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函数规定了 C++ 程序执行的入口","。请这样想，所有的函数都代表了一个过程，同时整个程序本身也是一个过程；因而整个程序也可以用一个函数来表达。这个函数就是 main 函数了。当编译、运行一段 C++ 代码时，计算机会首先从 main 函数执行；如果 main 函数执行完毕，则整个程序就执行完毕退出。",[923,990,991,997,998,1001,1002,1004],{},[980,992,993,994,996],{},"C++ 标准规定 main 函数的返回值必须为 ",[934,995,944],{}," 类型","。 main 函数的返回值的意义我们目前没有必要掌握，只需了解以下事实：若 main 函数的返回值为 ",[934,999,1000],{},"0","，则代表程序正常完成工作并正常退出；若非 ",[934,1003,1000],{},"，则代表因发生了意外状况而退出。因此你会在许多其它书的样例程序中见到这样的代码：",[927,1006,1008],{"className":929,"code":1007,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"int main() {\n    \u002F\u002F other code...\n    return 0;\n}\n",[934,1009,1010,1020,1025,1038],{"__ignoreMap":932},[937,1011,1012,1014,1016,1018],{"class":939,"line":940},[937,1013,944],{"class":943},[937,1015,948],{"class":947},[937,1017,952],{"class":951},[937,1019,955],{"class":951},[937,1021,1022],{"class":939,"line":958},[937,1023,1024],{"class":961},"    \u002F\u002F other code...\n",[937,1026,1027,1031,1035],{"class":939,"line":965},[937,1028,1030],{"class":1029},"s7zQu","    return",[937,1032,1034],{"class":1033},"sbssI"," 0",[937,1036,1037],{"class":951},";\n",[937,1039,1041],{"class":939,"line":1040},4,[937,1042,968],{"class":951},[923,1044,1045,1046,1049,1050,1052],{},"它的含义就是代表程序将正常退出。但为什么我们一直没有写 ",[934,1047,1048],{},"return 0;"," 这条语句呢？因为 C++ 标准特别地允许 main 函数无需 return 语句。当 main 函数执行到函数体结尾却没有遇到 return 时，将自动地执行 ",[934,1051,1048],{},"。所以说在一般情形下，main 函数结尾可以省去 return 。",[918,1054,1055],{"id":1055},"执行细节",[923,1057,1058],{},"接下来我们将详细了解计算机如何执行一个函数。",[923,1060,1061],{},"首先你需要了解一件事情，就是目前计算机在执行一个程序的时候，是通过读取一系列的指令来实现的。实际上，计算机总是将一个函数作为一个整体进行读取；也就是说，计算机首先读取一个函数里面的所有指令，然后再依次执行这些指令。那么这些被读取的指令存放在哪里呢？它们实际上被存放在一个称为“内存”的存储空间里。",[923,1063,1064],{},"举个例子。对于这段代码来说：",[927,1066,1068],{"className":929,"code":1067,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\n    int a, b;\n    cin >> a >> b;\n    int c{a + b};\n    cout \u003C\u003C c \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[934,1069,1070,1085,1099,1109,1126,1144,1167,1186],{"__ignoreMap":932},[937,1071,1072,1075,1078,1082],{"class":939,"line":940},[937,1073,1074],{"class":1029},"#include",[937,1076,1077],{"class":951}," \u003C",[937,1079,1081],{"class":1080},"sfazB","iostream",[937,1083,1084],{"class":951},">\n",[937,1086,1087,1090,1093,1097],{"class":939,"line":958},[937,1088,1089],{"class":1033},"using",[937,1091,1092],{"class":943}," namespace",[937,1094,1096],{"class":1095},"sBMFI"," std",[937,1098,1037],{"class":951},[937,1100,1101,1103,1105,1107],{"class":939,"line":965},[937,1102,944],{"class":943},[937,1104,948],{"class":947},[937,1106,952],{"class":951},[937,1108,955],{"class":951},[937,1110,1111,1114,1118,1121,1124],{"class":939,"line":1040},[937,1112,1113],{"class":943},"    