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int y) {\n    cout \u003C\u003C x + y \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\nint answer{42};\nint main() {\n    int a, b;\n    cin >> a >> b;\n    printSum(a, b);\n    cout \u003C\u003C answer \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n","cpp","",[976,994,995,1015,1033,1068,1094,1100,1117,1130,1146,1164,1182,1198],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,997,1000,1004,1008,1012],"span",{"class":998,"line":999},"line",1,[996,1001,1003],{"class":1002},"s7zQu","#include",[996,1005,1007],{"class":1006},"sMK4o"," \u003C",[996,1009,1011],{"class":1010},"sfazB","iostream",[996,1013,1014],{"class":1006},">\n",[996,1016,1018,1022,1026,1030],{"class":998,"line":1017},2,[996,1019,1021],{"class":1020},"sbssI","using",[996,1023,1025],{"class":1024},"spNyl"," namespace",[996,1027,1029],{"class":1028},"sBMFI"," std",[996,1031,1032],{"class":1006},";\n",[996,1034,1036,1039,1043,1046,1049,1053,1056,1059,1062,1065],{"class":998,"line":1035},3,[996,1037,1038],{"class":1024},"void",[996,1040,1042],{"class":1041},"s2Zo4"," 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answer",[996,1109,1110],{"class":1006},"{",[996,1112,1113],{"class":1020},"42",[996,1115,1116],{"class":1006},"};\n",[996,1118,1120,1122,1125,1128],{"class":998,"line":1119},7,[996,1121,1048],{"class":1024},[996,1123,1124],{"class":1041}," main",[996,1126,1127],{"class":1006},"()",[996,1129,1067],{"class":1006},[996,1131,1133,1136,1139,1141,1144],{"class":998,"line":1132},8,[996,1134,1135],{"class":1024},"    int",[996,1137,1138],{"class":1073}," a",[996,1140,1055],{"class":1006},[996,1142,1143],{"class":1073}," b",[996,1145,1032],{"class":1006},[996,1147,1149,1152,1155,1158,1160,1162],{"class":998,"line":1148},9,[996,1150,1151],{"class":1073},"    cin ",[996,1153,1154],{"class":1006},">>",[996,1156,1157],{"class":1073}," a ",[996,1159,1154],{"class":1006},[996,1161,1143],{"class":1073},[996,1163,1032],{"class":1006},[996,1165,1167,1170,1172,1175,1177,1179],{"class":998,"line":1166},10,[996,1168,1169],{"class":1041},"    printSum",[996,1171,1045],{"class":1006},[996,1173,1174],{"class":1073},"a",[996,1176,1055],{"class":1006},[996,1178,1143],{"class":1073},[996,1180,1181],{"class":1006},");\n",[996,1183,1185,1187,1189,1192,1194,1196],{"class":998,"line":1184},11,[996,1186,1074],{"class":1073},[996,1188,1077],{"class":1006},[996,1190,1191],{"class":1073}," answer ",[996,1193,1077],{"class":1006},[996,1195,1091],{"class":1073},[996,1197,1032],{"class":1006},[996,1199,1201],{"class":998,"line":1200},12,[996,1202,1099],{"class":1006},[919,1204,1205,1206,1209],{},"首先我指出，C++代码实际上是",[934,1207,1208],{},"由若干个声明构成的文本","。我们一行行来看一下。",[957,1211,1212],{"id":1212},"引入头文件",[919,1214,1215,1216,1219,1220,1223],{},"第一行 ",[976,1217,1218],{},"#include \u003Ciostream>"," 是一个预处理指令，也就是它指定了一个在编译前应该做的事情。它的含义是将头文件 ",[976,1221,1222],{},"\u003Ciostream>"," 中的内容直接引入。那么什么是头文件呢？",[919,1225,1226,1227,1230,1231,1234],{},"C++ 语言为了方便程序员写代码，已经提前为你写好了大量的代码。这些代码你可以直接使用，被称为",[934,1228,1229],{},"标准库","（Standarad library）。这些代码写在哪里了呢？就写在被称作标准库",[934,1232,1233],{},"头文件","（Header file）的这些文件里了。",[919,1236,1237,1238,1240,1241,1244,1245,1248,1249,1252,1253,1255,1256,1258],{},"其中一个头文件的文件名叫作 ",[976,1239,1011],{},"。这个文件里存放的代码是有关输入输出的，它提供了 ",[976,1242,1243],{},"cin"," ",[976,1246,1247],{},"cout"," 之类的东西供你使用。