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代码中，它的写法能",[922,982,983],{},"直接体现","它所表达的值的常量。比如刚才的 ",[940,986,955],{}," 就是——写作 ",[940,989,955],{}," ，含义就是“四十二”这个数。在 C++ 中，字面量也拥有其类型。比如 ",[940,992,955],{}," 的类型就是 ",[940,995,996],{},"int"," 类型。",[999,1000,1001],"h3",{"id":1001},"整型字面量",[918,1003,1004],{},"整型字面量主要分为十进制和其它进制两种写法。首先来看十进制写法。",[918,1006,1007,1008,1010],{},"在十进制下，字面量通过一种“推导”的规则来确定其类型。这个推导的规则是：永远推导为有符号类型，且优先推导为 ",[940,1009,996],{}," 类型；若不足将推导为更长的有符号类型。比如：",[1012,1013,1014,1024],"ul",{},[1015,1016,1017,1020,1021,1023],"li",{},[940,1018,1019],{},"123"," 将被推导为 ",[940,1022,996],{}," 类型的字面量，这是默认的；",[1015,1025,1026,1020,1029,1032,1033,1035,1036,1039],{},[940,1027,1028],{},"1000000000000000",[940,1030,1031],{},"long long"," 类型，因为 ",[940,1034,996],{}," 和 ",[940,1037,1038],{},"long"," 都“放不下”。",[918,1041,1042],{},"那么如何写一个无符号类型的十进制字面量呢？你可以通过后缀来指定字面量的类型。比如：",[933,1044,1046],{"className":935,"code":1045,"language":937,"meta":938,"style":938},"42;    \u002F\u002F 这是 int 型的字面量 42\n42u;   \u002F\u002F 这是 unsigned int 型的字面量 42\n42U;   \u002F\u002F 这也是 unsigned int 型的字面量 42\n42l;   \u002F\u002F 这是 long 型的字面量 42\n42L;   \u002F\u002F 这也是 long 型的字面量 42\n42ll;  \u002F\u002F 这是 long long 型的字面量 42\n42ul;  \u002F\u002F 这是 unsigned long 型的\n42ull; \u002F\u002F 这是 unsigned long long 型的\n\u002F\u002F 注：字面量不包括分号;，此处加上分号只为演示作用。\n",[940,1047,1048,1060,1071,1082,1093,1104,1115,1126,1137],{"__ignoreMap":938},[943,1049,1050,1052,1056],{"class":945,"line":946},[943,1051,955],{"class":949},[943,1053,1055],{"class":1054},"sMK4o",";",[943,1057,1059],{"class":1058},"sHwdD","    \u002F\u002F 这是 int 型的字面量 42\n",[943,1061,1063,1066,1068],{"class":945,"line":1062},2,[943,1064,1065],{"class":949},"42u",[943,1067,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1069,1070],{"class":1058},"   \u002F\u002F 这是 unsigned int 型的字面量 42\n",[943,1072,1074,1077,1079],{"class":945,"line":1073},3,[943,1075,1076],{"class":949},"42U",[943,1078,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1080,1081],{"class":1058},"   \u002F\u002F 这也是 unsigned int 型的字面量 42\n",[943,1083,1085,1088,1090],{"class":945,"line":1084},4,[943,1086,1087],{"class":949},"42l",[943,1089,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1091,1092],{"class":1058},"   \u002F\u002F 这是 long 型的字面量 42\n",[943,1094,1096,1099,1101],{"class":945,"line":1095},5,[943,1097,1098],{"class":949},"42L",[943,1100,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1102,1103],{"class":1058},"   \u002F\u002F 这也是 long 型的字面量 42\n",[943,1105,1107,1110,1112],{"class":945,"line":1106},6,[943,1108,1109],{"class":949},"42ll",[943,1111,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1113,1114],{"class":1058},"  \u002F\u002F 这是 long long 型的字面量 42\n",[943,1116,1118,1121,1123],{"class":945,"line":1117},7,[943,1119,1120],{"class":949},"42ul",[943,1122,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1124,1125],{"class":1058},"  \u002F\u002F 这是 unsigned long 型的\n",[943,1127,1129,1132,1134],{"class":945,"line":1128},8,[943,1130,1131],{"class":949},"42ull",[943,1133,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1135,1136],{"class":1058}," \u002F\u002F 这是 unsigned long long 型的\n",[943,1138,1140],{"class":945,"line":1139},9,[943,1141,1142],{"class":1058},"\u002F\u002F 注：字面量不包括分号;，此处加上分号只为演示作用。\n",[918,1144,1145],{},"总结下来，就是：",[1012,1147,1148,1162,1173,1183],{},[1015,1149,1150,1153,1154,1157,1158,1161],{},[940,1151,1152],{},"u"," 或 ",[940,1155,1156],{},"U"," 后缀：指明该整数为无符号 ",[940,1159,1160],{},"unsigned"," 类型；",[1015,1163,1164,1153,1167,1170,1171,1161],{},[940,1165,1166],{},"l",[940,1168,1169],{},"L"," 后缀：指明该整数为 ",[940,1172,1038],{},[1015,1174,1175,1153,1178,1170,1181,1161],{},[940,1176,1177],{},"ll",[940,1179,1180],{},"LL",[940,1182,1031],{},[1015,1184,1185,1186,1035,1188,1191],{},"其中无符号后缀和另外两个还可以组合为 ",[940,1187,1012],{},[940,1189,1190],{},"ull"," 等后缀。",[1193,1194,1195],"blockquote",{},[918,1196,1197,1198,1201],{},"是的，没有 ",[940,1199,1200],{},"short"," 类型的字面量。",[1193,1203,1204],{},[918,1205,1206,1207,1210,1211,1214,1215,1218],{},"实际上没有负的字面量；所谓的 ",[940,1208,1209],{},"-1"," 其实是一元减运算符 ",[940,1212,1213],{},"-"," 作用于操作数 ",[940,1216,1217],{},"1"," 的结果。",[918,1220,1221],{},"除了十进制写法，还有二进制、八进制和十六进制的写法。它们分别这样写：",[933,1223,1225],{"className":935,"code":1224,"language":937,"meta":938,"style":938},"0b101010;  \u002F\u002F 以 0b 开头的就是二进制数\n052;       \u002F\u002F 以 0 开头的就是八进制数\n0x2a;      \u002F\u002F 以 0x 开头的就是十六进制数\n",[940,1226,1227,1237,1247],{"__ignoreMap":938},[943,1228,1229,1232,1234],{"class":945,"line":946},[943,1230,1231],{"class":949},"0b101010",[943,1233,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1235,1236],{"class":1058},"  \u002F\u002F 以 0b 开头的就是二进制数\n",[943,1238,1239,1242,1244],{"class":945,"line":1062},[943,1240,1241],{"class":949},"052",[943,1243,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1245,1246],{"class":1058},"       \u002F\u002F 以 0 开头的就是八进制数\n",[943,1248,1249,1252,1254],{"class":945,"line":1073},[943,1250,1251],{"class":949},"0x2a",[943,1253,1055],{"class":1054},[943,1255,1256],{"class":1058},"      \u002F\u002F 以 0x 开头的就是十六进制数\n",[1193,1258,1259],{},[918,1260,1261],{},"较早的编译器可能不支持二进制整型字面量。",[918,1263,1264,1265,1268,1269,1272,1273,1276,1277,1279,1280,1282,1283,1285],{},"其中，十六进制数中的字母 ",[940,1266,1267],{},"abcde"," 换成大写也可以， ",[940,1270,1271],{},"0x"," 写作大写的 ",[940,1274,1275],{},"0X"," 也可以。