 中，字符串字面量拥有 ",[934,1067,1068],{},"const char[N]"," 类型。",[923,1071,1072,1073,1076],{},"尽管 C 的字符串字面量没有 ",[934,1074,1075],{},"const"," 限定，但仍然不允许修改；更改字符串字面量是未定义行为。",[927,1078,1079],{"id":1079},"循环或分支的条件",[923,1081,1082],{},"第一，C 中要求循环或分支的条件只能是表达式，不能是声明：",[939,1084,1088],{"className":1085,"code":1086,"language":1087,"meta":944,"style":944},"language-cpp shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","if(bool r = getResult()); \u002F\u002F 合法 C++，但 C 中错误\n","cpp",[934,1089,1090],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1091,1092,1096,1098,1101,1105,1108,1111,1114],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1093,1095],{"class":1094},"s7zQu","if",[948,1097,962],{"class":961},[948,1099,1100],{"class":954},"bool",[948,1102,1104],{"class":1103},"sTEyZ"," r ",[948,1106,1107],{"class":961},"=",[948,1109,1110],{"class":957}," getResult",[948,1112,1113],{"class":961},"());",[948,1115,1116],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 合法 C++，但 C 中错误\n",[923,1118,1119,1120,1122,1123,1125,1126,1128,1129,1132],{},"第二，C 中循环和分支的条件时按语境转换到 ",[934,1121,977],{}," 的：若转换到 ",[934,1124,977],{}," 的值非零，则进入真分支（或继续循环）；若转换到 ",[934,1127,977],{}," 的值为 ",[934,1130,1131],{},"0","，则进入假分支（或退出循环）。在 C++ 中，条件会按语境转换到布尔类型。",[927,1134,1135],{"id":1135},"详述类型说明符",[923,1137,1138,1139,1142],{},"在 C 中，若想声明并定义一个结构体，需要在类型说明符前加上详述类型说明符 ",[934,1140,1141],{},"struct","。比如：",[939,1144,1146],{"className":941,"code":1145,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"struct Coord {\n    int x, y;\n};\nCoord a;        \u002F* C 中错误，C++ 中 OK *\u002F\nstruct Coord a; \u002F* C 和 C++ 都合法 *\u002F\n",[934,1147,1148,1158,1176,1181,1192],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1149,1150,1152,1155],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1151,1141],{"class":954},[948,1153,1154],{"class":1103}," Coord ",[948,1156,1157],{"class":961},"{\n",[948,1159,1160,1163,1167,1170,1173],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1161,1162],{"class":954},"    int",[948,1164,1166],{"class":1165},"swJcz"," x",[948,1168,1169],{"class":961},",",[948,1171,1172],{"class":1165}," y",[948,1174,1175],{"class":961},";\n",[948,1177,1178],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1179,1180],{"class":961},"};\n",[948,1182,1183,1186,1189],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,1184,1185],{"class":1103},"Coord a",[948,1187,1188],{"class":961},";",[948,1190,1191],{"class":970},"        \u002F* C 中错误，C++ 中 OK *\u002F\n",[948,1193,1195,1197,1200,1202],{"class":950,"line":1194},5,[948,1196,1141],{"class":954},[948,1198,1199],{"class":1103}," Coord a",[948,1201,1188],{"class":961},[948,1203,1204],{"class":970}," \u002F* C 和 C++ 都合法 *\u002F\n",[923,1206,1207,1208,1210],{},"即你在使用结构体名字前必须再额外写一个 ",[934,1209,1141],{},"，否则 C 编译器无法理解这个名字。你可以通过 typedef 声明来避免这个啰嗦：",[939,1212,1214],{"className":941,"code":1213,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"struct Coord_impl {\n    int x, y;\n};\ntypedef struct Coord_impl Coord;\nCoord a; \u002F* 合法 C *\u002F\n",[934,1215,1216,1225,1237,1241,1255],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1217,1218,1220,1223],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1219,1141],{"class":954},[948,1221,1222],{"class":1103}," Coord_impl ",[948,1224,1157],{"class":961},[948,1226,1227,1229,1231,1233,1235],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1228,1162],{"class":954},[948,1230,1166],{"class":1165},[948,1232,1169],{"class":961},[948,1234,1172],{"class":1165},[948,1236,1175],{"class":961},[948,1238,1239],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1240,1180],{"class":961},[948,1242,1243,1247,1250,1253],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,1244,1246],{"class":1245},"sbssI","typedef",[948,1248,1249],{"class":954}," struct",[948,1251,1252],{"class":1103}," Coord_impl Coord",[948,1254,1175],{"class":961},[948,1256,1257,1259,1261],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,1258,1185],{"class":1103},[948,1260,1188],{"class":961},[948,1262,1263],{"class":970}," \u002F* 合法 C *\u002F\n",[923,1265,1266],{},"或者直接：",[939,1268,1270],{"className":941,"code":1269,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"typedef struct {\n    int x, y;\n} Coord;\nCoord a; \u002F* 合法 C *\u002F\n",[934,1271,1272,1281,1293,1303],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1273,1274,1276,1278],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1275,1246],{"class":1245},[948,1277,1249],{"class":954},[948,1279,1280],{"class":961}," {\n",[948,1282,1283,1285,1287,1289,1291],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1284,1162],{"class":954},[948,1286,1166],{"class":1165},[948,1288,1169],{"class":961},[948,1290,1172],{"class":1165},[948,1292,1175],{"class":961},[948,1294,1295,1298,1301],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1296,1297],{"class":961},"}",[948,1299,1300],{"class":1103}," Coord",[948,1302,1175],{"class":961},[948,1304,1305,1307,1309],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,1306,1185],{"class":1103},[948,1308,1188],{"class":961},[948,1310,1263],{"class":970},[923,1312,1313],{},"这也被视为一种常见技巧。",[927,1315,1316],{"id":1316},"其它",[923,1318,1319],{},"除了上述内容，C 和 C++ 的不同之处还有：",[1321,1322,1323,1327,1339,1342,1359,1368],"ul",{},[1324,1325,1326],"li",{},"结构体不引入作用域（C++ 中引入）",[1324,1328,1329,1330,1333,1334,1338],{},"关键字 ",[934,1331,1332],{},"inline"," 含义为优先内联（C++ 中为",[1335,1336,1337],"a",{"href":671},"容许重复定义","）",[1324,1340,1341],{},"全局作用域只读变量拥有外部连接（C++ 中拥有内部连接）",[1324,1343,1344,1345,1348,1349,1352,1353,1348,1356,1338],{},"对齐相关关键字 ",[934,1346,1347],{},"_Alignas"," ",[934,1350,1351],{},"_Alignof","（C++ 中 ",[934,1354,1355],{},"alignas",[934,1357,1358],{},"alignof",[1324,1360,1361,1362,1352,1365,1338],{},"静态断言 ",[934,1363,1364],{},"_Static_assert",[934,1366,1367],{},"static_assert",[1324,1369,1370,1371,1352,1374,1338],{},"线程存储期 ",[934,1372,1373],{},"_Thread_local",[934,1375,1376],{},"thread_local",[919,1378,1379],{"id":1379},"独有特性",[923,1381,1382],{},"接下来列举 C 中特有而 C++ 中没有的语法。",[927,1384,1386,1387,1390],{"id":1385},"从-void-到其它指针类型的隐式转换","从 ",[934,1388,1389],{},"void*"," 到其它指针类型的隐式转换",[923,1392,1393,1394,1397,1398,1400],{},"在 C++ 中，允许从任意指针类型 ",[934,1395,1396],{},"T*"," 到 ",[934,1399,1389],{}," 的隐式转换，但反过来不行。但是 C 中允许双向的转换。这使得以下代码",[939,1402,1404],{"className":941,"code":1403,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"\u002F* 申请 sizeof(int) 这么多字节的内存，并将其地址初始化于 p *\u002F\nint* p = malloc(sizeof(int));\n",[934,1405,1406,1411],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1407,1408],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1409,1410],{"class":970},"\u002F* 申请 sizeof(int) 这么多字节的内存，并将其地址初始化于 p *\u002F\n",[948,1412,1413,1415,1418,1421,1423,1426,1429,1431],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1414,977],{"class":954},[948,1416,1417],{"class":961},"*",[948,1419,1420],{"class":1103}," p ",[948,1422,1107],{"class":961},[948,1424,1425],{"class":957}," malloc",[948,1427,1428],{"class":961},"(sizeof(",[948,1430,977],{"class":954},[948,1432,1433],{"class":961},"));\n",[923,1435,1436,1437,1440,1441,1443,1444,1446,1447,1450],{},"得以正确编译。因为 ",[934,1438,1439],{},"malloc"," 是返回 ",[934,1442,1389],{}," 的函数，然后 ",[934,1445,1389],{}," 可以隐式转换到 ",[934,1448,1449],{},"int*","。如果在 C++ 中，你需要加上显式转换才能编译通过：",[939,1452,1454],{"className":1085,"code":1453,"language":1087,"meta":944,"style":944},"int* p = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));\n",[934,1455,1456],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1457,1458,1460,1462,1464,1466,1469,1471,1474,1476,1478,1480],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1459,977],{"class":954},[948,1461,1417],{"class":961},[948,1463,1420],{"class":1103},[948,1465,1107],{"class":961},[948,1467,1468],{"class":961}," (",[948,1470,977],{"class":954},[948,1472,1473],{"class":961},"*)",[948,1475,1439],{"class":957},[948,1477,1428],{"class":961},[948,1479,977],{"class":954},[948,1481,1433],{"class":961},[927,1483,1386,1485,1487],{"id":1484},"从-int-到枚举类型的隐式转换",[934,1486,977],{}," 到枚举类型的隐式转换",[923,1489,1490,1491,1493],{},"C++ 中允许从枚举类型到其基类型（一般是 ",[934,1492,977],{},"）的隐式转换，但反过来不行。