当你把这个文件名放在 ",[976,1250,1251],{},"#include \u003C>"," 的尖括号里面时，就会执行这样一个预处理过程：将文件 ",[976,1254,1011],{}," 内的东西全部复制到 ",[976,1257,1003],{}," 这一行。",[1260,1261,1262],"blockquote",{},[919,1263,1264,1266],{},[976,1265,1011],{}," 的含义是 Input\u002FOutput Stream，即输入输出流。",[1260,1268,1269],{},[919,1270,1271,1272,1276,1277,1279,1280,1282,1283],{},"在一些高级的编辑器中，你可以按住 ",[1273,1274,1275],"kbd",{},"Ctrl"," 的同时点击 ",[976,1278,1011],{},"，就可以跳转查看这个对应的头文件。GCC 编译器提供的 ",[976,1281,1011],{}," 头文件第一行是这样的注释：\n",[976,1284,1285],{},"\u002F\u002F Standard iostream objects -*- C++ -*-",[919,1287,1288,1289,1291,1292,1294,1295,1297,1298,1244,1300,1302],{},"所以当你在文件最开头写上 ",[976,1290,1218],{}," 的时候，编译器在预处理时就会帮你把 ",[976,1293,1243],{}," 和 ",[976,1296,1247],{}," 这些东西引入进来，你就可以使用了。这就是为什么后面我们使用 ",[976,1299,1243],{},[976,1301,1247],{}," 时仍然遵循“先声明、后使用”的原则。",[919,1304,1305,1306,1308,1309,1312,1313,1315],{},"头文件除了 ",[976,1307,1011],{}," 以外还有数十个，其中最常用的是 ",[976,1310,1311],{},"cmath","。",[976,1314,1311],{}," 中提供了诸多简单数学函数，如 $\\sin$ $\\cos$ 等，以及幂函数 $\\operatorname{pow}(x,y)=x^y$ 和开平方根函数 $\\operatorname{sqrt}(x)=\\sqrt x$。在下一节我们可能会看到它们，届时将做更多介绍。",[919,1317,1318,1319,1322],{},"刚才提到过，这些由 C++ 标准规定可以直接使用的头文件是标准库的一部分。",[934,1320,1321],{},"库","（Library）这个词的意思是指一系列已经写好（甚至编译好）的代码，可供广大程序员自由使用。库本身不能直接运行，而是作为程序的一部分发挥作用。比如标准库就提供了我们编写出的程序中输入输出那一部分的代码。除了标准库，还有许多著名的 C++ 库，比如 Boost、Qt 以及 EGE 等。",[919,1324,1325,1327,1328,1331,1332,1244,1335,1338],{},[976,1326,1003],{}," 是你最需要且目前阶段无法避免使用的一个预处理指令。所有的预处理指令都要求占一整行，且由 ",[976,1329,1330],{},"#"," 开头。你之后可能还会接触到如 ",[976,1333,1334],{},"#define",[976,1336,1337],{},"#if"," 等预处理指令，这里暂且略过。",[957,1340,1341],{"id":1341},"命名空间",[919,1343,1344,1345,1348,1349,1351],{},"第二行 ",[976,1346,1347],{},"using namespace std;"," 是一个被称为 using 声明的东西。为了解释 using 声明，我首先解释一下命名空间的概念。命名空间（Namespace）是一种用于组织管理各式各样的名字的形式。举一个例子，我在编写一个程序的时候，需要用到一个名字叫 A 的库。为了用 A 库里面的东西，我需要把它的头文件 ",[976,1350,1003],{}," 进来：",[987,1353,1355],{"className":989,"code":1354,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"#include \u003Ca.h> \u002F\u002F 假设 a.h 就是 A 库的一个头文件\n",[976,1356,1357],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1358,1359,1361,1363,1366,1369],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1360,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1362,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1364,1365],{"class":1010},"a.h",[996,1367,1368],{"class":1006},">",[996,1370,1372],{"class":1371},"sHwdD"," \u002F\u002F 假设 a.h 就是 A 库的一个头文件\n",[919,1374,1375,1376,1379],{},"其中假设 A 库里声明了一个叫 ",[976,1377,1378],{},"PI"," 的常量：",[987,1381,1383],{"className":989,"code":1382,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"\u002F\u002F a.h\nconstexpr float PI{3.14159f};\n",[976,1384,1385,1390],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1386,1387],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1388,1389],{"class":1371},"\u002F\u002F a.h\n",[996,1391,1392,1395,1398,1401,1403,1406],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,1393,1394],{"class":1024},"constexpr",[996,1396,1397],{"class":1024}," float",[996,1399,1400],{"class":1073}," PI",[996,1402,1110],{"class":1006},[996,1404,1405],{"class":1020},"3.14159f",[996,1407,1116],{"class":1006},[919,1409,1410],{},"现在看起来没有任何问题。