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Torvalds）模仿 UNIX ，用 C 语言编写了目前最通用的操作系统内核 Linux。从此 C 语言开始发扬光大，称为目前最流行的编程语言之一。",[924,1076,1077],{},"20 世纪 70 年代中期，面向对象编程这一编程范式开始流行。教授本贾尼·斯特劳斯特卢普（Bjarne Stroustrup）于 1979 年进入贝尔实验室，将 C 语言进行了适用于“面向对象”的改良，称这种改良的语言为 C with Classes。",[924,1079,1080,1081,1085],{},"后来这门改良的编程语言改名为 C++，并吸收了大量的新特性（如虚函数、重载、多继承、静态、命名空间、异常处理、模板等，以及各种库）。与此同时，C 语言和 C++ 语言先后步入标准化，美国的标准委员会 ANSI 和国际标准组织 ISO 分别为这两种语言制定了统一的语言标准。（后来 ANSI C语言标准也收入 ISO。）这个时候，",[1082,1083,1084],"em",{},"可以","称 C++ 语言是 C 语言的超集，C 语言是 C++ 语言的子集：因为 C++ 不过是在 C 的基础上增加了诸多特性而已。下面是经过标准化后的 C 和 C++ 语言示例：",[931,1087,1089],{"className":1007,"code":1088,"language":1009,"meta":936,"style":936},"\u002F* Hello World in C, Ansi-style *\u002F\n\n#include \u003Cstdio.h>\n#include \u003Cstdlib.h>\n\nint main(void) {\n    puts(\"Hello World!\");\n    return EXIT_SUCCESS;\n}\n",[938,1090,1091,1096,1100,1114,1125,1129,1148,1162,1172],{"__ignoreMap":936},[941,1092,1093],{"class":943,"line":944},[941,1094,1095],{"class":1016},"\u002F* Hello World in C, Ansi-style *\u002F\n",[941,1097,1098],{"class":943,"line":950},[941,1099,954],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":953},[941,1101,1102,1105,1108,1111],{"class":943,"line":957},[941,1103,1104],{"class":1059},"#include",[941,1106,1107],{"class":1030}," \u003C",[941,1109,1110],{"class":1048},"stdio.h",[941,1112,1113],{"class":1030},">\n",[941,1115,1116,1118,1120,1123],{"class":943,"line":963},[941,1117,1104],{"class":1059},[941,1119,1107],{"class":1030},[941,1121,1122],{"class":1048},"stdlib.h",[941,1124,1113],{"class":1030},[941,1126,1127],{"class":943,"line":969},[941,1128,954],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":953},[941,1130,1131,1135,1138,1140,1143,1146],{"class":943,"line":975},[941,1132,1134],{"class":1133},"spNyl","int",[941,1136,1137],{"class":1026}," main",[941,1139,1042],{"class":1030},[941,1141,1142],{"class":1133},"void",[941,1144,1145],{"class":1030},")",[941,1147,1034],{"class":1030},[941,1149,1150,1152,1154,1156,1158,1160],{"class":943,"line":981},[941,1151,1039],{"class":1026},[941,1153,1042],{"class":1030},[941,1155,1045],{"class":1030},[941,1157,1049],{"class":1048},[941,1159,1045],{"class":1030},[941,1161,1054],{"class":1030},[941,1163,1164,1166,1170],{"class":943,"line":986},[941,1165,1060],{"class":1059},[941,1167,1169],{"class":1168},"swJcz"," EXIT_SUCCESS",[941,1171,1067],{"class":1030},[941,1173,1174],{"class":943,"line":992},[941,1175,978],{"class":1030},[931,1177,1181],{"className":1178,"code":1179,"language":1180,"meta":936,"style":936},"language-cpp shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","\u002F\u002F Hello World in ISO C++\n\n#include \u003Ciostream>\n\nint main() {\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"Hello World!