C 则允许双向的转换：",[939,1495,1497],{"className":941,"code":1496,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"enum Color {\n    Red,\n    Green,\n    Blue\n};\nint a = Red; \u002F* C\u002FC++ 都合法 *\u002F\nenum Color b = 1; \u002F* C 合法，C++ 错误 *\u002F\n",[934,1498,1499,1509,1517,1524,1529,1533,1551],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1500,1501,1504,1507],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1502,1503],{"class":954},"enum",[948,1505,1506],{"class":1103}," Color ",[948,1508,1157],{"class":961},[948,1510,1511,1514],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1512,1513],{"class":1165},"    Red",[948,1515,1516],{"class":961},",\n",[948,1518,1519,1522],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1520,1521],{"class":1165},"    Green",[948,1523,1516],{"class":961},[948,1525,1526],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,1527,1528],{"class":1165},"    Blue\n",[948,1530,1531],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,1532,1180],{"class":961},[948,1534,1536,1538,1541,1543,1546,1548],{"class":950,"line":1535},6,[948,1537,977],{"class":954},[948,1539,1540],{"class":1103}," a ",[948,1542,1107],{"class":961},[948,1544,1545],{"class":1103}," Red",[948,1547,1188],{"class":961},[948,1549,1550],{"class":970}," \u002F* C\u002FC++ 都合法 *\u002F\n",[948,1552,1554,1556,1559,1561,1564,1566],{"class":950,"line":1553},7,[948,1555,1503],{"class":954},[948,1557,1558],{"class":1103}," Color b ",[948,1560,1107],{"class":961},[948,1562,1563],{"class":1245}," 1",[948,1565,1188],{"class":961},[948,1567,1568],{"class":970}," \u002F* C 合法，C++ 错误 *\u002F\n",[927,1570,1571],{"id":1571},"无初始化器的只读变量",[923,1573,1574],{},"在 C 中，只读变量可以没有初始化器，然而在 C++ 中这是不允许的。",[939,1576,1578],{"className":941,"code":1577,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"const int a; \u002F* 无初始化器：C 允许，C++ 错误 *\u002F\n",[934,1579,1580],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1581,1582,1584,1587,1590,1592],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1583,1075],{"class":954},[948,1585,1586],{"class":954}," int",[948,1588,1589],{"class":1103}," a",[948,1591,1188],{"class":961},[948,1593,1594],{"class":970}," \u002F* 无初始化器：C 允许，C++ 错误 *\u002F\n",[927,1596,1598],{"id":1597},"跨越声明语句的-goto-语句","跨越声明语句的 goto 语句",[923,1600,1601],{},"在 C 中，goto 语句可以跳过带初始化器的声明语句，但在 C++ 中不允许。",[939,1603,1605],{"className":941,"code":1604,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"goto line; \u002F* C 允许，C++ 错误 *\u002F\n{\n    int a = 42;\n    line: printf(\"%d\", a);\n}\n",[934,1606,1607,1620,1624,1637,1662],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1608,1609,1612,1615,1617],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1610,1611],{"class":1094},"goto",[948,1613,1614],{"class":1103}," line",[948,1616,1188],{"class":961},[948,1618,1619],{"class":970}," \u002F* C 允许，C++ 错误 *\u002F\n",[948,1621,1622],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1623,1157],{"class":961},[948,1625,1626,1628,1630,1632,1635],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1627,1162],{"class":954},[948,1629,1540],{"class":1165},[948,1631,1107],{"class":961},[948,1633,1634],{"class":1245}," 42",[948,1636,1175],{"class":961},[948,1638,1639,1642,1645,1647,1650,1653,1655,1657,1659],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,1640,1641],{"class":1165},"    line: ",[948,1643,1644],{"class":957},"printf",[948,1646,962],{"class":961},[948,1648,1649],{"class":961},"\"",[948,1651,1652],{"class":1165},"%d",[948,1654,1649],{"class":961},[948,1656,1169],{"class":961},[948,1658,1589],{"class":1165},[948,1660,1661],{"class":961},");\n",[948,1663,1664],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,1665,1005],{"class":961},[927,1667,1668],{"id":1668},"在函数声明中定义结构体",[923,1670,1671],{},"C 允许将结构体的定义放在函数的声明中：",[939,1673,1675],{"className":941,"code":1674,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"struct S { int x, y; } f(void) {\n    struct S result = {1, 2};\n    return result;\n}\n",[934,1676,1677,1710,1732,1742],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1678,1679,1681,1684,1687,1689,1691,1693,1695,1697,1700,1702,1704,1706,1708],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1680,1141],{"class":954},[948,1682,1683],{"class":1103}," S ",[948,1685,1686],{"class":961},"{",[948,1688,1586],{"class":954},[948,1690,1166],{"class":1165},[948,1692,1169],{"class":961},[948,1694,1172],{"class":1165},[948,1696,1188],{"class":961},[948,1698,1699],{"class":961}," }",[948,1701,958],{"class":957},[948,1703,962],{"class":961},[948,1705,936],{"class":954},[948,1707,987],{"class":961},[948,1709,1280],{"class":961},[948,1711,1712,1715,1718,1720,1722,1725,1727,1730],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1713,1714],{"class":954},"    struct",[948,1716,1717],{"class":1165}," S result ",[948,1719,1107],{"class":961},[948,1721,990],{"class":961},[948,1723,1724],{"class":1245},"1",[948,1726,1169],{"class":961},[948,1728,1729],{"class":1245}," 2",[948,1731,1180],{"class":961},[948,1733,1734,1737,1740],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1735,1736],{"class":1094},"    return",[948,1738,1739],{"class":1165}," result",[948,1741,1175],{"class":961},[948,1743,1744],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,1745,1005],{"class":961},[923,1747,1748],{},"……甚至放在参数列表中：",[939,1750,1752],{"className":941,"code":1751,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"void f( struct S { int x, y; } a);\n",[934,1753,1754],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1755,1756,1758,1760,1762,1764,1766,1768,1770,1772,1774,1776,1778,1780,1782],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1757,936],{"class":954},[948,1759,958],{"class":957},[948,1761,962],{"class":961},[948,1763,1249],{"class":954},[948,1765,1683],{"class":1103},[948,1767,1686],{"class":961},[948,1769,1586],{"class":954},[948,1771,1166],{"class":1165},[948,1773,1169],{"class":961},[948,1775,1172],{"class":1165},[948,1777,1188],{"class":961},[948,1779,1699],{"class":961},[948,1781,1589],{"class":1103},[948,1783,1661],{"class":961},[923,1785,1786],{},"显然这样做会让程序变得更加晦涩，我们不太推荐。",[923,1788,1789],{},"::: tip\n以下介绍的特性都是 C99\u002FC11\u002FC23 标准引入的，它们可能不在老编译器上支持。\n:::",[927,1791,1793],{"id":1792},"可变长数组c99","可变长数组（C99）",[923,1795,1796],{},"不同于 C++，C 在声明数组时允许它的大小不是常量（前提是该数组拥有自动存储期）：",[939,1798,1800],{"className":941,"code":1799,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int n;\nscanf(\"%d\", &n);\nint a[n]; \u002F\u002F 大小不是常量，C 中 OK 但 C++ 中不允许\n",[934,1801,1802,1811,1835],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1803,1804,1806,1809],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1805,977],{"class":954},[948,1807,1808],{"class":1103}," n",[948,1810,1175],{"class":961},[948,1812,1813,1816,1818,1820,1822,1824,1826,1829,1833],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1814,1815],{"class":957},"scanf",[948,1817,962],{"class":961},[948,1819,1649],{"class":961},[948,1821,1652],{"class":1165},[948,1823,1649],{"class":961},[948,1825,1169],{"class":961},[948,1827,1828],{"class":961}," &",[948,1830,1832],{"class":1831},"sHdIc","n",[948,1834,1661],{"class":961},[948,1836,1837,1839,1841,1844,1846,1849],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1838,977],{"class":954},[948,1840,1589],{"class":1103},[948,1842,1843],{"class":961},"[",[948,1845,1832],{"class":1103},[948,1847,1848],{"class":961},"];",[948,1850,1851],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 大小不是常量，C 中 OK 但 C++ 中不允许\n",[923,1853,1854],{},"这种数组称为可变长数组（Variable Length Array, VLA）。此时，作用于 VLA 的 sizeof 表达式也不一定是常量了；sizeof 表达式会对 VLA 类型的操作数求值，并在运行时计算 VLA 的大小。",[923,1856,1857],{},"亦存在指向 VLA 的指针和由 VLA 构成的数组（这可以是二维 VLA）。",[1007,1859,1860,1863],{},[923,1861,1862],{},"正因为 C 中 VLA 的存在，许多编译器也不严格地允许 C++ 中使用 VLA（如 g++）。但是我们应当尽量避免。",[923,1864,1865],{},"C11 后，编译环境是否提供 VLA 是实现决定的。