我写着写着发现有一个 B 库很有用，我也把它引入进来：",[987,1412,1414],{"className":989,"code":1413,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"#include \u003Ca.h>\n#include \u003Cb.h>\n",[976,1415,1416,1426],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1417,1418,1420,1422,1424],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1419,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1421,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1423,1365],{"class":1010},[996,1425,1014],{"class":1006},[996,1427,1428,1430,1432,1435],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,1429,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1431,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1433,1434],{"class":1010},"b.h",[996,1436,1014],{"class":1006},[919,1438,1439,1440,1442,1443,1445],{},"但是问题出现了，",[976,1441,1434],{}," 里面也有一个叫 ",[976,1444,1378],{}," 的常量，但是它的定义不同……",[987,1447,1449],{"className":989,"code":1448,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"\u002F\u002F b.h\nconstexpr double PI{3.14159265359};\n",[976,1450,1451,1456],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1452,1453],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1454,1455],{"class":1371},"\u002F\u002F b.h\n",[996,1457,1458,1460,1463,1465,1467,1470],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,1459,1394],{"class":1024},[996,1461,1462],{"class":1024}," double",[996,1464,1400],{"class":1073},[996,1466,1110],{"class":1006},[996,1468,1469],{"class":1020},"3.14159265359",[996,1471,1116],{"class":1006},[919,1473,1474,1475,1477],{},"现在问题是，我在自己的文件中写下 ",[976,1476,1378],{}," 这个名字的时候，就发生了重复定义的现象，即发生了命名冲突。",[987,1479,1481],{"className":989,"code":1480,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n\n#include \u003Ca.h>\n#include \u003Cb.h>\nint main() {\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C PI; \u002F\u002F Ambigious name 'PI', declarations in 'a.h' and 'b.h'\n}\n",[976,1482,1483,1493,1499,1509,1519,1529,1550],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1484,1485,1487,1489,1491],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1486,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1488,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1490,1011],{"class":1010},[996,1492,1014],{"class":1006},[996,1494,1495],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,1496,1498],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1497},true,"\n",[996,1500,1501,1503,1505,1507],{"class":998,"line":1035},[996,1502,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1504,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1506,1365],{"class":1010},[996,1508,1014],{"class":1006},[996,1510,1511,1513,1515,1517],{"class":998,"line":1070},[996,1512,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1514,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1516,1434],{"class":1010},[996,1518,1014],{"class":1006},[996,1520,1521,1523,1525,1527],{"class":998,"line":1096},[996,1522,1048],{"class":1024},[996,1524,1124],{"class":1041},[996,1526,1127],{"class":1006},[996,1528,1067],{"class":1006},[996,1530,1531,1534,1537,1540,1542,1544,1547],{"class":998,"line":1102},[996,1532,1533],{"class":1028},"    std",[996,1535,1536],{"class":1006},"::",[996,1538,1539],{"class":1073},"cout ",[996,1541,1077],{"class":1006},[996,1543,1400],{"class":1073},[996,1545,1546],{"class":1006},";",[996,1548,1549],{"class":1371}," \u002F\u002F Ambigious name 'PI', declarations in 'a.h' and 'b.h'\n",[996,1551,1552],{"class":998,"line":1119},[996,1553,1099],{"class":1006},[919,1555,1556],{},"怎么办？