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return",[936,1122,1047],{"class":1046},[936,1124,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1126,1128],{"class":1004,"line":1127},9,[936,1129,1130],{"class":1016},"}\n",[919,1132,1133,1134,1137,1138,1143,1144,1147,1148,1150,1151,1154,1155,1158,1159,1161,1162,1161,1165,1168,1169,1171],{},"其中，",[944,1135,1136],{},"max"," 是函数名，是一个被引入的名字，因此这个名字遵从和变量名相同的",[1139,1140,1142],"a",{"href":1141},"\u002Fch02\u002Fpart1\u002Fdeclaration_statement#%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8D","命名规则","。形参列表为 ",[944,1145,1146],{},"int x1, int x2","，它是由逗号 ",[944,1149,957],{}," 分隔的两个形参声明 ",[944,1152,1153],{},"int x1"," 和 ",[944,1156,1157],{},"int x2","。这两个形参的类型都是 ",[944,1160,1009],{},"，一个叫 ",[944,1163,1164],{},"x1",[944,1166,1167],{},"x2","。除此之外，函数的返回值类型指定为 ",[944,1170,1009],{},"，写在了整个定义的最前面。",[919,1173,1174,1175,1178,1179,1182],{},"函数的函数体为从第 1 行 ",[944,1176,1177],{},"{"," 开始，第 9 行 ",[944,1180,1181],{},"}"," 结束的复合语句。这个函数所代表的的过程即执行这个复合语句。因此在使用函数的时候，从第 2 行开始从上到下依次执行这些子语句。",[1184,1185,1187],"h3",{"id":1186},"return-语句","return 语句",[919,1189,1190],{},"函数中可以使用一种特别的语句称为 return 语句。return 语句的写法如下：",[930,1192,1193],{},[919,1194,1195,1196,1199],{},"\"return\" ",[936,1197,1198],{},"返回值","\";\"",[919,1201,1202,1203,1206,1207,1210],{},"执行 return 语句需要做两件事情。第一，",[986,1204,1205],{},"立即结束","函数的执行；第二，将 ",[944,1208,1209],{},"@返回值@"," 传回使用这个函数的地方（若有）。",[919,1212,1213,1214,1216,1217,1219,1220,1222,1223,1225],{},"若函数的返回值类型为 ",[944,1215,976],{},"，则无需在 return 语句中写出 ",[944,1218,1209],{},"，此时 return 语句只用于结束函数执行。若函数的返回值类型不是 ",[944,1221,976],{},"，则必须写出 ",[944,1224,1209],{},"，否则编译错误。",[919,1227,1228],{},"return 语句不一定只能出现一次。但一次函数执行过程中最多执行一次 return 语句。请看下例：",[994,1230,1232],{"className":996,"code":1231,"language":998,"meta":999,"style":999},"int max(int a, int b) {\n    if (a > b) {\n        return a;\n    } else {\n        return b;\n    }\n}\n",[944,1233,1234,1258,1275,1284,1292,1300,1304],{"__ignoreMap":999},[936,1235,1236,1238,1240,1242,1244,1247,1249,1251,1254,1256],{"class":1004,"line":1005},[936,1237,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1239,1013],{"class":1012},[936,1241,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1243,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1245,1246],{"class":1022}," a",[936,1248,957],{"class":1016},[936,1250,1028],{"class":1008},[936,1252,1253],{"class":1022}," b",[936,1255,1034],{"class":1016},[936,1257,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1259,1260,1262,1264,1267,1269,1271,1273],{"class":1004,"line":1040},[936,1261,1057],{"class":1056},[936,1263,1060],{"class":1016},[936,1265,1266],{"class":1046},"a ",[936,1268,1066],{"class":1016},[936,1270,1253],{"class":1046},[936,1272,1034],{"class":1016},[936,1274,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1276,1277,1280,1282],{"class":1004,"line":1053},[936,1278,1279],{"class":1056},"        return",[936,1281,1246],{"class":1078},[936,1283,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1285,1286,1288,1290],{"class":1004,"line":1075},[936,1287,1092],{"class":1016},[936,1289,1095],{"class":1056},[936,1291,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1293,1294,1296,1298],{"class":1004,"line":1089},[936,1295,1279],{"class":1056},[936,1297,1253],{"class":1078},[936,1299,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1301,1302],{"class":1004,"line":1100},[936,1303,1114],{"class":1016},[936,1305,1306],{"class":1004,"line":1111},[936,1307,1130],{"class":1016},[919,1309,1310,1311,1314,1315,1317,1318,1321],{},"这个函数的定义与之前的定义是完全等价的。