int",[937,1115,1117],{"class":1116},"sTEyZ"," a",[937,1119,1120],{"class":951},",",[937,1122,1123],{"class":1116}," b",[937,1125,1037],{"class":951},[937,1127,1129,1132,1135,1138,1140,1142],{"class":939,"line":1128},5,[937,1130,1131],{"class":1116},"    cin ",[937,1133,1134],{"class":951},">>",[937,1136,1137],{"class":1116}," a ",[937,1139,1134],{"class":951},[937,1141,1123],{"class":1116},[937,1143,1037],{"class":951},[937,1145,1147,1149,1152,1155,1159,1162,1164],{"class":939,"line":1146},6,[937,1148,1113],{"class":943},[937,1150,1151],{"class":1116}," c",[937,1153,1154],{"class":951},"{",[937,1156,1158],{"class":1157},"swJcz","a ",[937,1160,1161],{"class":951},"+",[937,1163,1123],{"class":1157},[937,1165,1166],{"class":951},"};\n",[937,1168,1170,1173,1176,1179,1181,1184],{"class":939,"line":1169},7,[937,1171,1172],{"class":1116},"    cout ",[937,1174,1175],{"class":951},"\u003C\u003C",[937,1177,1178],{"class":1116}," c ",[937,1180,1175],{"class":951},[937,1182,1183],{"class":1116}," endl",[937,1185,1037],{"class":951},[937,1187,1189],{"class":939,"line":1188},8,[937,1190,968],{"class":951},[923,1192,1193],{},"计算机如何执行它编译得到的那段程序呢？请看下面这张图（点击开始按钮）：",[1195,1196,1199],"div",{"className":1197},[1198],"fig",[1195,1200],{"id":1201,"className":1202},"fig1",[1203],"raphael",[923,1205,1206,1207,1210],{},"现在来考虑如果加上一个函数 ",[934,1208,1209],{},"int max(int, int)"," 并调用它，会发生什么呢？",[927,1212,1214],{"className":929,"code":1213,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nint max(int x, int y) {\n    int z;\n    if (x > y)\n        z = x;\n    else\n        z = y;\n    return z;\n}\nint main() {\n    int a, b, c;\n    cin >> a >> b;\n    c = max(a, b);\n    cout \u003C\u003C c \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[934,1215,1216,1226,1236,1265,1274,1293,1305,1310,1320,1329,1334,1345,1362,1377,1399,1414],{"__ignoreMap":932},[937,1217,1218,1220,1222,1224],{"class":939,"line":940},[937,1219,1074],{"class":1029},[937,1221,1077],{"class":951},[937,1223,1081],{"class":1080},[937,1225,1084],{"class":951},[937,1227,1228,1230,1232,1234],{"class":939,"line":958},[937,1229,1089],{"class":1033},[937,1231,1092],{"class":943},[937,1233,1096],{"class":1095},[937,1235,1037],{"class":951},[937,1237,1238,1240,1243,1246,1248,1252,1254,1257,1260,1263],{"class":939,"line":965},[937,1239,944],{"class":943},[937,1241,1242],{"class":947}," max",[937,1244,1245],{"class":951},"(",[937,1247,944],{"class":943},[937,1249,1251],{"class":1250},"sHdIc"," x",[937,1253,1120],{"class":951},[937,1255,1256],{"class":943}," int",[937,1258,1259],{"class":1250}," y",[937,1261,1262],{"class":951},")",[937,1264,955],{"class":951},[937,1266,1267,1269,1272],{"class":939,"line":1040},[937,1268,1113],{"class":943},[937,1270,1271],{"class":1116}," z",[937,1273,1037],{"class":951},[937,1275,1276,1279,1282,1285,1288,1290],{"class":939,"line":1128},[937,1277,1278],{"class":1029},"    