难道我还需要手动去修改现成的库文件不成？这样做会很繁琐，而且会造成许多不良影响。命名空间就是为了解决这个问题而产生的。库编写者可以将自己声明引入的名字用命名空间包起来……",[987,1558,1560],{"className":989,"code":1559,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"\u002F\u002F a.h\nnamespace libA {\n    constexpr float PI{3.14159f};\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F b.h\nnamespace libB {\n    constexpr double PI{3.14159265359};\n}\n",[976,1561,1562,1566,1576,1592,1596,1600,1604,1613,1627],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1563,1564],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1565,1389],{"class":1371},[996,1567,1568,1571,1574],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,1569,1570],{"class":1024},"namespace",[996,1572,1573],{"class":1028}," libA",[996,1575,1067],{"class":1006},[996,1577,1578,1581,1583,1586,1588,1590],{"class":998,"line":1035},[996,1579,1580],{"class":1024},"    constexpr",[996,1582,1397],{"class":1024},[996,1584,1400],{"class":1585},"swJcz",[996,1587,1110],{"class":1006},[996,1589,1405],{"class":1020},[996,1591,1116],{"class":1006},[996,1593,1594],{"class":998,"line":1070},[996,1595,1099],{"class":1006},[996,1597,1598],{"class":998,"line":1096},[996,1599,1498],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1497},[996,1601,1602],{"class":998,"line":1102},[996,1603,1455],{"class":1371},[996,1605,1606,1608,1611],{"class":998,"line":1119},[996,1607,1570],{"class":1024},[996,1609,1610],{"class":1028}," libB",[996,1612,1067],{"class":1006},[996,1614,1615,1617,1619,1621,1623,1625],{"class":998,"line":1132},[996,1616,1580],{"class":1024},[996,1618,1462],{"class":1024},[996,1620,1400],{"class":1585},[996,1622,1110],{"class":1006},[996,1624,1469],{"class":1020},[996,1626,1116],{"class":1006},[996,1628,1629],{"class":998,"line":1148},[996,1630,1099],{"class":1006},[919,1632,1633],{},"先不用管这是什么语法，你只需要这样一通操作下来，你在写代码的时候就可以有效避免命名冲突了：",[987,1635,1637],{"className":989,"code":1636,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n\n#include \u003Ca.h>\n#include \u003Cb.h>\nint main() {\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C libA::PI; \u002F\u002F 这个是 a.h 中声明的那个 PI\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C libB::PI; \u002F\u002F 这个是 b.h 中声明的那个 PI\n    PI; \u002F\u002F 编译错误，未指明命名空间\n}\n",[976,1638,1639,1649,1653,1663,1673,1683,1704,1725,1735],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1640,1641,1643,1645,1647],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1642,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1644,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1646,1011],{"class":1010},[996,1648,1014],{"class":1006},[996,1650,1651],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,1652,1498],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1497},[996,1654,1655,1657,1659,1661],{"class":998,"line":1035},[996,1656,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1658,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1660,1365],{"class":1010},[996,1662,1014],{"class":1006},[996,1664,1665,1667,1669,1671],{"class":998,"line":1070},[996,1666,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1668,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1670,1434],{"class":1010},[996,1672,1014],{"class":1006},