比如 MSVC 就不提供 VLA。",[927,1867,1869],{"id":1868},"柔性数组c99","柔性数组（C99）",[923,1871,1872],{},"在 C 的结构体声明中，允许最后一个成员是不指定长度的数组，称为柔性数组：",[939,1874,1876],{"className":941,"code":1875,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"struct S {\n    int data;\n    char d[];\n};\n",[934,1877,1878,1886,1895,1908],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1879,1880,1882,1884],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1881,1141],{"class":954},[948,1883,1683],{"class":1103},[948,1885,1157],{"class":961},[948,1887,1888,1890,1893],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1889,1162],{"class":954},[948,1891,1892],{"class":1165}," data",[948,1894,1175],{"class":961},[948,1896,1897,1900,1903,1906],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1898,1899],{"class":954},"    char",[948,1901,1902],{"class":1165}," d",[948,1904,1905],{"class":954},"[]",[948,1907,1175],{"class":961},[948,1909,1910],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,1911,1180],{"class":961},[923,1913,1914,1915,1918],{},"对于非动态存储期的 ",[934,1916,1917],{},"S"," 类型结构体，柔性数组成员如同其不存在：",[939,1920,1922],{"className":941,"code":1921,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"struct S a = {42};\nstruct S b = {42, {'A'}}; \u002F\u002F 错误：如同柔性数组不存在\na.d[0] = 'A';             \u002F\u002F 此时访问柔性数组成员是未定义行为\nsizeof(struct S);         \u002F\u002F 相当于 sizeof(int)，柔性数组此时不占用大小\n",[934,1923,1924,1940,1969,1996],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,1925,1926,1928,1931,1933,1935,1938],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,1927,1141],{"class":954},[948,1929,1930],{"class":1103}," S a ",[948,1932,1107],{"class":961},[948,1934,990],{"class":961},[948,1936,1937],{"class":1245},"42",[948,1939,1180],{"class":961},[948,1941,1942,1944,1947,1949,1951,1953,1955,1957,1959,1961,1963,1966],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,1943,1141],{"class":954},[948,1945,1946],{"class":1103}," S b ",[948,1948,1107],{"class":961},[948,1950,990],{"class":961},[948,1952,1937],{"class":1245},[948,1954,1169],{"class":961},[948,1956,990],{"class":961},[948,1958,1033],{"class":961},[948,1960,1037],{"class":1036},[948,1962,1033],{"class":961},[948,1964,1965],{"class":961},"}};",[948,1967,1968],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 错误：如同柔性数组不存在\n",[948,1970,1971,1974,1976,1978,1981,1984,1987,1989,1991,1993],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,1972,1973],{"class":1103},"a.d",[948,1975,1843],{"class":961},[948,1977,1131],{"class":1245},[948,1979,1980],{"class":961},"]",[948,1982,1983],{"class":961}," =",[948,1985,1986],{"class":961}," '",[948,1988,1037],{"class":1036},[948,1990,1033],{"class":961},[948,1992,1188],{"class":961},[948,1994,1995],{"class":970},"             \u002F\u002F 此时访问柔性数组成员是未定义行为\n",[948,1997,1998,2000,2002,2005,2007],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,1999,1030],{"class":961},[948,2001,1141],{"class":954},[948,2003,2004],{"class":1103}," S",[948,2006,967],{"class":961},[948,2008,2009],{"class":970},"         \u002F\u002F 相当于 sizeof(int)，柔性数组此时不占用大小\n",[923,2011,2012],{},"但是，你可以在动态分配内存时为柔性数组提供存储空间：",[939,2014,2016],{"className":941,"code":2015,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"struct S* ptr1 = malloc(sizeof(struct S) + 30); \u002F\u002F 相当于拥有成员 char d[30];\nstruct S* ptr2 = malloc(sizeof(struct S) + 50); \u002F\u002F 相当于拥有成员 char d[50];\nptr1->d[0] = 'A'; \u002F\u002F OK\n",[934,2017,2018,2052,2085],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2019,2020,2022,2024,2026,2029,2031,2033,2035,2037,2039,2041,2044,2047,2049],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2021,1141],{"class":954},[948,2023,2004],{"class":1103},[948,2025,1417],{"class":961},[948,2027,2028],{"class":1103}," ptr1 ",[948,2030,1107],{"class":961},[948,2032,1425],{"class":957},[948,2034,1428],{"class":961},[948,2036,1141],{"class":954},[948,2038,2004],{"class":1103},[948,2040,987],{"class":961},[948,2042,2043],{"class":961}," +",[948,2045,2046],{"class":1245}," 30",[948,2048,967],{"class":961},[948,2050,2051],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 相当于拥有成员 char d[30];\n",[948,2053,2054,2056,2058,2060,2063,2065,2067,2069,2071,2073,2075,2077,2080,2082],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2055,1141],{"class":954},[948,2057,2004],{"class":1103},[948,2059,1417],{"class":961},[948,2061,2062],{"class":1103}," ptr2 ",[948,2064,1107],{"class":961},[948,2066,1425],{"class":957},[948,2068,1428],{"class":961},[948,2070,1141],{"class":954},[948,2072,2004],{"class":1103},[948,2074,987],{"class":961},[948,2076,2043],{"class":961},[948,2078,2079],{"class":1245}," 50",[948,2081,967],{"class":961},[948,2083,2084],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 相当于拥有成员 char d[50];\n",[948,2086,2087,2090,2093,2096,2098,2100,2102,2104,2106,2108,2110,2112],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2088,2089],{"class":1103},"ptr1",[948,2091,2092],{"class":961},"->",[948,2094,2095],{"class":1103},"d",[948,2097,1843],{"class":961},[948,2099,1131],{"class":1245},[948,2101,1980],{"class":961},[948,2103,1983],{"class":961},[948,2105,1986],{"class":961},[948,2107,1037],{"class":1036},[948,2109,1033],{"class":961},[948,2111,1188],{"class":961},[948,2113,2114],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F OK\n",[923,2116,2117],{},"但在结构体赋值时，仍然不考虑柔性数组的存在：",[939,2119,2121],{"className":941,"code":2120,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"*ptr2 = *ptr1; \u002F\u002F 只赋值了 ptr2->data，ptr2->d 中的元素维持原样\n",[934,2122,2123],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2124,2125,2127,2130,2132,2135,2137,2139],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2126,1417],{"class":961},[948,2128,2129],{"class":1103},"ptr2 ",[948,2131,1107],{"class":961},[948,2133,2134],{"class":961}," *",[948,2136,2089],{"class":1103},[948,2138,1188],{"class":961},[948,2140,2141],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 只赋值了 ptr2->data，ptr2->d 中的元素维持原样\n",[927,2143,2145,2148],{"id":2144},"restrict-关键字c99",[934,2146,2147],{},"restrict"," 关键字（C99）",[923,2150,2151,2153,2154,2156],{},[934,2152,2147],{}," 关键字只能在指针声明中出现（注意是在 ",[934,2155,1417],{}," 的后面）：",[2158,2159,2160],"sdsc",{},[923,2161,2162,2163,2166],{},"基类型\"* restrict\" 指针名 ",[948,2164,2165],{},"直接初始化器","\";\"",[923,2168,2169],{},"比如：",[939,2171,2173],{"className":941,"code":2172,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int a;\nint* restrict p = &a;\n",[934,2174,2175,2183],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2176,2177,2179,2181],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2178,977],{"class":954},[948,2180,1589],{"class":1103},[948,2182,1175],{"class":961},[948,2184,2185,2187,2189,2192,2194,2196,2198,2200],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2186,977],{"class":954},[948,2188,1417],{"class":961},[948,2190,2191],{"class":954}," restrict",[948,2193,1420],{"class":1103},[948,2195,1107],{"class":961},[948,2197,1828],{"class":961},[948,2199,1335],{"class":1103},[948,2201,1175],{"class":961},[923,2203,2204,2206,2207,2209,2210,2212,2213,2215,2216,2218,2219,2221,2222,2224],{},[934,2205,2147],{}," 关键字指明：若其限定的指针 ",[934,2208,923],{}," 指向了变量 ",[934,2211,1335],{},"，则任何对 ",[934,2214,1335],{}," 的写入操作都必须经由 ",[934,2217,923],{},"。也就是说，此时任何不通过 ",[934,2220,923],{}," 而对 ",[934,2223,1335],{}," 做修改都是未定义行为。这样的限制允许编译器做更多的优化。",[927,2226,2228],{"id":2227},"数组做形参的额外语法c99","“数组做形参”的额外语法（C99）",[923,2230,2231],{},"在 C 中，数组传入形参依然会转换到指针：",[939,2233,2235],{"className":941,"code":2234,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"void f(int a[10]) {\n    a; \u002F\u002F 类型为 int* 的指针\n}\n",[934,2236,2237,2259,2269],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2238,2239,2241,2243,2245,2247,2249,2251,2254,2257],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2240,936],{"class":954},[948,2242,958],{"class":957},[948,2244,962],{"class":961},[948,2246,977],{"class":954},[948,2248,1589],{"class":1103},[948,2250,1843],{"class":961},[948,2252,2253],{"class":1245},"10",[948,2255,2256],{"class":961},"])",[948,2258,1280],{"class":961},[948,2260,2261,2264,2266],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2262,2263],{"class":1165},"    a",[948,2265,1188],{"class":961},[948,2267,2268],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 类型为 int* 的指针\n",[948,2270,2271],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2272,1005],{"class":961},[923,2274,2275,2276,2278,2279,2282],{},"但 C 可以让这个转换结果带 ",[934,2277,1075],{}," 限定，即转换到 ",[934,2280,2281],{},"T* const"," 类型（C++不存在此类语法）：",[939,2284,2286],{"className":941,"code":2285,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"void f(int a[const 10]) {\n    a; \u002F\u002F 类型为 int* const，即指向 int 的只读指针\n}\n",[934,2287,2288,2311,2320],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2289,2290,2292,2294,2296,2298,2300,2302,2304,2307,2309],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2291,936],{"class":954},[948,2293,958],{"class":957},[948,2295,962],{"class":961},[948,2297,977],{"class":954},[948,2299,1589],{"class":1103},[948,2301,1843],{"class":961},[948,2303,1075],{"class":954},[948,2305,2306],{"class":1245}," 