\" \u003C\u003C std::endl;\n}\n","cpp",[938,1182,1183,1188,1192,1203,1207,1217,1253],{"__ignoreMap":936},[941,1184,1185],{"class":943,"line":944},[941,1186,1187],{"class":1016},"\u002F\u002F Hello World in ISO C++\n",[941,1189,1190],{"class":943,"line":950},[941,1191,954],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":953},[941,1193,1194,1196,1198,1201],{"class":943,"line":957},[941,1195,1104],{"class":1059},[941,1197,1107],{"class":1030},[941,1199,1200],{"class":1048},"iostream",[941,1202,1113],{"class":1030},[941,1204,1205],{"class":943,"line":963},[941,1206,954],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":953},[941,1208,1209,1211,1213,1215],{"class":943,"line":969},[941,1210,1134],{"class":1133},[941,1212,1137],{"class":1026},[941,1214,1031],{"class":1030},[941,1216,1034],{"class":1030},[941,1218,1219,1223,1226,1230,1233,1236,1238,1240,1243,1246,1248,1251],{"class":943,"line":975},[941,1220,1222],{"class":1221},"sBMFI","    std",[941,1224,1225],{"class":1030},"::",[941,1227,1229],{"class":1228},"sTEyZ","cout ",[941,1231,1232],{"class":1030},"\u003C\u003C",[941,1234,1235],{"class":1030}," \"",[941,1237,1049],{"class":1048},[941,1239,1045],{"class":1030},[941,1241,1242],{"class":1030}," \u003C\u003C",[941,1244,1245],{"class":1221}," std",[941,1247,1225],{"class":1030},[941,1249,1250],{"class":1228},"endl",[941,1252,1067],{"class":1030},[941,1254,1255],{"class":943,"line":981},[941,1256,978],{"class":1030},[924,1258,1259],{},"不过事情在 90 年代发生了改观。由于 C 语言诞生之初就偏重于系统、硬件这些“底层”的服务，而 C++ 语言秉持着更易用、实用、通用的特性而偏向于高级编程，所以两者自然而然地发生了一定程度上的区分。1999 年，C 语言的新一代标准 C99 发布，加入了许多 C++ 未曾包含的特性（如复合字面量、VLA 等）。2011 年，C++11 和 C11 相继发布，这时 C 语言和 C++ 语言已经有了非常大的差别了。",[924,1261,1262],{},"话是这样说，但是两者毕竟同根同源，仍然存在大量的代码可以不经改动地从 C 迁移到 C++，或者反过来。因此那些可以直接从 C++ 迁移到 C 的代码，也就是兼容 C 的代码，可以称之为“老旧的”代码；而兼容 C 的数据类型，则被称为简单、老旧的数据类型，也就是 POD 类型了。只用 POD 类型实现的数据存储方式，我们姑且称它为 POD 结构吧。",[924,1264,1265,1266,1268,1269,1272,1273,1276],{},"大部分基础类型是 POD 类型：如 ",[938,1267,1134],{},"、",[938,1270,1271],{},"long"," 和 ",[938,1274,1275],{},"double","，由 POD 类型构成的数组也是 POD 类型。接下来，我们先从数组开始讲解。",[1278,1279,1280],"blockquote",{},[924,1281,1282],{},"B 语言和 C 语言的命名其实都来自于人名，字母的排序只是巧合。C++ 的命名就是取自增运算符的含义。",[1278,1284,1285],{},[924,1286,1287],{},"其实 C99 以前 C 语言也不完全是 C++ 的子集，仍有一些细微的不兼容之处。",[1278,1289,1290],{},[924,1291,1292,1293,1296],{},"POD 类型曾经是一种类似具名要求（Named requirement）的规范，但在后来的标准中被",[1082,1294,1295],{},"标准布局类型","这一术语替代。不过 POD 类型仍然客观存在，只是标准中不再提及。",[1298,1299,1300],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: 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.sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .swJcz, html code.shiki .swJcz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}",{"title":936,"searchDepth":944,"depth":950,"links":1302},[1303],{"id":921,"depth":950,"text":922},"POD 类型与结构","md",null,{},{"icon":272},{"title":271,"description":1304},"fCWMAMBeezCurckgEhYoXiIVJB4aLrA3A_93O60514Y",[1312,1314],{"title":93,"path":268,"stem":269,"description":1313,"icon":232,"children":-1},"本章总结",{"title":279,"path":281,"stem":282,"description":279,"icon":280,"children":-1},1784618081093]