if",[937,1280,1281],{"class":951}," (",[937,1283,1284],{"class":1116},"x ",[937,1286,1287],{"class":951},">",[937,1289,1259],{"class":1116},[937,1291,1292],{"class":951},")\n",[937,1294,1295,1298,1301,1303],{"class":939,"line":1146},[937,1296,1297],{"class":1116},"        z ",[937,1299,1300],{"class":951},"=",[937,1302,1251],{"class":1116},[937,1304,1037],{"class":951},[937,1306,1307],{"class":939,"line":1169},[937,1308,1309],{"class":1029},"    else\n",[937,1311,1312,1314,1316,1318],{"class":939,"line":1188},[937,1313,1297],{"class":1116},[937,1315,1300],{"class":951},[937,1317,1259],{"class":1116},[937,1319,1037],{"class":951},[937,1321,1323,1325,1327],{"class":939,"line":1322},9,[937,1324,1030],{"class":1029},[937,1326,1271],{"class":1116},[937,1328,1037],{"class":951},[937,1330,1332],{"class":939,"line":1331},10,[937,1333,968],{"class":951},[937,1335,1337,1339,1341,1343],{"class":939,"line":1336},11,[937,1338,944],{"class":943},[937,1340,948],{"class":947},[937,1342,952],{"class":951},[937,1344,955],{"class":951},[937,1346,1348,1350,1352,1354,1356,1358,1360],{"class":939,"line":1347},12,[937,1349,1113],{"class":943},[937,1351,1117],{"class":1116},[937,1353,1120],{"class":951},[937,1355,1123],{"class":1116},[937,1357,1120],{"class":951},[937,1359,1151],{"class":1116},[937,1361,1037],{"class":951},[937,1363,1365,1367,1369,1371,1373,1375],{"class":939,"line":1364},13,[937,1366,1131],{"class":1116},[937,1368,1134],{"class":951},[937,1370,1137],{"class":1116},[937,1372,1134],{"class":951},[937,1374,1123],{"class":1116},[937,1376,1037],{"class":951},[937,1378,1380,1383,1385,1387,1389,1392,1394,1396],{"class":939,"line":1379},14,[937,1381,1382],{"class":1116},"    c ",[937,1384,1300],{"class":951},[937,1386,1242],{"class":947},[937,1388,1245],{"class":951},[937,1390,1391],{"class":1116},"a",[937,1393,1120],{"class":951},[937,1395,1123],{"class":1116},[937,1397,1398],{"class":951},");\n",[937,1400,1402,1404,1406,1408,1410,1412],{"class":939,"line":1401},15,[937,1403,1172],{"class":1116},[937,1405,1175],{"class":951},[937,1407,1178],{"class":1116},[937,1409,1175],{"class":951},[937,1411,1183],{"class":1116},[937,1413,1037],{"class":951},[937,1415,1417],{"class":939,"line":1416},16,[937,1418,968],{"class":951},[923,1420,1421],{},"其实它编译出的程序将这样执行：",[1195,1423,1425],{"className":1424},[1198],[1195,1426],{"id":1427,"className":1428},"fig2",[1203],[923,1430,1431],{},"整个过程中，需要注意有两点：",[1433,1434,1435,1463],"ol",{},[1436,1437,1438,1439,1442,1443],"li",{},"在调用函数",[980,1440,1441],{},"前","，需要做三件事情：\n",[1433,1444,1445,1451,1457],{},[1436,1446,1447,1450],{},[980,1448,1449],{},"初始化"," max 函数：为 max 函数分配一定大小的内存，并将 max 函数中的指令存入；",[1436,1452,1453,1456],{},[980,1454,1455],{},"传递","参数（若有）：将实际参数带入 