[996,1674,1675,1677,1679,1681],{"class":998,"line":1096},[996,1676,1048],{"class":1024},[996,1678,1124],{"class":1041},[996,1680,1127],{"class":1006},[996,1682,1067],{"class":1006},[996,1684,1685,1687,1689,1691,1693,1695,1697,1699,1701],{"class":998,"line":1102},[996,1686,1533],{"class":1028},[996,1688,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1690,1539],{"class":1073},[996,1692,1077],{"class":1006},[996,1694,1573],{"class":1028},[996,1696,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1698,1378],{"class":1073},[996,1700,1546],{"class":1006},[996,1702,1703],{"class":1371}," \u002F\u002F 这个是 a.h 中声明的那个 PI\n",[996,1705,1706,1708,1710,1712,1714,1716,1718,1720,1722],{"class":998,"line":1119},[996,1707,1533],{"class":1028},[996,1709,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1711,1539],{"class":1073},[996,1713,1077],{"class":1006},[996,1715,1610],{"class":1028},[996,1717,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1719,1378],{"class":1073},[996,1721,1546],{"class":1006},[996,1723,1724],{"class":1371}," \u002F\u002F 这个是 b.h 中声明的那个 PI\n",[996,1726,1727,1730,1732],{"class":998,"line":1132},[996,1728,1729],{"class":1073},"    PI",[996,1731,1546],{"class":1006},[996,1733,1734],{"class":1371}," \u002F\u002F 编译错误，未指明命名空间\n",[996,1736,1737],{"class":998,"line":1148},[996,1738,1099],{"class":1006},[919,1740,1741],{},"你可以用",[1743,1744,1745],"sdsc",{},[919,1746,1747,1750],{},[996,1748,1749],{},"命名空间名","\"::\"名字",[1752,1753],"h6",{"id":1754},"idx_作用域解析运算符",[919,1756,1757,1758,1761,1762,1764],{},"的方式来指定 ",[976,1759,1760],{},"@名字@"," 来自于哪一个命名空间。有时这个 ",[976,1763,1536],{}," 被称为作用域解析运算符，它是优先级最高的运算符。",[1766,1767,1768,1784],"table",{},[1769,1770,1771],"thead",{},[1772,1773,1774,1778,1781],"tr",{},[1775,1776,1777],"th",{},"运算符",[1775,1779,1780],{},"名称",[1775,1782,1783],{},"作用",[1785,1786,1787],"tbody",{},[1772,1788,1789,1795,1798],{},[1790,1791,1792],"td",{},[976,1793,1794],{},"a::b",[1790,1796,1797],{},"作用域解析运算符",[1790,1799,1800,1801,1804,1805],{},"指明名字 ",[976,1802,1803],{},"b"," 来自于命名空间 ",[976,1806,1174],{},[919,1808,1809,1810,1812,1813,1294,1816,1819,1820,1294,1822,1824,1825,1828,1829,1831,1832,1835],{},"当你明白命名空间的作用之后，就能解释 ",[976,1811,1347],{}," 的作用了。在第一章中，如果我们不写这句话，你就需要通过 ",[976,1814,1815],{},"std::cin",[976,1817,1818],{},"std::cout"," 这种方式来输入输出。这是因为，",[976,1821,1243],{},[976,1823,1247],{}," 这两个东西声明在了 ",[976,1826,1827],{},"std"," 命名空间中。事实上，标准库中所有引入的名字都声明在 ",[976,1830,1827],{}," 命名空间中。如果我们经常用标准库中的东西的话，这些 ",[976,1833,1834],{},"std::"," 的前缀就会显得很啰嗦：",[987,1837,1839],{"className":989,"code":1838,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"\u002F\u002F 下面这一行是一个声明语句，引入了名字 a，就是它的类型标识有点长\nstd::priority_queue\u003Cstd::string, std::vector\u003Cstd::string>, std::greater\u003Cstd::string>> a;\n",[976,1840,1841,1846],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1842,1843],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1844,1845],{"class":1371},"\u002F\u002F 下面这一行是一个声明语句，引入了名字 