同样，当 ",[944,1312,1313],{},"a > b"," 时，只会执行第 3 行的 return 语句，此时返回值为 ",[944,1316,1139],{}," 的值；反之只会执行第 5 行的 return 语句，此时返回值为 ",[944,1319,1320],{},"b"," 的值。",[923,1323,1324],{"id":1324},"函数调用运算符",[919,1326,1327,1328,1331,1332,1334],{},"使用一个函数需要通过表达式来使用。使用函数的表达式被称为",[986,1329,1330],{},"函数调用表达式","，这种表达式的运算符为",[986,1333,1324],{},"。",[1336,1337,1338,1354],"table",{},[1339,1340,1341],"thead",{},[1342,1343,1344,1348,1351],"tr",{},[1345,1346,1347],"th",{},"运算符",[1345,1349,1350],{},"名称",[1345,1352,1353],{},"作用",[1355,1356,1357],"tbody",{},[1342,1358,1359,1365,1367],{},[1360,1361,1362],"td",{},[944,1363,1364],{},"f(a)",[1360,1366,1324],{},[1360,1368,1369,1370,1372,1373],{},"以实际参数 ",[944,1371,1139],{}," 调用函数 ",[944,1374,1375],{},"f",[919,1377,1378],{},"正如上表所述，函数表达式写作",[930,1380,1381],{},[919,1382,1383,1384,1387],{},"函数名\"(\"",[936,1385,1386],{},"实参列表","\")\"",[919,1389,1133,1390,1393,1394,1396,1397,1400],{},[944,1391,1392],{},"@实参列表@"," 是以逗号 ",[944,1395,957],{}," 分隔的一系列值。这些值被称为",[986,1398,1399],{},"实际参数","（Argument），简称实参。比如函数调用表达式",[994,1402,1404],{"className":996,"code":1403,"language":998,"meta":999,"style":999},"max(42, 56);\n",[944,1405,1406],{"__ignoreMap":999},[936,1407,1408,1410,1412,1416,1418,1421],{"class":1004,"line":1005},[936,1409,1136],{"class":1012},[936,1411,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1413,1415],{"class":1414},"sbssI","42",[936,1417,957],{"class":1016},[936,1419,1420],{"class":1414}," 56",[936,1422,1423],{"class":1016},");\n",[919,1425,1426,1427,1154,1429,1432,1433,1435,1436,1438,1439,1441,1442,1444],{},"中，",[944,1428,1415],{},[944,1430,1431],{},"56"," 就是两个实参。实参列表中实参的个数和类型需要与 ",[944,1434,946],{}," 这个函数的形参列表中的形参相吻合。（这里吻合的意思是相同或者可以发生隐式转换。）比如刚刚定义的 ",[944,1437,1136],{}," 函数需要两个 ",[944,1440,1009],{}," 类型的形参，这里提供了两个 ",[944,1443,1009],{}," 类型的值作为实参，这就是吻合的。",[919,1446,1447],{},"在执行表达式运算的时候，会执行以下步骤：",[1449,1450,1451,1458,1464],"ol",{},[1452,1453,1454,1455,1457],"li",{},"将实参“代入” ",[944,1456,946],{}," 这个函数的形参；",[1452,1459,1460,1461,1463],{},"随后执行 ",[944,1462,946],{}," 这个函数的函数体；",[1452,1465,1466,1467,1334],{},"执行过程中若遇到 return 语句，则结束函数执行，",[986,1468,1469],{},"将返回值作为整个调用表达式的值",[919,1471,1472],{},"还是用最初的例子",[994,1474,1475],{"className":996,"code":997,"language":998,"meta":999,"style":999},[944,1476,1477,1499,1507,1523,1533,1541,1551,1555,1563],{"__ignoreMap":999},[936,1478,1479,1481,1483,1485,1487,1489,1491,1493,1495,1497],{"class":1004,"line":1005},[936,1480,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1482,1013],{"class":1012},[936,1484,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1486,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1488,1023],{"class":1022},[936,1490,957],{"class":1016},[936,1492,1028],{"class":1008},[936,1494,1031],{"class":1022},[936,1496,1034],{"class":1016},[936,1498,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1500,1501,1503,1505],{"class":1004,"line":1040},[936,1502,1043],{"class":1008},[936,1504,1047],{"class":1046},[936,1506,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1508,1509,1511,1513,1515,1517,1519,1521],{"class":1004,"line":1053},[936,1510,1057],{"class":1056},[936,1512,1060],{"class":1016},[936,1514,1063],{"class":1046},[936,1516,1066],{"class":1016},[936,1518,1031],{"class":1046},[936,1520,1034],{"class":1016},[936,1522,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1524,1525,1527,1529,1531],{"class":1004,"line":1075},[936,1526,1079],{"class":1078},[936,1528,1082],{"class":1016},[936,1530,1023],{"class":1078},[936,1532,