10",[948,2308,2256],{"class":961},[948,2310,1280],{"class":961},[948,2312,2313,2315,2317],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2314,2263],{"class":1165},[948,2316,1188],{"class":961},[948,2318,2319],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 类型为 int* const，即指向 int 的只读指针\n",[948,2321,2322],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2323,1005],{"class":961},[923,2325,2326,2327,2329],{},"类似地，C 还可以让转换结果带 ",[934,2328,2147],{}," 限定：",[939,2331,2333],{"className":941,"code":2332,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"void f(int a[restrict 10]) {\n    a; \u002F\u002F int* restrict 类型\n}\n",[934,2334,2335,2357,2366],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2336,2337,2339,2341,2343,2345,2347,2349,2351,2353,2355],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2338,936],{"class":954},[948,2340,958],{"class":957},[948,2342,962],{"class":961},[948,2344,977],{"class":954},[948,2346,1589],{"class":1103},[948,2348,1843],{"class":961},[948,2350,2147],{"class":954},[948,2352,2306],{"class":1245},[948,2354,2256],{"class":961},[948,2356,1280],{"class":961},[948,2358,2359,2361,2363],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2360,2263],{"class":1165},[948,2362,1188],{"class":961},[948,2364,2365],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F int* restrict 类型\n",[948,2367,2368],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2369,1005],{"class":961},[923,2371,2372],{},"C 还可以在编译期间检查传入数组的大小，并限定某个参数的最小大小。比如：",[939,2374,2376],{"className":941,"code":2375,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"\u002F\u002F 限定传入 f 的参数 a 是一个数组，且至少有 10 个元素\nvoid f(int a[static 10]) {\n    a; \u002F\u002F 仍然转换到 int*\n}\n",[934,2377,2378,2383,2406,2415],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2379,2380],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2381,2382],{"class":970},"\u002F\u002F 限定传入 f 的参数 a 是一个数组，且至少有 10 个元素\n",[948,2384,2385,2387,2389,2391,2393,2395,2397,2400,2402,2404],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2386,936],{"class":954},[948,2388,958],{"class":957},[948,2390,962],{"class":961},[948,2392,977],{"class":954},[948,2394,1589],{"class":1103},[948,2396,1843],{"class":961},[948,2398,2399],{"class":954},"static",[948,2401,2306],{"class":1245},[948,2403,2256],{"class":961},[948,2405,1280],{"class":961},[948,2407,2408,2410,2412],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2409,2263],{"class":1165},[948,2411,1188],{"class":961},[948,2413,2414],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 仍然转换到 int*\n",[948,2416,2417],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,2418,1005],{"class":961},[923,2420,2421],{},"这样可以提示编译器做更多的优化。",[923,2423,2424],{},"如果传入参数是一个指向 VLA 的指针或者由 VLA 构成的数组，则可以这样写：",[939,2426,2428],{"className":941,"code":2427,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"void f(int(*a)[*]) {\n    a; \u002F\u002F a 是指针，指向 VLA 类型 int[*]\n}\nvoid g(int a[10][*]) {\n    a; \u002F\u002F a 还是指针，指向 VLA 类型 int[*]\n}\n",[934,2429,2430,2450,2459,2463,2485,2494],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2431,2432,2434,2436,2438,2440,2443,2445,2448],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2433,936],{"class":954},[948,2435,958],{"class":957},[948,2437,962],{"class":961},[948,2439,977],{"class":954},[948,2441,2442],{"class":961},"(*",[948,2444,1335],{"class":1103},[948,2446,2447],{"class":961},")[*])",[948,2449,1280],{"class":961},[948,2451,2452,2454,2456],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2453,2263],{"class":1165},[948,2455,1188],{"class":961},[948,2457,2458],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F a 是指针，指向 VLA 类型 int[*]\n",[948,2460,2461],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2462,1005],{"class":961},[948,2464,2465,2467,2470,2472,2474,2476,2478,2480,2483],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,2466,936],{"class":954},[948,2468,2469],{"class":957}," g",[948,2471,962],{"class":961},[948,2473,977],{"class":954},[948,2475,1589],{"class":1103},[948,2477,1843],{"class":961},[948,2479,2253],{"class":1245},[948,2481,2482],{"class":961},"][*])",[948,2484,1280],{"class":961},[948,2486,2487,2489,2491],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,2488,2263],{"class":1165},[948,2490,1188],{"class":961},[948,2492,2493],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F a 还是指针，指向 VLA 类型 int[*]\n",[948,2495,2496],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,2497,1005],{"class":961},[923,2499,2500,2501,2504],{},"即用 ",[934,2502,2503],{},"T[*]"," 代表由 T 类型构成的 VLA。",[927,2506,2508],{"id":2507},"复合字面量c99","复合字面量（C99）",[923,2510,2511],{},"C 中还提供一种新的字面量，称为复合字面量。它允许你创建一个数组或结构体字面量：",[2158,2513,2514],{},[923,2515,2516],{},"\"(\"数组\u002F结构体类型标识\"){\"初始化值列表\"}\"",[923,2518,2519],{},"比如",[939,2521,2523],{"className":941,"code":2522,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"(int[4]){1, 2, 3, 4}\n",[934,2524,2525],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2526,2527,2529,2531,2533,2536,2539,2541,2543,2545,2547,2550,2552,2555],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2528,962],{"class":961},[948,2530,977],{"class":954},[948,2532,1843],{"class":961},[948,2534,2535],{"class":1245},"4",[948,2537,2538],{"class":961},"]){",[948,2540,1724],{"class":1245},[948,2542,1169],{"class":961},[948,2544,1729],{"class":1245},[948,2546,1169],{"class":961},[948,2548,2549],{"class":1245}," 3",[948,2551,1169],{"class":961},[948,2553,2554],{"class":1245}," 4",[948,2556,1005],{"class":961},[923,2558,2559,2560,2563,2564,1348,2566,1348,2569,1348,2572,2574],{},"创建了一个 ",[934,2561,2562],{},"int[4]"," 类型的数组，其中的四个元素分别为 ",[934,2565,1724],{},[934,2567,2568],{},"2",[934,2570,2571],{},"3",[934,2573,2535],{},"。下面这个例子展示了创建结构体字面量，它可以减少一定的代码量：",[939,2576,2578],{"className":941,"code":2577,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"\u002F\u002F 结构体：坐标\nstruct Coordinate {\n    int x, y;\n};\n\u002F\u002F 返回原点，只需一句 return\nstruct Coordinate getOrigin(void) {\n    return (struct Coordinate){0, 0};\n};\n",[934,2579,2580,2585,2594,2606,2610,2615,2632,2655],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2581,2582],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2583,2584],{"class":970},"\u002F\u002F 结构体：坐标\n",[948,2586,2587,2589,2592],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2588,1141],{"class":954},[948,2590,2591],{"class":1103}," Coordinate ",[948,2593,1157],{"class":961},[948,2595,2596,2598,2600,2602,2604],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2597,1162],{"class":954},[948,2599,1166],{"class":1165},[948,2601,1169],{"class":961},[948,2603,1172],{"class":1165},[948,2605,1175],{"class":961},[948,2607,2608],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,2609,1180],{"class":961},[948,2611,2612],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,2613,2614],{"class":970},"\u002F\u002F 返回原点，只需一句 return\n",[948,2616,2617,2619,2621,2624,2626,2628,2630],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,2618,1141],{"class":954},[948,2620,2591],{"class":1103},[948,2622,2623],{"class":957},"getOrigin",[948,2625,962],{"class":961},[948,2627,936],{"class":954},[948,2629,987],{"class":961},[948,2631,1280],{"class":961},[948,2633,2634,2636,2638,2640,2643,2646,2648,2650,2653],{"class":950,"line":1553},[948,2635,1736],{"class":1094},[948,2637,1468],{"class":961},[948,2639,1141],{"class":954},[948,2641,2642],{"class":1165}," Coordinate",[948,2644,2645],{"class":961},"){",[948,2647,1131],{"class":1245},[948,2649,1169],{"class":961},[948,2651,2652],{"class":1245}," 0",[948,2654,1180],{"class":961},[948,2656,2658],{"class":950,"line":2657},8,[948,2659,1180],{"class":961},[1007,2661,2662],{},[923,2663,2664,2665,2668],{},"复合字面量是左值。在 C++ 可以通过转型表达式轻松得到类似的结构体“字面量”（但是是右值），如 ",[934,2666,2667],{},"Coordinate{0, 0}","。C++ 需要类型别名才能实现数组右值“字面量”。",[927,2670,2672],{"id":2671},"指派初始化c99","指派初始化（C99）",[923,2674,2675],{},"在 C 中，数组和结构体还允许一种特殊的初始化方法，称为指派初始化。