max 函数的形式参数（后面会细讲）；",[1436,1458,1459,1462],{},[980,1460,1461],{},"保存","并暂停 main 函数：保存 main 函数的执行状态并暂时不管它。",[1436,1464,1465,1466,1469,1470],{},"在函数调用完成",[980,1467,1468],{},"后","，也需要做三件事情：\n",[1433,1471,1472,1478,1484],{},[1436,1473,1474,1477],{},[980,1475,1476],{},"接收","返回值（若有）：将 max 函数的返回值作为整个调用表达式的值；",[1436,1479,1480,1483],{},[980,1481,1482],{},"释放"," max 函数：将刚刚分配的内存“扔”掉，也就是释放掉；",[1436,1485,1486,1489],{},[980,1487,1488],{},"恢复"," main 函数：恢复刚刚保存的 main 函数执行状态，继续执行剩余的过程。",[918,1491,1492],{"id":1492},"参数传递",[923,1494,1495,1496,1498,1499,1502,1503,1506,1507,1498,1510,1513,1514,1517,1518,1521],{},"现在来放大看一看在调用函数前，程序是如何传递参数的。还是刚才的例子，其中 main 函数在第 14 行执行了调用，实际参数为 ",[934,1497,1391],{}," 和 ",[934,1500,1501],{},"b"," 的",[980,1504,1505],{},"值","；max 函数在第 3 行给出定义，形式参数为 ",[934,1508,1509],{},"x",[934,1511,1512],{},"y"," 这两个",[980,1515,1516],{},"变量","。刚才说过，这个参数传递的过程是一个“用实参代入形参”的过程。具体来讲就是：",[980,1519,1520],{},"用实参去初始化形参","。",[923,1523,1524,1525,1528],{},"因为形参是一个变量，所以在初始化函数的时候形参也需要被初始化。然而这个初始化过程需要一个初始化值；恰好实参就是一个值，故",[980,1526,1527],{},"用实参作为形参的初始化值","。形象地讲，就是：",[1530,1531,1532],"sdsc",{},[923,1533,1534],{},"\"int x{\"main 函数里 a 的值\"};\"\n\"int y{\"main 函数里 b 的值\"};\"",[1536,1537,1538],"blockquote",{},[923,1539,1540,1541,1547],{},"这种写法并不严格等同。（因为函数传参是",[1391,1542,1546],{"href":1543,"rel":1544},"https:\u002F\u002Fzh.cppreference.com\u002Fw\u002Fcpp\u002Flanguage\u002Fcopy_initialization",[1545],"nofollow","复制初始化","，而大括号初始化不是。）",[923,1549,1550],{},"所以人们常说，这是一个“复制”的过程。因为传递参数的过程相当于把原来 main 中的数据拷贝出来，初始化为 max 函数形参的值。这个时候，main 函数中的 x 和 y，与 max 函数中的 a 和 b 是没有任何关系的两组变量，只是它们的值相等罢了。",[923,1552,1553],{},"下面来看这个例子：",[927,1555,1557],{"className":929,"code":1556,"language":931,"meta":932,"style":932},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nvoid change(int c, int d) {\n    c = 30;\n    d = 50;\n}\nint main() {\n    int a{3}, b{5};\n    change(a, b);\n    cout \u003C\u003C a \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C b \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[934,1558,1559,1569,1579,1604,1615,1627,1631,1641,1664,1679,1706],{"__ignoreMap":932},[937,1560,1561,1563,1565,1567],{"class":939,"line":940},[937,1562,1074],{"class":1029},[937,1564,1077],{"class":951},[937,1566,1081],{"class":1080},[937,1568,1084],{"class":951},[937,1570,1571,1573,1575,1577],{"class":939,"line":958},[937,1572,1089],{"class":1033},[937,1574,1092],{"class":943},[937,1576,1096],{"class":1095},[937,1578,1037],{"class":951},[937,1580,1581,1584,1587,1589,1591,1593,1595,1597,1600,1602],{"class":939,"line":965},[937,1582,1583],{"class":943},"void",[937,1585,1586],{"class":947}," change",[937,1588,1245],{"class":951},[937,1590,944],{"class":943},[937,1592,1151],{"class":1250},[937,1594,1120],{"class":951},[937,1596,1256],{"class":943},[937,1598,1599],{"class":1250}," d",[937,1601,1262],{"class":951},[937,1603,955],{"class":951},[937,1605,1606,1608,1610,1613],{"class":939,"line":1040},[937,1607,1382],{"class":1116},[937,1609,1300],{"class":951},[937,1611,1612],{"class":1033}," 