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1534,1535,1537,1539],{"class":1004,"line":1089},[936,1536,1092],{"class":1016},[936,1538,1095],{"class":1056},[936,1540,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1542,1543,1545,1547,1549],{"class":1004,"line":1100},[936,1544,1079],{"class":1078},[936,1546,1082],{"class":1016},[936,1548,1031],{"class":1078},[936,1550,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1552,1553],{"class":1004,"line":1111},[936,1554,1114],{"class":1016},[936,1556,1557,1559,1561],{"class":1004,"line":1117},[936,1558,1120],{"class":1056},[936,1560,1047],{"class":1046},[936,1562,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1564,1565],{"class":1004,"line":1127},[936,1566,1130],{"class":1016},[919,1568,1569,1570,1573],{},"，则运算 ",[944,1571,1572],{},"max(42, 56)"," 这个函数调用表达式的时候，",[1449,1575,1576,1590,1599],{},[1452,1577,1578,1579,1581,1582,1584,1585,1581,1587,1589],{},"用实参代入形参：变量 ",[944,1580,1164],{}," 的值初始化为 ",[944,1583,1415],{},"，变量 ",[944,1586,1167],{},[944,1588,1431],{},"；",[1452,1591,1592,1593,1596,1597,1589],{},"执行函数体：运算得到变量 ",[944,1594,1595],{},"y"," 的值为 ",[944,1598,1431],{},[1452,1600,1601,1602,1605,1606,1608,1609,1334],{},"执行 ",[944,1603,1604],{},"return y","：将 ",[944,1607,1431],{}," 作为函数返回值，函数执行结束，得到函数调用表达式的值为 ",[944,1610,1431],{},[919,1612,1613],{},"再比如下面的赋值语句",[994,1615,1617],{"className":996,"code":1616,"language":998,"meta":999,"style":999},"a = max(42, 56);\n",[944,1618,1619],{"__ignoreMap":999},[936,1620,1621,1623,1625,1627,1629,1631,1633,1635],{"class":1004,"line":1005},[936,1622,1266],{"class":1046},[936,1624,1082],{"class":1016},[936,1626,1013],{"class":1012},[936,1628,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1630,1415],{"class":1414},[936,1632,957],{"class":1016},[936,1634,1420],{"class":1414},[936,1636,1423],{"class":1016},[919,1638,1639,1640,1642,1643,1645,1646,1334],{},"中，赋值运算符的右侧操作数是一个函数调用表达式，而函数调用表达式的值为 ",[944,1641,1431],{},"，这就相当于将 ",[944,1644,1431],{}," 赋给了变量 ",[944,1647,1139],{},[919,1649,1650,1651,1654],{},"像这样，通过函数调用表达式来使用一个函数的方法称为函数的",[986,1652,1653],{},"调用","（Call）。",[923,1656,1657],{"id":1657},"函数的声明",[919,1659,1660],{},"看看这段代码。",[994,1662,1664],{"className":996,"code":1663,"language":998,"meta":999,"style":999},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\n    printNum(42);\n}\nvoid printNum(int x) {\n    cout \u003C\u003C x \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[944,1665,1666,1681,1695,1707,1718,1722,1740,1758],{"__ignoreMap":999},[936,1667,1668,1671,1674,1678],{"class":1004,"line":1005},[936,1669,1670],{"class":1056},"#include",[936,1672,1673],{"class":1016}," \u003C",[936,1675,1677],{"class":1676},"sfazB","iostream",[936,1679,1680],{"class":1016},">\n",[936,1682,1683,1686,1689,1693],{"class":1004,"line":1040},[936,1684,1685],{"class":1414},"using",[936,1687,1688],{"class":1008}," namespace",[936,1690,1692],{"class":1691},"sBMFI"," std",[936,1694,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1696,1697,1699,1702,1705],{"class":1004,"line":1053},[936,1698,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1700,1701],{"class":1012}," main",[936,1703,1704],{"class":1016},"()",[936,1706,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1708,1709,1712,1714,1716],{"class":1004,"line":1075},[936,1710,1711],{"class":1012},"    