用结构体举例：",[939,2677,2679],{"className":941,"code":2678,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"struct Coordinate {\n    int x, y, z;\n};\nstruct Coordinate a = {\n    .y = 2,\n    .x = 1,\n    .z = 3\n};\n",[934,2680,2681,2689,2706,2710,2721,2732,2743,2753],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2682,2683,2685,2687],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2684,1141],{"class":954},[948,2686,2591],{"class":1103},[948,2688,1157],{"class":961},[948,2690,2691,2693,2695,2697,2699,2701,2704],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2692,1162],{"class":954},[948,2694,1166],{"class":1165},[948,2696,1169],{"class":961},[948,2698,1172],{"class":1165},[948,2700,1169],{"class":961},[948,2702,2703],{"class":1165}," z",[948,2705,1175],{"class":961},[948,2707,2708],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2709,1180],{"class":961},[948,2711,2712,2714,2717,2719],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,2713,1141],{"class":954},[948,2715,2716],{"class":1103}," Coordinate a ",[948,2718,1107],{"class":961},[948,2720,1280],{"class":961},[948,2722,2723,2726,2728,2730],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,2724,2725],{"class":1165},"    .y ",[948,2727,1107],{"class":961},[948,2729,1729],{"class":1245},[948,2731,1516],{"class":961},[948,2733,2734,2737,2739,2741],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,2735,2736],{"class":1165},"    .x ",[948,2738,1107],{"class":961},[948,2740,1563],{"class":1245},[948,2742,1516],{"class":961},[948,2744,2745,2748,2750],{"class":950,"line":1553},[948,2746,2747],{"class":1165},"    .z ",[948,2749,1107],{"class":961},[948,2751,2752],{"class":1245}," 3\n",[948,2754,2755],{"class":950,"line":2657},[948,2756,1180],{"class":961},[923,2758,2759,2760,2762,2763,2765,2766,2769,2770,2772,2773,2769,2776,2772,2778,2769,2781,2783],{},"这里采用指派初始化结构体 ",[934,2761,1335],{},"。其中 ",[934,2764,1335],{}," 的 ",[934,2767,2768],{},"y"," 成员初始化为 ",[934,2771,2568],{},"，",[934,2774,2775],{},"x",[934,2777,1724],{},[934,2779,2780],{},"z",[934,2782,2571],{},"。即，结构体的指派初始化中，每一个初始化值由这样的形式（称为指派器）构成：",[2158,2785,2786],{},[923,2787,2788],{},"\".\"成员名 \"=\" 初始化值",[923,2790,2791],{},"数组的指派初始化例如：",[939,2793,2795],{"className":941,"code":2794,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int a[10] = {\n    [0] = 1,\n    [1] = 2,\n    [7] = 3,\n    [8] = 4\n};\n",[934,2796,2797,2813,2828,2842,2857,2871],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,2798,2799,2801,2803,2805,2807,2809,2811],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,2800,977],{"class":954},[948,2802,1589],{"class":1103},[948,2804,1843],{"class":961},[948,2806,2253],{"class":1245},[948,2808,1980],{"class":961},[948,2810,1983],{"class":961},[948,2812,1280],{"class":961},[948,2814,2815,2818,2820,2822,2824,2826],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,2816,2817],{"class":961},"    [",[948,2819,1131],{"class":1245},[948,2821,1980],{"class":961},[948,2823,1983],{"class":961},[948,2825,1563],{"class":1245},[948,2827,1516],{"class":961},[948,2829,2830,2832,2834,2836,2838,2840],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,2831,2817],{"class":961},[948,2833,1724],{"class":1245},[948,2835,1980],{"class":961},[948,2837,1983],{"class":961},[948,2839,1729],{"class":1245},[948,2841,1516],{"class":961},[948,2843,2844,2846,2849,2851,2853,2855],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,2845,2817],{"class":961},[948,2847,2848],{"class":1245},"7",[948,2850,1980],{"class":961},[948,2852,1983],{"class":961},[948,2854,2549],{"class":1245},[948,2856,1516],{"class":961},[948,2858,2859,2861,2864,2866,2868],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,2860,2817],{"class":961},[948,2862,2863],{"class":1245},"8",[948,2865,1980],{"class":961},[948,2867,1983],{"class":961},[948,2869,2870],{"class":1245}," 4\n",[948,2872,2873],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,2874,1180],{"class":961},[923,2876,2877,2878,2881,2882,2772,2884,2881,2887,2772,2889,2881,2892,2894,2895,2881,2898,2900],{},"这里，初始化 ",[934,2879,2880],{},"a[0]"," 为 ",[934,2883,1724],{},[934,2885,2886],{},"a[1]",[934,2888,2568],{},[934,2890,2891],{},"a[7]",[934,2893,2571],{},", ",[934,2896,2897],{},"a[8]",[934,2899,2535],{},"。即，数组的指派初始化中，每一个初始化值由这样的形式构成：",[2158,2902,2903],{},[923,2904,1649,2905,2908],{},[948,2906,2907],{},"\"下标\""," =\" 初始化值",[1007,2910,2911],{},[923,2912,2913,2914,2917,2918,1348,2920,2922,2923,2926,2927,2930],{},"指派初始化随后不带指派器的初始化初始化刚刚指派位置的下一个元素（成员）。（这句话又点绕，但我没找到更合适的说法。）意思就是：",[934,2915,2916],{},"int a[10] = {[7] = 3, 4, 5};"," 中，初始化的是 ",[934,2919,2891],{},[934,2921,2897],{}," 和 ",[934,2924,2925],{},"a[9]","，即后面没有给出指派器的初始化接着 ",[934,2928,2929],{},"[7]"," 的位置往下走。",[1007,2932,2933],{},[923,2934,2935],{},"C++20 中也提供了结构体的指派初始化（这是聚合初始化的一种），但它不允许乱序（初始化顺序不得和成员声明顺序不同），也不允许嵌套。",[927,2937,2939,2942],{"id":2938},"_generic-泛型选择c11",[934,2940,2941],{},"_Generic"," 泛型选择（C11）",[923,2944,2945,2946,2948],{},"C 提供了 ",[934,2947,2941],{}," 这一关键字，它可以一定程度上模仿 C++ 的函数重载。",[2158,2950,2951],{},[923,2952,2953],{},"\"_Generic(\"参数\",\" 关联列表\")\"",[923,2955,2956,2957,2960],{},"其中，",[934,2958,2959],{},"@关联列表@"," 是一系列逗号分隔的：",[2158,2962,2963],{},[923,2964,2965],{},"(类型名|\"default\")\": \"表达式",[923,2967,2968,2970,2971,2974,2975,2977,2978,2981,2982,2984,2985,2988,2989,2991,2992,2984,2995,2997],{},[934,2969,2941],{}," 相当于一个表达式，当传入 ",[934,2972,2973],{},"@参数@"," 类型和 ",[934,2976,2959],{}," 中的某一 ",[934,2979,2980],{},"@类型名@"," 匹配时，则运算这个 ",[934,2983,2980],{}," 对应的 ",[934,2986,2987],{},"@表达式@","；若没有匹配的 ",[934,2990,2980],{},"，就执行 ",[934,2993,2994],{},"default",[934,2996,2987],{},"（若有，否则编译错误）。",[923,2999,2169],{},[939,3001,3003],{"className":941,"code":3002,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"\u002F\u002F 函数声明（于 \u003Cstdlib.h> 中）\nint         abs(int       n);\nlong       labs(long      n);\nlong long llabs(long long n);\n\u002F\u002F 泛型选择的典型使用方法：通过宏实现仿重载\n#define ABS(n) _Generic((n), \\\n    int      :   abs(n),     \\\n    long     :  labs(n),     \\\n    long long: llabs(n)      \\\n)\nint main(void) {\n    ABS(3);   \u002F\u002F 调用 abs(3)\n    ABS(3LL); \u002F\u002F 调用 llabs(3)\n}\n",[934,3004,3005,3010,3026,3043,3063,3068,3096,3115,3134,3156,3162,3177,3192,3207],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3006,3007],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3008,3009],{"class":970},"\u002F\u002F 函数声明（于 \u003Cstdlib.h> 中）\n",[948,3011,3012,3014,3017,3019,3021,3024],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3013,977],{"class":954},[948,3015,3016],{"class":957},"         abs",[948,3018,962],{"class":961},[948,3020,977],{"class":954},[948,3022,3023],{"class":1831},"       n",[948,3025,1661],{"class":961},[948,3027,3028,3031,3034,3036,3038,3041],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3029,3030],{"class":954},"long",[948,3032,3033],{"class":957},"       labs",[948,3035,962],{"class":961},[948,3037,3030],{"class":954},[948,3039,3040],{"class":1831},"      n",[948,3042,1661],{"class":961},[948,3044,3045,3047,3050,3053,3055,3057,3059,3061],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3046,3030],{"class":954},[948,3048,3049],{"class":954}," long",[948,3051,3052],{"class":957}," llabs",[948,3054,962],{"class":961},[948,3056,3030],{"class":954},[948,3058,3049],{"class":954},[948,3060,1808],{"class":1831},[948,3062,1661],{"class":961},[948,3064,3065],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,3066,3067],{"class":970},"\u002F\u002F 泛型选择的典型使用方法：通过宏实现仿重载\n",[948,3069,3070,3073,3076,3078,3080,3082,3085,3088,3090,3093],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,3071,3072],{"class":1094},"#define",[948,3074,3075],{"class":957}," ABS",[948,3077,962],{"class":961},[948,3079,1832],{"class":1831},[948,3081,987],{"class":961},[948,3083,3084],{"class":957}," _Generic",[948,3086,3087],{"class":961},"((",[948,3089,1832],{"class":1103},[948,3091,3092],{"class":961},"),",[948,3094,3095],{"class":1103}," \\\n",[948,3097,3098,3100,3103,3106,3108,3110,3112],{"class":950,"line":1553},[948,3099,1162],{"class":954},[948,3101,3102],{"class":1103},"      :   ",[948,3104,3105],{"class":957},"abs",[948,3107,962],{"class":961},[948,3109,1832],{"class":1103},[948,3111,3092],{"class":961},[948,3113,3114],{"class":1103},"     \\\n",[948,3116,3117,3120,3123,3126,3128,3130,3132],{"class":950,"line":2657},[948,3118,3119],{"class":954},"    long",[948,3121,3122],{"class":1103},"     :  ",[948,3124,3125],{"class":957},"labs",[948,3127,962],{"class":961},[948,3129,1832],{"class":1103},[948,3131,3092],{"class":961},[948,3133,3114],{"class":1103},[948,3135,3137,3139,3141,3144,3147,3149,3151,3153],{"class":950,"line":3136},9,[948,3138,3119],{"class":954},[948,3140,3049],{"class":954},[948,3142,3143],{"class":1103},": ",[948,3145,3146],{"class":957},"llabs",[948,3148,962],{"class":961},[948,3150,1832],{"class":1103},[948,3152,987],{"class":961},[948,3154,3155],{"class":1103},"      \\\n",[948,3157,3159],{"class":950,"line":3158},10,[948,3160,3161],{"class":961},")\n",[948,3163,3165,3167,3169,3171,3173,3175],{"class":950,"line":3164},11,[948,3166,977],{"class":954},[948,3168,980],{"class":957},[948,3170,962],{"class":961},[948,3172,936],{"class":954},[948,3174,987],{"class":961},[948,3176,1280],{"class":961},[948,3178,3180,3183,3185,3187,3189],{"class":950,"line":3179},12,[948,3181,3182],{"class":957},"    ABS",[948,3184,962],{"class":961},[948,3186,2571],{"class":1245},[948,3188,967],{"class":961},[948,3190,3191],{"class":970},"   \u002F\u002F 调用 abs(3)\n",[948,3193,3195,3197,3199,3202,3204],{"class":950,"line":3194},13,[948,3196,3182],{"class":957},[948,3198,962],{"class":961},[948,3200,3201],{"class":1245},"3LL",[948,3203,967],{"class":961},[948,3205,3206],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 调用 llabs(3)\n",[948,3208,3210],{"class":950,"line":3209},14,[948,3211,1005],{"class":961},[927,3213,3215,3218],{"id":3214},"typeof-关键字c23",[934,3216,3217],{},"typeof"," 关键字（C23）",[923,3220,3221,3222,3224],{},"C 可以通过 ",[934,3223,3217],{}," 关键字获取一个变量的类型。",[939,3226,3228],{"className":941,"code":3227,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main(void) {\n    int a;\n    typeof(a) b; \u002F\u002F 等价于 int b;\n}\n",[934,3229,3230,3244,3252,3271],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3231,3232,3234,3236,3238,3240,3242],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3233,977],{"class":954},[948,3235,980],{"class":957},[948,3237,962],{"class":961},[948,3239,936],{"class":954},[948,3241,987],{"class":961},[948,3243,1280],{"class":961},[948,3245,3246,3248,3250],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3247,1162],{"class":954},[948,3249,1589],{"class":1165},[948,3251,1175],{"class":961},[948,3253,3254,3257,3259,3261,3263,3266,3268],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3255,3256],{"class":957},"    typeof",[948,3258,962],{"class":961},[948,3260,1335],{"class":1165},[948,3262,987],{"class":961},[948,3264,3265],{"class":1165}," b",[948,3267,1188],{"class":961},[948,3269,3270],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 等价于 int b;\n",[948,3272,3273],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3274,1005],{"class":961},[923,3276,3277,3278,3281],{},"而 ",[934,3279,3280],{},"typeof_unqual"," 可以移除类型的顶层限定符：",[939,3283,3285],{"className":941,"code":3284,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main(void) {\n    const int        a;\n    typeof(a)        b; \u002F\u002F 等价于 const int b;\n    typeof_unqual(a) c; \u002F\u002F 等价于 int b;\n}\n",[934,3286,3287,3301,3313,3331,3349],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3288,3289,3291,3293,3295,3297,3299],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3290,977],{"class":954},[948,3292,980],{"class":957},[948,3294,962],{"class":961},[948,3296,936],{"class":954},[948,3298,987],{"class":961},[948,3300,1280],{"class":961},[948,3302,3303,3306,3308,3311],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3304,3305],{"class":954},"    const",[948,3307,1586],{"class":954},[948,3309,3310],{"class":1165},"        a",[948,3312,1175],{"class":961},[948,3314,3315,3317,3319,3321,3323,3326,3328],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3316,3256],{"class":957},[948,3318,962],{"class":961},[948,3320,1335],{"class":1165},[948,3322,987],{"class":961},[948,3324,3325],{"class":1165},"        b",[948,3327,1188],{"class":961},[948,3329,3330],{"class":970}," \u002F\u002F 等价于 const int b;\n",[948,3332,3333,3336,3338,3340,3342,3345,3347],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3334,3335],{"class":957},"    typeof_unqual",[948,3337,962],{"class":961},[948,3339,1335],{"class":1165},[948,3341,987],{"class":961},[948,3343,3344],{"class":1165}," c",[948,3346,1188],{"class":961},[948,3348,3270],{"class":970},[948,3350,3351],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,3352,1005],{"class":961},[1007,3354,3355],{},[923,3356,3357,3358,3361,3362,3364,3365,3368,3369,3372,3373,3375],{},"C++11 中的 ",[934,3359,3360],{},"decltype"," 关键字与此作用类似；但是 ",[934,3363,3360],{}," 会保留引用性；一般结合 ",[934,3366,3367],{},"std::remove_cv"," 和\u002F或 ",[934,3370,3371],{},"std::remove_reference"," 来使用。C 因为没有模板而引入了 ",[934,3374,3280],{}," 关键字。",[927,3377,1316],{"id":3378},"其它-1",[923,3380,3381],{},"除了上述内容外，C 的额外语法还有：",[1321,3383,3384,3393,3399,3405],{},[1324,3385,3386,3389,3390,1338],{},[934,3387,3388],{},"_Atomic"," 原子类型（作用类似 C++ 中 ",[934,3391,3392],{},"std::atomic",[1324,3394,3395,3396,1338],{},"原生复数运算支持（作用类似 C++ 中 ",[934,3397,3398],{},"std::complex",[1324,3400,3401,3402],{},"任意宽度整数 ",[934,3403,3404],{},"_BigInt",[1324,3406,3407,3408,3411],{},"C23 允许 ",[934,3409,3410],{},"va_start"," 不提供第二参数",[919,3413,3414],{"id":3414},"被移除的语法",[923,3416,3417],{},"C 是一门富有悠久历史的语言，其中的许多特性也已经被删除。下面列举了这些自 C99 其就被删除的语法——我们绝不推荐读者书写，但是可以稍作了解，从而能够阅读更多的代码。",[927,3419,3421],{"id":3420},"旧式kr-风格函数定义","旧式（K&R 风格）函数定义",[923,3423,3424],{},"C23 之前，函数参数的类型可以和函数的声明分离开来：",[939,3426,3428],{"className":941,"code":3427,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int max(a, b)\n    int a;\n    int b;\n    {\n    return a > b ? a : b;\n}\n",[934,3429,3430,3447,3455,3463,3468,3492],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3431,3432,3434,3437,3439,3441,3443,3445],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3433,977],{"class":954},[948,3435,3436],{"class":957}," max",[948,3438,962],{"class":961},[948,3440,1335],{"class":1103},[948,3442,1169],{"class":961},[948,3444,3265],{"class":1103},[948,3446,3161],{"class":961},[948,3448,3449,3451,3453],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3450,1162],{"class":954},[948,3452,1589],{"class":1103},[948,3454,1175],{"class":961},[948,3456,3457,3459,3461],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3458,1162],{"class":954},[948,3460,3265],{"class":1103},[948,3462,1175],{"class":961},[948,3464,3465],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3466,3467],{"class":961},"    {\n",[948,3469,3470,3472,3474,3477,3480,3483,3485,3488,3490],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,3471,1736],{"class":1094},[948,3473,1540],{"class":1165},[948,3475,3476],{"class":961},">",[948,3478,3479],{"class":1165}," b ",[948,3481,3482],{"class":961},"?",[948,3484,1540],{"class":1165},[948,3486,3487],{"class":961},":",[948,3489,3265],{"class":1165},[948,3491,1175],{"class":961},[948,3493,3494],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,3495,1005],{"class":961},[923,3497,3498],{},"这种写法称为旧式函数定义，它等价于这样的新式函数定义：",[939,3500,3502],{"className":941,"code":3501,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int max(int a, int b) {\n    return a > b ? a : b;\n}\n",[934,3503,3504,3526,3546],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3505,3506,3508,3510,3512,3514,3516,3518,3520,3522,3524],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3507,977],{"class":954},[948,3509,3436],{"class":957},[948,3511,962],{"class":961},[948,3513,977],{"class":954},[948,3515,1589],{"class":1831},[948,3517,1169],{"class":961},[948,3519,1586],{"class":954},[948,3521,3265],{"class":1831},[948,3523,987],{"class":961},[948,3525,1280],{"class":961},[948,3527,3528,3530,3532,3534,3536,3538,3540,3542,3544],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3529,1736],{"class":1094},[948,3531,1540],{"class":1165},[948,3533,3476],{"class":961},[948,3535,3479],{"class":1165},[948,3537,3482],{"class":961},[948,3539,1540],{"class":1165},[948,3541,3487],{"class":961},[948,3543,3265],{"class":1165},[948,3545,1175],{"class":961},[948,3547,3548],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3549,1005],{"class":961},[923,3551,3552,3553,3557],{},"使用旧式函数定义时，编译器",[3554,3555,3556],"strong",{},"不会","检查函数调用表达式中传入的参数。如果传入参数类型和定义不匹配，则导致运行时未定义行为。",[927,3559,134],{"id":134},[923,3561,3562,3563,1348,3565,1348,3568,3571,3572,3575,3576,3579,3580,1348,3582,1348,3584,3586],{},"在 C23 前，没有 ",[934,3564,1100],{},[934,3566,3567],{},"true",[934,3569,3570],{},"false"," 关键字。