30",[937,1614,1037],{"class":951},[937,1616,1617,1620,1622,1625],{"class":939,"line":1128},[937,1618,1619],{"class":1116},"    d ",[937,1621,1300],{"class":951},[937,1623,1624],{"class":1033}," 50",[937,1626,1037],{"class":951},[937,1628,1629],{"class":939,"line":1146},[937,1630,968],{"class":951},[937,1632,1633,1635,1637,1639],{"class":939,"line":1169},[937,1634,944],{"class":943},[937,1636,948],{"class":947},[937,1638,952],{"class":951},[937,1640,955],{"class":951},[937,1642,1643,1645,1647,1649,1652,1655,1657,1659,1662],{"class":939,"line":1188},[937,1644,1113],{"class":943},[937,1646,1117],{"class":1116},[937,1648,1154],{"class":951},[937,1650,1651],{"class":1033},"3",[937,1653,1654],{"class":951},"},",[937,1656,1123],{"class":1116},[937,1658,1154],{"class":951},[937,1660,1661],{"class":1033},"5",[937,1663,1166],{"class":951},[937,1665,1666,1669,1671,1673,1675,1677],{"class":939,"line":1322},[937,1667,1668],{"class":947},"    change",[937,1670,1245],{"class":951},[937,1672,1391],{"class":1116},[937,1674,1120],{"class":951},[937,1676,1123],{"class":1116},[937,1678,1398],{"class":951},[937,1680,1681,1683,1685,1687,1689,1692,1694,1697,1700,1702,1704],{"class":939,"line":1331},[937,1682,1172],{"class":1116},[937,1684,1175],{"class":951},[937,1686,1137],{"class":1116},[937,1688,1175],{"class":951},[937,1690,1691],{"class":951}," \"",[937,1693,1691],{"class":951},[937,1695,1696],{"class":951}," \u003C\u003C",[937,1698,1699],{"class":1116}," b ",[937,1701,1175],{"class":951},[937,1703,1183],{"class":1116},[937,1705,1037],{"class":951},[937,1707,1708],{"class":939,"line":1336},[937,1709,968],{"class":951},[923,1711,1712],{},"请问它的输出会是什么？",[923,1714,1715],{},"如果你拿不准的话，请看下面的图示。",[1195,1717,1719],{"className":1718},[1198],[1195,1720],{"id":1721,"className":1722},"fig3",[1203],[923,1724,1725,1726,1729],{},"因此 change 函数并不会更改 main 中变量的值，输出仍然是 ",[934,1727,1728],{},"3 5","。那么如何让 change 函数更改这两个变量的值呢？其实存在至少三种方法可以实现，下一节我们将介绍其中一种。",[1731,1732,1733],"script",{"setup":932},"\nimport { fig1, fig2, fig3 } from \"@src\u002Fch03\u002Ffunction_execution\";\nimport { onMounted } from \"vue\";\nonMounted(() => {\n    const [fig1e, fig2e, fig3e, fig1t, fig2t, fig3t] = [\n        \"#fig1\",\n        \"#fig2\",\n        \"#fig3\",\n        \"#fig1Text\",\n        \"#fig2Text\",\n        \"#fig3Text\"\n    ].map((s) => document.querySelector(s));\n    fig1(fig1e, fig1t);\n    fig2(fig2e, fig2t);\n    fig3(fig3e, fig3t);\n});\n",[1735,1736,1737],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki 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