printNum",[936,1713,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1715,1415],{"class":1414},[936,1717,1423],{"class":1016},[936,1719,1720],{"class":1004,"line":1089},[936,1721,1130],{"class":1016},[936,1723,1724,1726,1729,1731,1733,1736,1738],{"class":1004,"line":1100},[936,1725,976],{"class":1008},[936,1727,1728],{"class":1012}," printNum",[936,1730,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1732,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1734,1735],{"class":1022}," x",[936,1737,1034],{"class":1016},[936,1739,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1741,1742,1745,1748,1751,1753,1756],{"class":1004,"line":1111},[936,1743,1744],{"class":1046},"    cout ",[936,1746,1747],{"class":1016},"\u003C\u003C",[936,1749,1750],{"class":1046}," x ",[936,1752,1747],{"class":1016},[936,1754,1755],{"class":1046}," endl",[936,1757,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1759,1760],{"class":1004,"line":1117},[936,1761,1130],{"class":1016},[919,1763,1764,1765,1768,1769,1771],{},"我稍稍挪动了一下 ",[944,1766,1767],{},"printNum"," 函数定义的位置，把它放在了最下面。然而仅仅这样一个改动就不行了，编译会报错。报的什么错误呢？编译器告诉我们：“第 4 行名字 ",[944,1770,1767],{}," 未声明。”",[919,1773,1774,1775,1777,1778,1780],{},"那么问题就很显然了：名字 ",[944,1776,1767],{}," 的作用域不包括第 4 行。因为它的首次声明（声明点）在第 6 行，只有第 6 行后面才是 ",[944,1779,1767],{}," 的作用域。所以第 4 行无法使用这个名字，从而就无法调用这个函数。那怎么解决呢？",[919,1782,1783,1784,1786],{},"当然我们仍然可以把函数定义写在最前面——除此之外，还可以这样做：在前面写上",[986,1785,1657],{},"，但不定义。因为 C++ 事实上允许多次声明一个名字（但不允许多次定义一个东西）。",[994,1788,1790],{"className":996,"code":1789,"language":998,"meta":999,"style":999},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nvoid printNum(int x);\nint main() {\n    printNum(42);\n}\nvoid printNum(int x) {\n    cout \u003C\u003C x \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[944,1791,1792,1802,1812,1826,1836,1846,1850,1866,1880],{"__ignoreMap":999},[936,1793,1794,1796,1798,1800],{"class":1004,"line":1005},[936,1795,1670],{"class":1056},[936,1797,1673],{"class":1016},[936,1799,1677],{"class":1676},[936,1801,1680],{"class":1016},[936,1803,1804,1806,1808,1810],{"class":1004,"line":1040},[936,1805,1685],{"class":1414},[936,1807,1688],{"class":1008},[936,1809,1692],{"class":1691},[936,1811,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1813,1814,1816,1818,1820,1822,1824],{"class":1004,"line":1053},[936,1815,976],{"class":1008},[936,1817,1728],{"class":1012},[936,1819,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1821,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1823,1735],{"class":1022},[936,1825,1423],{"class":1016},[936,1827,1828,1830,1832,1834],{"class":1004,"line":1075},[936,1829,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1831,1701],{"class":1012},[936,1833,1704],{"class":1016},[936,1835,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1837,1838,1840,1842,1844],{"class":1004,"line":1089},[936,1839,1711],{"class":1012},[936,1841,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1843,1415],{"class":1414},[936,1845,1423],{"class":1016},[936,1847,1848],{"class":1004,"line":1100},[936,1849,1130],{"class":1016},[936,1851,1852,1854,1856,1858,1860,1862,1864],{"class":1004,"line":1111},[936,1853,976],{"class":1008},[936,1855,1728],{"class":1012},[936,1857,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1859,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1861,1735],{"class":1022},[936,1863,1034],{"class":1016},[936,1865,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1867,1868,1870,1872,1874,1876,1878],{"class":1004,"line":1117},[936,1869,1744],{"class":1046},[936,1871,1747],{"class":1016},[936,1873,1750],{"class":1046},[936,1875,1747],{"class":1016},[936,1877,1755],{"class":1046},[936,1879,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1881,1882],{"class":1004,"line":1127},[936,1883,1130],{"class":1016},[919,1885,1886,1887,1889,1890,1893],{},"像这样，第 3 行就是函数 ",[944,1888,1767],{}," 的声明了。