这些进制也可以加上 ",[940,1278,1152],{}," ",[940,1281,1166],{}," 或者 ",[940,1284,1177],{}," 的后缀来指明类型，但是它们类型推导的规则与十进制略有不同（即可以推导为无符号类型，这里不再叙述）。下面完整的代码演示了这些进制的写法：",[933,1287,1289],{"className":935,"code":1288,"language":937,"meta":938,"style":938},"#include \u003Ciostream>\nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\n    int d{42};        \u002F\u002F 十进制\n    int o{052};       \u002F\u002F 八进制\n    int x{0x2a};      \u002F\u002F 十六进制\n    int X{0X2A};      \u002F\u002F 十六进制（大写）\n    int b{0b101010};  \u002F\u002F 二进制\n    cout \u003C\u003C d \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C o \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C x \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C X \u003C\u003C \" \" \u003C\u003C b \u003C\u003C endl;\n}\n",[940,1290,1291,1307,1323,1337,1357,1373,1389,1406,1422,1486],{"__ignoreMap":938},[943,1292,1293,1297,1300,1304],{"class":945,"line":946},[943,1294,1296],{"class":1295},"s7zQu","#include",[943,1298,1299],{"class":1054}," \u003C",[943,1301,1303],{"class":1302},"sfazB","iostream",[943,1305,1306],{"class":1054},">\n",[943,1308,1309,1312,1316,1320],{"class":945,"line":1062},[943,1310,1311],{"class":949},"using",[943,1313,1315],{"class":1314},"spNyl"," namespace",[943,1317,1319],{"class":1318},"sBMFI"," std",[943,1321,1322],{"class":1054},";\n",[943,1324,1325,1327,1331,1334],{"class":945,"line":1073},[943,1326,996],{"class":1314},[943,1328,1330],{"class":1329},"s2Zo4"," main",[943,1332,1333],{"class":1054},"()",[943,1335,1336],{"class":1054}," {\n",[943,1338,1339,1342,1346,1349,1351,1354],{"class":945,"line":1084},[943,1340,1341],{"class":1314},"    int",[943,1343,1345],{"class":1344},"sTEyZ"," d",[943,1347,1348],{"class":1054},"{",[943,1350,955],{"class":949},[943,1352,1353],{"class":1054},"};",[943,1355,1356],{"class":1058},"        \u002F\u002F 十进制\n",[943,1358,1359,1361,1364,1366,1368,1370],{"class":945,"line":1095},[943,1360,1341],{"class":1314},[943,1362,1363],{"class":1344}," o",[943,1365,1348],{"class":1054},[943,1367,1241],{"class":949},[943,1369,1353],{"class":1054},[943,1371,1372],{"class":1058},"       \u002F\u002F 八进制\n",[943,1374,1375,1377,1380,1382,1384,1386],{"class":945,"line":1106},[943,1376,1341],{"class":1314},[943,1378,1379],{"class":1344}," x",[943,1381,1348],{"class":1054},[943,1383,1251],{"class":949},[943,1385,1353],{"class":1054},[943,1387,1388],{"class":1058},"      \u002F\u002F 十六进制\n",[943,1390,1391,1393,1396,1398,1401,1403],{"class":945,"line":1117},[943,1392,1341],{"class":1314},[943,1394,1395],{"class":1344}," X",[943,1397,1348],{"class":1054},[943,1399,1400],{"class":949},"0X2A",[943,1402,1353],{"class":1054},[943,1404,1405],{"class":1058},"      \u002F\u002F 十六进制（大写）\n",[943,1407,1408,1410,1413,1415,1417,1419],{"class":945,"line":1128},[943,1409,1341],{"class":1314},[943,1411,1412],{"class":1344}," b",[943,1414,1348],{"class":1054},[943,1416,1231],{"class":949},[943,1418,1353],{"class":1054},[943,1420,1421],{"class":1058},"  \u002F\u002F 二进制\n",[943,1423,1424,1427,1430,1433,1435,1438,1440,1443,1446,1448,1450,1452,1454,1457,1459,1461,1463,1465,1468,1470,1472,1474,1476,1479,1481,1484],{"class":945,"line":1139},[943,1425,1426],{"class":1344},"    cout ",[943,1428,1429],{"class":1054},"\u003C\u003C",[943,1431,1432],{"class":1344}," d ",[943,1434,1429],{"class":1054},[943,1436,1437],{"class":1054}," \"",[943,1439,1437],{"class":1054},[943,1441,1442],{"class":1054}," \u003C\u003C",[943,1444,1445],{"class":1344}," o ",[943,1447,1429],{"class":1054},[943,1449,1437],{"class":1054},[943,1451,1437],{"class":1054},[943,1453,1442],{"class":1054},[943,1455,1456],{"class":1344}," x ",[943,1458,1429],{"class":1054},[943,1460,1437],{"class":1054},[943,1462,1437],{"class":1054},[943,1464,1442],{"class":1054},[943,1466,1467],{"class":1344}," X ",[943,1469,1429],{"class":1054},[943,1471,1437],{"class":1054},[943,1473,1437],{"class":1054},[943,1475,1442],{"class":1054},[943,1477,1478],{"class":1344}," b ",[943,1480,1429],{"class":1054},[943,1482,1483],{"class":1344}," endl",[943,1485,1322],{"class":1054},[943,1487,1489],{"class":945,"line":1488},10,[943,1490,1491],{"class":1054},"}\n",[918,1493,1494,1495,1497],{},"需要注意这些不过是字面量写法上的不同，实际的值是一致的；因此上面代码中五个 ",[940,1496,996],{}," 型变量的初始化值实际是完全相同的。输出的结果当然也是相同的：",[1499,1500,1501],"io-block",{},[918,1502,1503],{},"42 42 42 42 42",[999,1505,1506],{"id":1506},"浮点类型字面量",[918,1508,1509,1510,1513,1514,1279,1516,1519],{},"我们已经遇到过很多次浮点类型的字面量了，比如经常用于举例的 ",[940,1511,1512],{},"3.14"," 。在 C++ 中，浮点类型字面量有两种写法：一是带有小数点的数，比如 ",[940,1515,1512],{},[940,1517,1518],{},"2.72"," 等。",[1193,1521,1522],{},[918,1523,1524,1525,1528,1529,1532,1533,1536,1537,1532,1540,1543],{},"小数点不一定位于“中间”。位于两侧也是合法的，会自动在对应位置补上 ",[940,1526,1527],{},"0"," 。比如 ",[940,1530,1531],{},".5"," 就代表 ",[940,1534,1535],{},"0.5"," ， ",[940,1538,1539],{},"1.",[940,1541,1542],{},"1.0"," 。",[918,1545,1546,1547,1550,1551,1554],{},"第二是带有指数符号 ",[940,1548,1549],{},"e"," 的数。这是什么意思呢？你只需要把 ",[940,1552,1553],{},"xey"," 理解为 $x\\times 10^y$就可以了。比如：",[1012,1556,1557,1563],{},[1015,1558,1559,1562],{},[940,1560,1561],{},"1e10"," 指 $1\\times 10^{10}$，即 10000000000；",[1015,1564,1565,1568],{},[940,1566,1567],{},"1.3e-5"," 指 $1.3\\times 10^{-5}$，即 0.000013。",[918,1570,1571,1572,1579,1580,1583,1584,1587],{},"和整型不同的是，浮点类型字面量没有自动推导类型的说法，不论是带小数点还是指数符号的字面量，",[922,1573,1574,1575,1578],{},"统统理解为 ",[940,1576,1577],{},"double"," 类型","。