取而代之的是 ",[934,3573,3574],{},"_Bool"," 类型，以及定义于 ",[934,3577,3578],{},"\u003Cstdbool.h>"," 的三个宏 ",[934,3581,1100],{},[934,3583,3567],{},[934,3585,3570],{},"。",[939,3588,3590],{"className":941,"code":3589,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"\u002F* \u003Cstdbool.h> 内容 *\u002F\n#define bool _Bool\n#define true 1\n#define false 0\n",[934,3591,3592,3597,3607,3617],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3593,3594],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3595,3596],{"class":970},"\u002F* \u003Cstdbool.h> 内容 *\u002F\n",[948,3598,3599,3601,3604],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3600,3072],{"class":1094},[948,3602,3603],{"class":957}," bool",[948,3605,3606],{"class":954}," _Bool\n",[948,3608,3609,3611,3614],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3610,3072],{"class":1094},[948,3612,3613],{"class":957}," true",[948,3615,3616],{"class":1245}," 1\n",[948,3618,3619,3621,3624],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3620,3072],{"class":1094},[948,3622,3623],{"class":957}," false",[948,3625,3626],{"class":1245}," 0\n",[923,3628,3629,3630,3632,3633,3636,3637,3639,3640,3642],{},"所以如果在 C23 之前的版本使用布尔类型，一般需要引入 ",[934,3631,3578],{}," 头文件。再退一步，",[3554,3634,3635],{},"C99 前是没有布尔类型的","。你必须在那些场合用 ",[934,3638,977],{}," 来替代（这也是为什么循环和分支的条件会转换到 ",[934,3641,977],{}," 类型）。",[927,3644,3645],{"id":3645},"无单行注释",[923,3647,3648],{},"在 C99 前，C 没有单行注释：",[939,3650,3652],{"className":941,"code":3651,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main(void) {\n    \u002F\u002F 单行注释，C99 前错误\n    \u002F* 多行注释 OK *\u002F\n    return 0;\n}\n",[934,3653,3654,3668,3673,3678,3686],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3655,3656,3658,3660,3662,3664,3666],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3657,977],{"class":954},[948,3659,980],{"class":957},[948,3661,962],{"class":961},[948,3663,936],{"class":954},[948,3665,987],{"class":961},[948,3667,1280],{"class":961},[948,3669,3670],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3671,3672],{"class":970},"    \u002F\u002F 单行注释，C99 前错误\n",[948,3674,3675],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3676,3677],{"class":970},"    \u002F* 多行注释 OK *\u002F\n",[948,3679,3680,3682,3684],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3681,1736],{"class":1094},[948,3683,2652],{"class":1245},[948,3685,1175],{"class":961},[948,3687,3688],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,3689,1005],{"class":961},[927,3691,3692],{"id":3692},"隐式函数声明",[923,3694,3695,3696,3698],{},"在 C99 前，返回 ",[934,3697,977],{}," 类型的函数无需声明只可使用：",[939,3700,3702],{"className":941,"code":3701,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main(void) {\n    \u002F* printf 未声明，但是可以使用：因为其返回 int *\u002F\n    printf(\"Hello, world!\");\n    return 0;\n}\n",[934,3703,3704,3718,3723,3739,3747],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3705,3706,3708,3710,3712,3714,3716],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3707,977],{"class":954},[948,3709,980],{"class":957},[948,3711,962],{"class":961},[948,3713,936],{"class":954},[948,3715,987],{"class":961},[948,3717,1280],{"class":961},[948,3719,3720],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3721,3722],{"class":970},"    \u002F* printf 未声明，但是可以使用：因为其返回 int *\u002F\n",[948,3724,3725,3728,3730,3732,3735,3737],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3726,3727],{"class":957},"    printf",[948,3729,962],{"class":961},[948,3731,1649],{"class":961},[948,3733,3734],{"class":1036},"Hello, world!",[948,3736,1649],{"class":961},[948,3738,1661],{"class":961},[948,3740,3741,3743,3745],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3742,1736],{"class":1094},[948,3744,2652],{"class":1245},[948,3746,1175],{"class":961},[948,3748,3749],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,3750,1005],{"class":961},[927,3752,3754,3755],{"id":3753},"省略全局的-int","省略全局的 ",[934,3756,977],{},[923,3758,3759,3760,3762],{},"在 C99 前，全局的 ",[934,3761,977],{}," 都可以省略（这是非标准用法）：",[939,3764,3766],{"className":941,"code":3765,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"a;        \u002F* 声明变量 a，但类型 int 被省略：即 int a; *\u002F\nb[10];    \u002F* 声明数组 b，其类型为 int[10] *\u002F\nextern c; \u002F* 等价于 extern int c; *\u002F\nmain(void) {  \u002F* main 函数的返回值类型 int 也可省略 *\u002F\n    return 0;\n}\n",[934,3767,3768,3777,3791,3803,3819,3827],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3769,3770,3772,3774],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3771,1335],{"class":1103},[948,3773,1188],{"class":961},[948,3775,3776],{"class":970},"        \u002F* 声明变量 a，但类型 int 被省略：即 int a; *\u002F\n",[948,3778,3779,3782,3784,3786,3788],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3780,3781],{"class":1103},"b",[948,3783,1843],{"class":961},[948,3785,2253],{"class":1245},[948,3787,1848],{"class":961},[948,3789,3790],{"class":970},"    \u002F* 声明数组 b，其类型为 int[10] *\u002F\n",[948,3792,3793,3796,3798,3800],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3794,3795],{"class":954},"extern",[948,3797,3344],{"class":1103},[948,3799,1188],{"class":961},[948,3801,3802],{"class":970}," \u002F* 等价于 extern int c; *\u002F\n",[948,3804,3805,3808,3810,3812,3814,3816],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3806,3807],{"class":957},"main",[948,3809,962],{"class":961},[948,3811,936],{"class":954},[948,3813,987],{"class":961},[948,3815,990],{"class":961},[948,3817,3818],{"class":970},"  \u002F* main 函数的返回值类型 int 也可省略 *\u002F\n",[948,3820,3821,3823,3825],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,3822,1736],{"class":1094},[948,3824,2652],{"class":1245},[948,3826,1175],{"class":961},[948,3828,3829],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,3830,1005],{"class":961},[927,3832,3834],{"id":3833},"main-函数必须-return","main 函数必须 return",[923,3836,3837],{},"在 C99 前，要求 main 函数必须 return：",[939,3839,3841],{"className":941,"code":3840,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main(void) {\n    return 0; \u002F* 不可省略 *\u002F\n}\n",[934,3842,3843,3857,3868],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3844,3845,3847,3849,3851,3853,3855],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3846,977],{"class":954},[948,3848,980],{"class":957},[948,3850,962],{"class":961},[948,3852,936],{"class":954},[948,3854,987],{"class":961},[948,3856,1280],{"class":961},[948,3858,3859,3861,3863,3865],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3860,1736],{"class":1094},[948,3862,2652],{"class":1245},[948,3864,1188],{"class":961},[948,3866,3867],{"class":970}," \u002F* 不可省略 *\u002F\n",[948,3869,3870],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3871,1005],{"class":961},[923,3873,3874,3875,3877,3878,3881],{},"而且标准未规定 ",[934,3876,1131],{}," 是代表成功执行的返回值，更合适的做法是返回 ",[934,3879,3880],{},"EXIT_SUCCESS"," 宏：",[939,3883,3885],{"className":941,"code":3884,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"#include \u003Cstdlib.h>\nint main(void) {\n    return EXIT_SUCCESS;\n}\n",[934,3886,3887,3901,3915,3924],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3888,3889,3892,3895,3898],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3890,3891],{"class":1094},"#include",[948,3893,3894],{"class":961}," \u003C",[948,3896,3897],{"class":1036},"stdlib.h",[948,3899,3900],{"class":961},">\n",[948,3902,3903,3905,3907,3909,3911,3913],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3904,977],{"class":954},[948,3906,980],{"class":957},[948,3908,962],{"class":961},[948,3910,936],{"class":954},[948,3912,987],{"class":961},[948,3914,1280],{"class":961},[948,3916,3917,3919,3922],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,3918,1736],{"class":1094},[948,3920,3921],{"class":1165}," EXIT_SUCCESS",[948,3923,1175],{"class":961},[948,3925,3926],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,3927,1005],{"class":961},[927,3929,3931],{"id":3930},"for-初始语句的限制","for 初始语句的限制",[923,3933,3934],{},"在 C99 前，for 语句的初始语句只能为表达式，不能声明一个变量：",[939,3936,3938],{"className":941,"code":3937,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"for (int i = 0; i \u003C 10; i ++) ; \u002F* C99 前非法 *\u002F\n",[934,3939,3940],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3941,3942,3945,3947,3949,3952,3954,3956,3958,3960,3963,3965,3967,3969,3972,3975],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3943,3944],{"class":1094},"for",[948,3946,1468],{"class":961},[948,3948,977],{"class":954},[948,3950,3951],{"class":1103}," i ",[948,3953,1107],{"class":961},[948,3955,2652],{"class":1245},[948,3957,1188],{"class":961},[948,3959,3951],{"class":1103},[948,3961,3962],{"class":961},"\u003C",[948,3964,2306],{"class":1245},[948,3966,1188],{"class":961},[948,3968,3951],{"class":1103},[948,3970,3971],{"class":961},"++)",[948,3973,3974],{"class":961}," ;",[948,3976,3977],{"class":970}," \u002F* C99 前非法 *\u002F\n",[939,3979,3981],{"className":941,"code":3980,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int i;\nfor (i = 0; i \u003C 10; i++) ; \u002F* C99 前合法*\u002F\n",[934,3982,3983,3992],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,3984,3985,3987,3990],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,3986,977],{"class":954},[948,3988,3989],{"class":1103}," i",[948,3991,1175],{"class":961},[948,3993,3994,3996,3998,4001,4003,4005,4007,4009,4011,4013,4015,4017,4019,4021],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,3995,3944],{"class":1094},[948,3997,1468],{"class":961},[948,3999,4000],{"class":1103},"i ",[948,4002,1107],{"class":961},[948,4004,2652],{"class":1245},[948,4006,1188],{"class":961},[948,4008,3951],{"class":1103},[948,4010,3962],{"class":961},[948,4012,2306],{"class":1245},[948,4014,1188],{"class":961},[948,4016,3989],{"class":1103},[948,4018,3971],{"class":961},[948,4020,3974],{"class":961},[948,4022,4023],{"class":970}," \u002F* C99 前合法*\u002F\n",[927,4025,4026],{"id":4026},"声明语句位置限制",[923,4028,4029],{},"在 C99 前，非全局的声明语句必须出现在复合语句的最开头：",[939,4031,4033],{"className":941,"code":4032,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main(void) {\n    printf(\"Hello\");\n    int a = 0;       \u002F* C99 前错误，声明语句没有出现在开头 *\u002F\n    printf(\"%d\", a);\n    return 0;\n}\n",[934,4034,4035,4049,4064,4079,4097,4105],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,4036,4037,4039,4041,4043,4045,4047],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,4038,977],{"class":954},[948,4040,980],{"class":957},[948,4042,962],{"class":961},[948,4044,936],{"class":954},[948,4046,987],{"class":961},[948,4048,1280],{"class":961},[948,4050,4051,4053,4055,4057,4060,4062],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,4052,3727],{"class":957},[948,4054,962],{"class":961},[948,4056,1649],{"class":961},[948,4058,4059],{"class":1036},"Hello",[948,4061,1649],{"class":961},[948,4063,1661],{"class":961},[948,4065,4066,4068,4070,4072,4074,4076],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,4067,1162],{"class":954},[948,4069,1540],{"class":1165},[948,4071,1107],{"class":961},[948,4073,2652],{"class":1245},[948,4075,1188],{"class":961},[948,4077,4078],{"class":970},"       \u002F* C99 前错误，声明语句没有出现在开头 *\u002F\n",[948,4080,4081,4083,4085,4087,4089,4091,4093,4095],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,4082,3727],{"class":957},[948,4084,962],{"class":961},[948,4086,1649],{"class":961},[948,4088,1652],{"class":1165},[948,4090,1649],{"class":961},[948,4092,1169],{"class":961},[948,4094,1589],{"class":1165},[948,4096,1661],{"class":961},[948,4098,4099,4101,4103],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,4100,1736],{"class":1094},[948,4102,2652],{"class":1245},[948,4104,1175],{"class":961},[948,4106,4107],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,4108,1005],{"class":961},[939,4110,4112],{"className":941,"code":4111,"language":943,"meta":944,"style":944},"int main(void) {\n    int a = 0;       \u002F* OK *\u002F\n    printf(\"Hello\");\n    printf(\"%d\", a);\n    return 0;\n}\n",[934,4113,4114,4128,4143,4157,4175,4183],{"__ignoreMap":944},[948,4115,4116,4118,4120,4122,4124,4126],{"class":950,"line":951},[948,4117,977],{"class":954},[948,4119,980],{"class":957},[948,4121,962],{"class":961},[948,4123,936],{"class":954},[948,4125,987],{"class":961},[948,4127,1280],{"class":961},[948,4129,4130,4132,4134,4136,4138,4140],{"class":950,"line":974},[948,4131,1162],{"class":954},[948,4133,1540],{"class":1165},[948,4135,1107],{"class":961},[948,4137,2652],{"class":1245},[948,4139,1188],{"class":961},[948,4141,4142],{"class":970},"       \u002F* OK *\u002F\n",[948,4144,4145,4147,4149,4151,4153,4155],{"class":950,"line":996},[948,4146,3727],{"class":957},[948,4148,962],{"class":961},[948,4150,1649],{"class":961},[948,4152,4059],{"class":1036},[948,4154,1649],{"class":961},[948,4156,1661],{"class":961},[948,4158,4159,4161,4163,4165,4167,4169,4171,4173],{"class":950,"line":1002},[948,4160,3727],{"class":957},[948,4162,962],{"class":961},[948,4164,1649],{"class":961},[948,4166,1652],{"class":1165},[948,4168,1649],{"class":961},[948,4170,1169],{"class":961},[948,4172,1589],{"class":1165},[948,4174,1661],{"class":961},[948,4176,4177,4179,4181],{"class":950,"line":1194},[948,4178,1736],{"class":1094},[948,4180,2652],{"class":1245},[948,4182,1175],{"class":961},[948,4184,4185],{"class":950,"line":1535},[948,4186,1005],{"class":961},[927,4188,4189],{"id":4189},"其它语法限制",[1321,4191,4192,4195,4202,4208,4214,4217,4224,4235,4246,4256],{},[1324,4193,4194],{},"C23 前，标号必须出现在语句前（C++23 前同理）；",[1324,4196,4197,4198,4201],{},"C23 前，没有 ",[934,4199,4200],{},"#warning","（C++23 前同理）；",[1324,4203,4204,4205,4207],{},"C23 前，",[934,4206,1364],{}," 必须提供信息说明（C++17 前同理）；",[1324,4209,4197,4210,4213],{},[934,4211,4212],{},"__has_include","（C++17 前同理）；",[1324,4215,4216],{},"C23 前，没有二进制字面量（C++14 前同理）；",[1324,4218,4219,4220,4223],{},"C23 前，没有特性（",[934,4221,4222],{},"[[...]]","）（C++11 前同理）；",[1324,4225,4226,4227,4230,4231,4234],{},"C23 前，使用 ",[934,4228,4229],{},"_Noreturn"," 代替 ",[934,4232,4233],{},"[[noreturn]]","；",[1324,4236,4237,4238,4241,4242,4245],{},"C23 前，列表初始化中必须包含一个元素；即 ",[934,4239,4240],{},"int a[1] = { 0 };"," 合法但 ",[934,4243,4244],{},"int a[1] = {};"," 非法；",[1324,4247,4197,4248,4251,4252,4255],{},[934,4249,4250],{},"nullptr","；使用 ",[934,4253,4254],{},"NULL"," 代替（C++11 前同理）；",[1324,4257,4197,4258,4251,4261,4263,4264,4266],{},[934,4259,4260],{},"constexpr",[934,4262,1075],{}," 代替（C++11 前同理）。但在 VLA 不可用时，数组下标仍然期望常量，故此时需要用 ",[934,4265,3072],{}," 定义宏。",[4268,4269,4270],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki .swJcz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html pre.shiki code .sHdIc, html code.shiki .sHdIc{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#BABED8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}",{"title":944,"searchDepth":951,"depth":974,"links":4272},[4273,4281,4302],{"id":921,"depth":974,"text":921,"children":4274},[4275,4276,4277,4278,4279,4280],{"id":929,"depth":996,"text":929},{"id":1014,"depth":996,"text":1014},{"id":1054,"depth":996,"text":1054},{"id":1079,"depth":996,"text":1079},{"id":1135,"depth":996,"text":1135},{"id":1316,"depth":996,"text":1316},{"id":1379,"depth":974,"text":1379,"children":4282},[4283,4285,4287,4288,4289,4290,4291,4292,4294,4295,4296,4297,4299,4301],{"id":1385,"depth":996,"text":4284},"从 void* 到其它指针类型的隐式转换",{"id":1484,"depth":996,"text":4286},"从 int 到枚举类型的隐式转换",{"id":1571,"depth":996,"text":1571},{"id":1597,"depth":996,"text":1598},{"id":1668,"depth":996,"text":1668},{"id":1792,"depth":996,"text":1793},{"id":1868,"depth":996,"text":1869},{"id":2144,"depth":996,"text":4293},"restrict 关键字（C99）",{"id":2227,"depth":996,"text":2228},{"id":2507,"depth":996,"text":2508},{"id":2671,"depth":996,"text":2672},{"id":2938,"depth":996,"text":4298},"_Generic 泛型选择（C11）",{"id":3214,"depth":996,"text":4300},"typeof 关键字（C23）",{"id":3378,"depth":996,"text":1316},{"id":3414,"depth":974,"text":3414,"children":4303},[4304,4305,4306,4307,4308,4310,4311,4312,4313],{"id":3420,"depth":996,"text":3421},{"id":134,"depth":996,"text":134},{"id":3645,"depth":996,"text":3645},{"id":3692,"depth":996,"text":3692},{"id":3753,"depth":996,"text":4309},"省略全局的 int",{"id":3833,"depth":996,"text":3834},{"id":3930,"depth":996,"text":3931},{"id":4026,"depth":996,"text":4026},{"id":4189,"depth":996,"text":4189},"就目前而言 C 和 C++ 的语法大致上相似，唯有如下不同","md",null,{},{"icon":303},{"title":309,"description":4314},"QDns6WGrL8JP77m-d6mSX6s-JCFD9C8GJ35hWnQXOAg",[4322,4323],{"title":302,"path":304,"stem":305,"description":302,"icon":303,"children":-1},{"title":313,"path":314,"stem":315,"description":4324,"icon":303,"children":-1},"在 C++ 中，我们用 cin 和 cout 来控制输入输出；然而在 C 中，我...",1784618119592]