函数的声明和定义非常相似，只不过把作为函数体的复合语句改成了分号 ",[944,1891,1892],{},";","：",[930,1895,1896],{},[919,1897,934,1898,1900],{},[936,1899,938],{},"\");\"",[919,1902,1903],{},"如果没有函数体，那么执行这个函数的时候计算机根本不知道要做什么，从而无法正常使用这个函数。所以这种写法只是一个声明而不是一个定义。",[919,1905,1906,1907,1909,1910,1912],{},"你也许注意到了 ",[944,1908,950],{}," 中，每个形参的名字是可选的。这是因为，如果形参的名字用不上的话， ",[944,1911,950],{}," 中就不需要给出这个形参的名字。而函数声明中没有函数体，故没有形参名字存在的必要。所以一般人们写函数声明但不定义时，都不给出形参的名字：",[994,1914,1916],{"className":996,"code":1915,"language":998,"meta":999,"style":999},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nvoid printNum(int); \u002F\u002F 不需要形参名字\nint main() {\n    printNum(42);\n}\nvoid printNum(int x) {\n    cout \u003C\u003C x \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[944,1917,1918,1928,1938,1955,1965,1975,1979,1995,2009],{"__ignoreMap":999},[936,1919,1920,1922,1924,1926],{"class":1004,"line":1005},[936,1921,1670],{"class":1056},[936,1923,1673],{"class":1016},[936,1925,1677],{"class":1676},[936,1927,1680],{"class":1016},[936,1929,1930,1932,1934,1936],{"class":1004,"line":1040},[936,1931,1685],{"class":1414},[936,1933,1688],{"class":1008},[936,1935,1692],{"class":1691},[936,1937,1050],{"class":1016},[936,1939,1940,1942,1944,1946,1948,1951],{"class":1004,"line":1053},[936,1941,976],{"class":1008},[936,1943,1728],{"class":1012},[936,1945,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1947,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1949,1950],{"class":1016},");",[936,1952,1954],{"class":1953},"sHwdD"," \u002F\u002F 不需要形参名字\n",[936,1956,1957,1959,1961,1963],{"class":1004,"line":1075},[936,1958,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1960,1701],{"class":1012},[936,1962,1704],{"class":1016},[936,1964,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1966,1967,1969,1971,1973],{"class":1004,"line":1089},[936,1968,1711],{"class":1012},[936,1970,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1972,1415],{"class":1414},[936,1974,1423],{"class":1016},[936,1976,1977],{"class":1004,"line":1100},[936,1978,1130],{"class":1016},[936,1980,1981,1983,1985,1987,1989,1991,1993],{"class":1004,"line":1111},[936,1982,976],{"class":1008},[936,1984,1728],{"class":1012},[936,1986,1017],{"class":1016},[936,1988,1009],{"class":1008},[936,1990,1735],{"class":1022},[936,1992,1034],{"class":1016},[936,1994,1037],{"class":1016},[936,1996,1997,1999,2001,2003,2005,2007],{"class":1004,"line":1117},[936,1998,1744],{"class":1046},[936,2000,1747],{"class":1016},[936,2002,1750],{"class":1046},[936,2004,1747],{"class":1016},[936,2006,1755],{"class":1046},[936,2008,1050],{"class":1016},[936,2010,2011],{"class":1004,"line":1127},[936,2012,1130],{"class":1016},[2014,2015,2016],"blockquote",{},[919,2017,2018,2019,2021,2022,2025,2026,2021,2028,1334],{},"函数也是 C++ 中的实体，故它也拥有自己的类型标识。比如上例中，",[944,2020,1767],{}," 的类型标识为 ",[944,2023,2024],{},"void(int)","，而 ",[944,2027,1136],{},[944,2029,2030],{},"int(int,int)",[2032,2033,2034],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .spNyl, html code.shiki .spNyl{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .s2Zo4, html code.shiki .s2Zo4{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sHdIc, html code.shiki .sHdIc{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#BABED8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html pre.shiki code .s7zQu, html code.shiki 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