那么怎么样描述一个 ",[940,1581,1582],{},"float"," 类型或者 ",[940,1585,1586],{},"long double"," 类型的字面量呢？需要通过后缀来实现。",[1012,1589,1590,1601],{},[1015,1591,1592,1153,1595,1598,1599,1161],{},[940,1593,1594],{},"f",[940,1596,1597],{},"F"," 后缀指明字面量是 ",[940,1600,1582],{},[1015,1602,1603,1153,1605,1598,1607,997],{},[940,1604,1166],{},[940,1606,1169],{},[940,1608,1586],{},[918,1610,1611,1612,1615,1616,1618,1619,1615,1622,1201],{},"比如 ",[940,1613,1614],{},"3.14f"," 就是 ",[940,1617,1582],{}," 类型的字面量； ",[940,1620,1621],{},"1e7L",[940,1623,1586],{},[999,1625,1626],{"id":1626},"布尔类型字面量",[918,1628,1629,1630,1035,1633,1636],{},"布尔类型就很简单啦，因为它只有真和假两种取值。所以 ",[940,1631,1632],{},"true",[940,1634,1635],{},"false"," 就是唯二的布尔类型字面量了——正如之前所述，它们也是 C++ 关键字。",[999,1638,1639],{"id":1639},"字符类型字面量",[918,1641,1642,1643,1646],{},"字符类型我们并没有完全学习，所以这里只说 ",[940,1644,1645],{},"char"," 类型的字面量。显然我们已经有所了解了，就是单引号引起的字符啦：",[1648,1649,1650],"sdsc",{},[918,1651,1652],{},"\"'\"非转义字符\"'\"\n\"'\"反斜杠开头的转义字符\"'\"",[918,1654,1655,1656,1279,1659,1279,1662,1279,1665,1668,1669,1671,1672,1675,1676,1279,1679,1279,1682,1685,1686,1201],{},"非转义字符比如 ",[940,1657,1658],{},"'@'",[940,1660,1661],{},"'#'",[940,1663,1664],{},"'0'",[940,1666,1667],{},"'g'"," 都是 ",[940,1670,1645],{}," 类型的字面量。转义字符如 ",[940,1673,1674],{},"'\\n'","  ",[940,1677,1678],{},"'\\t'",[940,1680,1681],{},"'\\''",[940,1683,1684],{},"'\\\\'"," 也是 ",[940,1687,1645],{},[999,1689,1691],{"id":1690},"还有吗","还有吗？",[918,1693,1694,1695,1698,1699,1702],{},"当然还有。我们一直用的双引号引起的“一句话”（如 ",[940,1696,1697],{},"\"Hello, world!\""," ）也是字面量——因为它所表示的内容体现了它的含义——输出的时候就是输出这句话。这个“一句话”的真正叫法是",[922,1700,1701],{},"字符串字面量","（String literal），但是更多的需要等到字符串章节再做介绍了。",[973,1704,1705],{"id":1705},"其它常量",[918,1707,1708],{},"除了字面量，还有许多东西满足常量的定义。比如字面量组成的简单的式子：",[933,1710,1712],{"className":935,"code":1711,"language":937,"meta":938,"style":938},"1 + 1\n",[940,1713,1714],{"__ignoreMap":938},[943,1715,1716,1718,1721],{"class":945,"line":946},[943,1717,1217],{"class":949},[943,1719,1720],{"class":1054}," +",[943,1722,1723],{"class":949}," 1\n",[918,1725,1726,1727,1730,1731,1734,1735,1737,1738,965],{},"事实上，完全由字面量组成的式子的结果完全可以在编译期间就确定——这个式子的值为 ",[940,1728,1729],{},"2"," ，毋庸置疑。那么在运行的过程中， ",[940,1732,1733],{},"1 + 1"," 这个式子的值会发生变化吗？当然不会，一直是 ",[940,1736,1729],{}," 。那么 ",[940,1739,1733],{},[918,1741,1742],{},"还有一些经常会见到的常量，我将在下一节中介绍。",[1744,1745,1746],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: 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