a，就是它的类型标识有点长\n",[996,1847,1848,1850,1852,1855,1858,1860,1862,1865,1867,1869,1871,1874,1876,1878,1880,1882,1885,1887,1889,1892,1894,1896,1898,1900,1902,1904],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,1849,1827],{"class":1028},[996,1851,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1853,1854],{"class":1073},"priority_queue",[996,1856,1857],{"class":1006},"\u003C",[996,1859,1827],{"class":1028},[996,1861,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1863,1864],{"class":1073},"string",[996,1866,1055],{"class":1006},[996,1868,1029],{"class":1028},[996,1870,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1872,1873],{"class":1073},"vector",[996,1875,1857],{"class":1006},[996,1877,1827],{"class":1028},[996,1879,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1881,1864],{"class":1073},[996,1883,1884],{"class":1006},">,",[996,1886,1029],{"class":1028},[996,1888,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1890,1891],{"class":1073},"greater",[996,1893,1857],{"class":1006},[996,1895,1827],{"class":1028},[996,1897,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1899,1864],{"class":1073},[996,1901,1154],{"class":1006},[996,1903,1138],{"class":1073},[996,1905,1032],{"class":1006},[919,1907,1908],{},"这个时候，就可以用 using 声明来简化。using 声明的语法有两种：",[1743,1910,1911],{},[919,1912,1913,1914,1916],{},"\"using namespace\" 命名空间名\";\"\n\"using\" ",[996,1915,1749],{},"\"::\"名字\";\"",[919,1918,1919,1920,1923,1924,1926,1927,1929,1930,1932],{},"当写下第一种形式的 using 声明时，在这个声明所在作用域内，",[976,1921,1922],{},"@命名空间名@"," 中所有名字的“命名空间前缀”都可以省略掉。这就是 ",[976,1925,1347],{}," 的由来了：有了它，就可以省去全部的 ",[976,1928,1834],{},"（因为这个声明写在全局作用域，因此任何声明点之后地方都可以省去）。第二种可以引入 ",[976,1931,1922],{}," 中的部分名字，比如：",[987,1934,1936],{"className":989,"code":1935,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing std::cin;\nusing std::cout;\nint main() {\n    int a;\n    cin >> a;\n    cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C std::endl; \u002F\u002F endl 未引入\n}\n",[976,1937,1938,1948,1960,1972,1982,1990,2000,2022],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,1939,1940,1942,1944,1946],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,1941,1003],{"class":1002},[996,1943,1007],{"class":1006},[996,1945,1011],{"class":1010},[996,1947,1014],{"class":1006},[996,1949,1950,1952,1954,1956,1958],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,1951,1021],{"class":1020},[996,1953,1029],{"class":1028},[996,1955,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1957,1243],{"class":1073},[996,1959,1032],{"class":1006},[996,1961,1962,1964,1966,1968,1970],{"class":998,"line":1035},[996,1963,1021],{"class":1020},[996,1965,1029],{"class":1028},[996,1967,1536],{"class":1006},[996,1969,1247],{"class":1073},[996,1971,1032],{"class":1006},[996,1973,1974,1976,1978,1980],{"class":998,"line":1070},[996,1975,1048],{"class":1024},[996,1977,1124],{"class":1041},[996,1979,1127],{"class":1006},[996,1981,1067],{"class":1006},[996,1983,1984,1986,1988],{"class":998,"line":1096},[996,1985,1135],{"class":1024},[996,1987,1138],{"class":1073},[996,1989,1032],{"class":1006},[996,1991,1992,1994,1996,1998],{"class":998,"line":1102},[996,1993,1151],{"class":1073},[996,1995,1154],{"class":1006},[996,1997,1138],{"class":1073},[996,1999,1032],{"class":1006},[996,2001,2002,2004,2006,2008,2010,2012,2014,2017,2019],{"class":998,"line":1119},[996,2003,1074],{"class":1073},[996,2005,1077],{"class":1006},[996,2007,1157],{"class":1073},[996,2009,1077],{"class":1006},[996,2011,1029],{"class":1028},[996,2013,1536],{"class":1006},[996,2015,2016],{"class":1073},"endl",[996,2018,1546],{"class":1006},[996,2020,2021],{"class":1371}," \u002F\u002F endl 未引入\n",[996,2023,2024],{"class":998,"line":1132},[996,2025,1099],{"class":1006},[919,2027,2028,2029,2031],{},"我们说过 ",[976,2030,1347],{}," 不是一个好习惯，因为这容易造成命名冲突。因此这个时候，采用第二种引入部分常用名字的写法是比较可取的。",[1260,2033,2034],{},[919,2035,2036,2039],{},[976,2037,2038],{},"using namespace ..."," 的标准术语叫“using 指令”而非“using 声明”，但它仍然是一个声明，本文为了便于理解而采取了错误的术语。",[1260,2041,2042],{},[919,2043,2044,2045,2048,2049,1244,2052,2055],{},"所有命名空间都是可以嵌套的，如 ",[976,2046,2047],{},"A::B::C::d","。所有命名空间都包含于全局命名空间中。当使用全局命名空间时，只需用两个冒号即可，如 ",[976,2050,2051],{},"::answer",[976,2053,2054],{},"::printSum","。若不引起歧义，则双冒号是可省略的。",[957,2057,2058],{"id":2058},"其它",[919,2060,2061,2062,2064,2065,2067],{},"从第三行开始，就是函数声明和变量声明了（函数定义也是声明的一种）。这些没有什么可多说的，唯需记住如果要写一个可执行文件的话，你必须定义一个叫做 ",[976,2063,978],{}," 的函数，且返回值类型必须为 ",[976,2066,1048],{},"：",[987,2069,2071],{"className":989,"code":2070,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"int main() {\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n",[976,2072,2073,2083,2088],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,2074,2075,2077,2079,2081],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,2076,1048],{"class":1024},[996,2078,1124],{"class":1041},[996,2080,1127],{"class":1006},[996,2082,1067],{"class":1006},[996,2084,2085],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,2086,2087],{"class":1371},"    \u002F\u002F [...]\n",[996,2089,2090],{"class":998,"line":1035},[996,2091,1099],{"class":1006},[919,2093,2094],{},"main 函数非常特殊。比如标准不允许在任何地方调用它：",[987,2096,2098],{"className":989,"code":2097,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"int main() {\n    main(); \u002F\u002F 非法\n}\n",[976,2099,2100,2110,2121],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,2101,2102,2104,2106,2108],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,2103,1048],{"class":1024},[996,2105,1124],{"class":1041},[996,2107,1127],{"class":1006},[996,2109,1067],{"class":1006},[996,2111,2112,2115,2118],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,2113,2114],{"class":1041},"    main",[996,2116,2117],{"class":1006},"();",[996,2119,2120],{"class":1371}," \u002F\u002F 非法\n",[996,2122,2123],{"class":998,"line":1035},[996,2124,1099],{"class":1006},[919,2126,2127],{},"除此之外，main 函数还有一种特别的写法：",[987,2129,2131],{"className":989,"code":2130,"language":991,"meta":992,"style":992},"int main(int argc, char** argv) {\n    \u002F\u002F [...]\n}\n",[976,2132,2133,2158,2162],{"__ignoreMap":992},[996,2134,2135,2137,2139,2141,2143,2146,2148,2151,2154,2156],{"class":998,"line":999},[996,2136,1048],{"class":1024},[996,2138,1124],{"class":1041},[996,2140,1045],{"class":1006},[996,2142,1048],{"class":1024},[996,2144,2145],{"class":1051}," argc",[996,2147,1055],{"class":1006},[996,2149,2150],{"class":1024}," char**",[996,2152,2153],{"class":1051}," argv",[996,2155,1064],{"class":1006},[996,2157,1067],{"class":1006},[996,2159,2160],{"class":998,"line":1017},[996,2161,2087],{"class":1371},[996,2163,2164],{"class":998,"line":1035},[996,2165,1099],{"class":1006},[919,2167,2168],{},"问题是目前的知识储备还不足以理解它，这里只是提及一下，之后会做更详细的说明。",[957,2170,93],{"id":93},[919,2172,2173],{},"因此总地看下来，除去第一行的预编译指令外，其余的都是声明（using 声明、函数声明、变量声明等等）。因此我们说： C++ 代码实际上是由一系列声明构成的。",[2175,2176,2177],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki .s7zQu{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html 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